The Effect of Urea, Ammonium Sulfate, and Organic Material on Nitrite Accumulation and Gaseous

104 Pages·2017·13.82 MB·English

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All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies
5-1963
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Siddangouda V. Patil
Utah State University
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Patil, Siddangouda V., "The Effect of Urea, Ammonium Sulfate, and Organic Materials on Nitrite
Accumulation and Gaseous Loss of Nitrogen in Acid Soil" (1963). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations.
3807.
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T.!E ITFEC'f C" l:illr, A:~:omuJ: SULF'l.TE, AJD ORGANIC MATERIALS
0!' NI TniT~ ACCll .. U:U. T 1C1. ,,J D GI,SEOUS LOSS
OF lJI J1WG£ I; Ill l ClD SOIL
hy
Siddangnudc. V. Patil
A dissertation ~·1b!'litted in ;J<-'lrtial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree
of
DOCTOR OF PIIILOSOHIY
in
Soil Fertility
UTJ,~, Si"T;;; LiNIVE!lSJTY
L ._:1<', TJtah
AC KNO\'ILE!NMENTS
I express my deep appreciation and gratitude to Dr. R. L. Smith
for his encouragement and helpful counsel throu~hout the study and in
writing the thesis. Gratitude is expressed to Dr, H. B. Peterson,
Dr. Hennan H. \'fiebe, and Dr. Keith R. Allred for their valuable sug
gestions and help in l!'.any ways. My sincere thanks are due to
Arden Christiansen for his help in setting up some of the exiEriments,
I am grateful to the Rockefeller Foundation for the award of a
scholarship which made it possible for me to come to the United States
of America and pursue my studies, and to the government of Mysore,
India, for the grant of a study leave.
I also express my appreciation to my wife, Mrs. Sundra PatiJ.. for
her encouragement to pursue my studies in the United States.
s. v. Patil
I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION 1
REVIEif OF LITERATURE 3
Loss of tl arising as a result of nitrite occurrence 3
Accumulation of nitrite in soil 4
Conditions leading to nitrite accumulation and nitrogen loss
from acid soils 6
Different mechanisms of N loss from soils 7
STATEMENT OF '!HE PROBLEM 12
MA TERlALS AND METHODS 14
Experimental plan 14
Experiment 1 14
Experiment 2 15
Experiment 3 16
Experiment 4 16
Soil preparation 16
Evacuation of air and filling the flasks with He-D mixture 17
2
Gas sampling 17
Soil analysis 18
pH 18
Nitrite and nitrate 18
Ammonium - N • 19
Total nitrogen 19
Trap analysis 19
Soil characteristics 19
llitrogen content of plant materials and manure 20
RESUW'S • 23
Experiments 1, 2, and 3 23
Soil reaction 23
Arr.monium nitrogen 26
Nitrite nitrogen 32
Nitrate nitrogen 36
Higher oxides of nitrogen 42
N evolution . 45
T2o tal nitrogen 47
Page
so
Experiment 4
Soil reaction, higher nitrogen oxides, and mineral
so
nitrogen
so
Soil reaction
Ammonium nitrogen 52
Nitrite nitrogen 52
Nitrate nitrogen 52
Higher oxides of nitrogen 53
53
Nitrogen gas, N2 • 53
Nitrous oxide, N20 56
Total gaseous loss of nitrogen 57
Nitrogen transformations 57
DISCUSSION • 60
Nitrite accumulation 60
Nitrate formation . 63
Gaseous loss of nitrogen 65
Practical application of results 70
SU!.J&RY AND CONCLUSIONS 72
LITERATURE CITED 75
APPENDIX 79
llST OF TABLES
Table Page
1. R1ysical and chemical characteristics of ·,ialla Walla soil 21
2. Total nitrogen content of plant materials and manure used in
the Experiments 1 to 4 22
3. Changes in NH4- N content of Walla Walla soil treated with
different crop residues, nanure, and 400 ppm nitrogen as
a~~onium sulfate (Experiment 3) 31
4. Changes in 1102-H content of Walla ifalla soil treated with
different crop residues, manure, and 400 ppm nitrogen as
ammonium sulfate (Experiment 3) 37
5. Changes in NO)-N content of Walla Walla soil treated with
different crop residues, manure, and 400 ppm nitrogen as
ammonium sulfate (Experiment 3) 43
6. Higher oxides of nitrogen recoverL'd fron \'lalla Vfalla soil
treated with alfalfa and 400 ppm nitrogen as urea or
ammonium sulfate (Experiment l ) 44
7. f'igher oxides of nitrogen recovered from .lalla '.'lalla scil
treated ·Nith alfalfa and 1000 pptr. nitrogen as urea or
an::n')nium sulfate !Exoeri!"ent 2)
0. T1~naformation of added nitrogen in acidified Fort Collins
soil treated vlit:c sodium nitrite, urea, ammonium sulfate,
and alfalfa (Experiment 4) . 59
9. Changes in pH of '!lalla !'lalla soil treated with alfalfa and
400 ppm nitrogen as urea or ammonium sulfate (Experiment l) 80
10. Changes in rH of Walla Walla soil treated with alfalfa and
1000 ppm nitrogen as urea or ammonium sulfate (Experiment 2) so
11. Changes in pH of i'falla ;'lalla soil treated with crop residues,
manure, and 400 ppm nitrogen as ammonium sulfate
(Experiment 3) • 81
liH4
12. Changes in -!J with application of alfalfa and 400 ppm
nitrogen as urea or al!'J'loniur> sulfate in '.'lalla Walla soil
(Experiment l) • 82
13. Changes in NH4-N with the application of alfalfa and 1000 ppm
nitrogen as urea or ammoniun sulfate (Experiment 2) 83
Table
14. Cl:anges in t:02-ll ·:1ith the application of alfalfa and 400 ppm
nitrogen as urea or a=.onium sulfate in "lfalla Walla soil
(Experi:nent 1) • 84
lS. Changes in !!02-N "!lith application of alfalfa and 1000 ;:>prr:
nitrogen as urea or ammonium sulfate in Walla Walla soil
(Experiment 2) • 05
16. Changes in !10)-N with the application of alfalfa and 400 ppm
nitrogen as uraa or ammonium sulfate in W"alla Walla soil
(Experiment 1) • 86
17. Changes in NOj"-!! with the application of alfalfa and 1000
ppm nitrogen as urea or ammonium sulfate in Walla Walla soLl
(Experiment 2) • 87
18. Evolution of N from \'lalla i'!"alla soil treated with alfalfa
2
and 1000 ppm nltrogen as urea or ammonium sulfate
(Experiment 2) • 88
19. Total nitrogen content of ·11alla Walla soil treated with
alfalfa and 400 ppm nitrogen as urea or ammonium sulfate
(Experiment 1) 88
20. Total nitrogen content of Vfalla Vfalla soil treated with
~lfalfa and 1000 ppm nitrogen as urea or ammonium sulfate
(Experiment 2) • 89
21. The effect of 400 ppm nitrogen as sodium nitrite, urea, and
ammonium sulfate and 1 percent alfalfa on the pH of acidified
Fort Collins soil after 168 hours of incubation (Experiment
4) • 90
22. The effect of 4CO ppm nitrogen as sodi~:n nitrite, urea, and
ammonium sulfate and 1 percent alfalfa on NHC-N content of
acidified Fort Collins soil after 168 hours of incubation
(Experiment 4) . 90
23. The effect of 400 ppm nitrogen as sodium nitrite, urea, and
ammonium sulfate and 1 percent alfalfa on N02-N content of
acidified Fort Collins soil after 168 hours of incubation
(Experiment 4) • 91
24. The effect of 400 ppm nitrogen as sodium nitrite, urea, and
ammonium sulfate and 1 percent alfalfa on NO)-N content of
acidified Fort Collins soil after 168 hours of incubation
(Experiment 4) • 91
25. The effect of application of 400 ppm nitrogen as sodium
nitrite, urea, and a~monium sulfate and 1 percent alfalfa on
the evolution of higher oxides of nitrogen from acidified
Fort Collins soil during 168 hours of incubaticn (Experiment
4) • ?2
Table Page
26. The effect of application of 400 ppm nitrogen as sodium
nitrite, urea, and ammonium sulfate and l percent alfalfa
on N2 evolution from acidified Fort Collins soil
(Experiment 4) • • • • • • • 93
27. The effect of application of 400 ppm nitrogen as sodium
nitrite, urea, and ammonium sulfate and l percent alfalfa
on N20 evolution from acidified Fort Collins soil
(Experiment 4) • 94
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1. The effect of 0.5 percent alfalfa and 400 ppm N as urea or
ammonium sulfate on soil pH of Walla Walla soil (Experiment
1) . 24
2. The effect of 0.5 percent alfalfa and 1000 ppm N frof'l urea
or ammonium sulfate on soil pH of Walla ·:lalla soil
(E.xperiment 2) • 25
3. The effect of crop residues, manure, and 400 ppm N as
ammonium sulfate on pH of Walla Walla soil (Experiment 3) 27
4. The effect of 0.5 percent alfalfa and 400 ppm N as urea or
ammonium sulfate on the NH4-N content of ··ralle i'falla soil
(Experiment 1) • • , • • • • , 28
5. The effect of 0.5 percent alfalfa and 1000 ppm N as urea or
ammonium sulfate on NHi';-N content of Walla i'alla soil
(Experiment 2} • • • • • • • • • , • . • 29
6. The effect of 4CO ppm N as urea or ammonium sulfate in the
absence of alfalfa on the N02-N content of Walla ·,~alla soil
(Experiment 1) • 33
7. The effect of 0.5 percent alfalfa and 400 ppm N as urea or
ammonium sulfate on the N02-N content of Walla 'l{alla soil
(Experiment 1) • . • • • , • • 34
8. The effect of 0.5 percent alfalfa and 1000 ppm N as urea or
ammonium sulfate on N02-N content of Walla 17alla soil
(Experiment 2} • 35
9. The effect of 400 ppm N as urea or ammonium sulfate in the
absence of alfalfa on the NOj-N content of Walla Walla soil
(Experiment 1) • 38
10, The effect of 0.5 percent alfalfa and 400 ppm N as urea or
ammonium sulfate on N0_3-N content of Walla i'falla soil
(Experiment 1) . • . • • • , • . . • • • 39
11. The effect of 0.5 percent alfalfa and 1000 ppm N as urea or
ammonium sulfate on NOj-N content of 'll"alla Walla soil
(Experiment 2) • 40
Figure Page
12. N2 evolution from Walla Walla soil treated with 0.5 percent
alfalfa and 1000 ppm N as urea or ammonium sulfate
(Experiment 2) 46
lJ. Total nitrogen content of Walla Walla soil treated with 0.5
percent alfalfa and 400 ppm N as urea or ammonium sulfate
(Experiment l) 48
4. Total nitrogen content of Vfalla Yfalla soil treated with 0.5
percent alfalfa and 1000 ppm N as urea or anmonium sulfate
(Experiment 2) • 49
15. Tle effect of 1 percent alfalfa and 400 ppm N as urea or
ammonium sulfate in combination with 400 ppm N from sodium
nitrite on soil reaction, higher oxides of nitrogen, and
mineral nitrogen content of acidified Fort Collins soil after
168 hours (Experiment 4) 51
16. The effect of 1 percent of alfalfa and 400 ppm N as urea or
ammonium sulfate on N2 evolution from acidified Fort Collins
soil initially treated with 400 ppm N as sodium nitrite
(Experiment 4) . 54
17. The effect of 1 percent alfalfa and 400 ppm N as urea or
ammonium sulfate on N2o evolution from acidified Fort Collins
soil initially treated with 400 ppm N as sodium nitrite
(Experiment 4) • 55
18. Total gaseous loss of nitrogen (N2 + NO + N02 + N20) from
acidified Fort Collins soil (Experiment 4) 58