The encyclopedia of the modern world : 1900 to the present

1386 Pages·2007·31.46 MB·English

by  William R. Keylor & Michael E. McGuire

Encyclopedia of the
Modern World
S
1900 TO THE PRESENT

Encyclopedia of the
Modern World
S
1900 TO THE PRESENT
William R. Keylor
GENERAL EDITOR
Michael McGuire
ASSOCIATE EDITOR
Encyclopedia of the Modern World: 1900 to the Present
Copyright © 2007 by William R. Keylor
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems,
without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact:
Facts On File, Inc.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The encyclopedia of the modern world: 1900 to the present / William R. Keylor, general editor ;
Michael McGuire, associate editor. p. cm.
ISBN 0-8160-4872-X (HC. : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-1-4381-2925-9 (e-book)
1. History, Modern—20th century—Encyclopedias. 2. World politics—20th century—Encyclopedias.
3. Twentieth century—Encyclopedias. I. Keylor, William R., 1944– II. McGuire Michael (Michael E.), 1976–
D419.E53 2005
909.82′03—dc22 2004061975
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Text design by Dorothy M. Preston
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Printed in the United States of America
VB Hermitage 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
To James Arthur Keylor
with brotherly love

Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix
Entries A to Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1373

Introduction
W
hen asked to edit the Encyclopedia of the Modern underwent a fundamental transformation as a result of
World, I immediately began to ponder the chal- spectacular changes in the field of information technology.
lenge of such an assignment in light of the extraor- Innovations in fiberoptics and microchip technologies
dinary transformation that the world has undergone since the spawned the creation of a worldwide communications net-
appearance of its predecessor, The Facts On File Encyclopedia of work that brought people across the globe in much closer
the 20th Century, in 1991. The Union of Soviet Socialist contact with one another than ever before. The Internet,
Republics, the United States’s old adversary in the cold war, facsimile transmission, satellite television and other techno-
disappeared and disintegrated into 15 sovereign states. Then logical breakthroughs in communications have made the
Yugoslavia also broke apart and became the scene of the first world of the 21st century radically different from the world
serious outbreak of violence and ethnic strife in Europe since that was referenced in the previous work. I have attempted
the end of the Second World War. The long-standing conflict in this encyclopedia to take account this radically changed
between Israel and the Palestinians finally seemed headed world and the people who played a prominent role in shap-
toward a peaceful settlement during the 1990s, only to resume ing it.
with all of its familiar ferocity and destructiveness as the 21st I would like to acknowledge two people for their criti-
century dawned. After so many false starts and wrong turns cal contributions to this volume: Owen Lancer at Facts On
since the 1950s, the movement toward European economic File conceived of the project for the second edition and
and political integration gathered steam; the newly renamed shepherded this book throughout the various editorial
European Union recorded astonishing progress with the stages with great skill, tact and forbearance. Michael
admission of new states to the east, the creation of a common McGuire, the associate editor, devoted prodigious effort to
European currency, and the adoption of the goal of a common identifying sources of information and collecting data
foreign and security policy for the united continent. The from an extraordinarily wide variety of fields. I also was
People’s Republic of China was transformed from a backward, able to rely on the advice of Professors Standish Hartman
impoverished country to a major industrial power in the and Robert Hausman for assistance with entries in the nat-
world. The United States, after a decade of basking in the ural sciences, of Robert Grenoble for assistance with
afterglow of the collapse of communism and relishing its envi- entries in the field of music, and of Dr. Rheta G. Keylor for
able position as the world’s sole remaining superpower, dis- assistance with entries in the field of mental health. Any
covered its vulnerability to a new global threat with the ter- errors of fact that have crept into this book are entirely my
rorist attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C., on own responsibility.
September 11, 2001. A new war on terrorism replaced the
cold war as the defining theme of our time. William R. Keylor
Amid these revolutionary changes in the political and Boston, Massachusetts
economic landscape, the social and cultural world also February 15, 2006
ix