The Ecological Modernization Capacity of Japan and Germany: Comparing Nuclear Energy, Renewables, Automobility and Rare Earth Policy

212 Pages·2020·4.634 MB·English

by  Lutz Mez, Lila Okamura, Helmut Weidner

Energiepolitik und Klimaschutz
Energy Policy and Climate Protection
Lutz Mez · Lila Okamura
Helmut Weidner Editors
The Ecological
Modernization Capacity
of Japan and Germany
Comparing Nuclear Energy, Renewables,
Automobility and Rare Earth Policy
Energiepolitik und Klimaschutz
Energy Policy and Climate Protection
Reihe herausgegeben von
Lutz Mez, Berlin, Deutschland
Achim Brunnengräber, Berlin, Deutschland
Diese Buchreihe beschäftigt sich mit den globalen Verteilungskämpfen um knappe
Energieressourcen, mit dem Klimawandel und seinen Auswirkungen sowie mit den
globalen, nationalen, regionalen und lokalen Herausforderungen der umkämpften Ener-
giewende. Die Beiträge der Reihe zielen auf eine nachhaltige Energie- und Klimapo-
litik sowie die wirtschaftlichen Interessen, Machtverhältnisse und Pfadabhängigkeiten,
die sich dabei als hohe Hindernisse erweisen. Weitere Themen sind die internationale
und europäische Liberalisierung der Energiemärkte, die Klimapolitik der Vereinten
Nationen (UN), Anpassungsmaßnahmen an den Klimawandel in den Entwicklungs-,
Schwellen- und Industrieländern, Strategien zur Dekarbonisierung sowie der Ausstieg
aus der Kernenergie und der Umgang mit den nuklearen Hinterlassenschaften.
Die Reihe bietet ein Forum für empirisch angeleitete, quantitative und internatio-
nal vergleichende Arbeiten, für Untersuchungen von grenzüberschreitenden Trans-
formations-, Mehrebenen- und Governance-Prozessen oder von nationalen „best
practice“-Beispielen. Ebenso ist sie offen für theoriegeleitete, qualitative Untersu-
chungen, die sich mit den grundlegenden Fragen des gesellschaftlichen Wandels
in der Energiepolitik, bei der Energiewende und beim Klimaschutz beschäftigen.
This book series focuses on global distribution struggles over scarce energy
resources, climate change and its impacts, and the global, national, regional and local
challenges associated with contested energy transitions. The contributions to the series
explore the opportunities to create sustainable energy and climate policies against
the backdrop of the obstacles created by strong economic interests, power relations
and path dependencies. The series addresses such matters as the international and
European liberalization of energy sectors; sustainability and international climate
change policy; climate change adaptation measures in the developing, emerging and
industrialized countries; strategies toward decarbonization; the problems of nuclear
energy and the nuclear legacy.
The series includes theory-led, empirically guided, quantitative and qualitative
international comparative work, investigations of cross-border transformations,
governance and multi-level processes, and national “best practice”-examples. The
goal of the series is to better understand societal-ecological transformations for
low carbon energy systems, energy transitions and climate protection.
Reihe herausgegeben von
PD Dr. Lutz Mez PD Dr. Achim Brunnengräber
Freie Universität Berlin Freie Universität Berlin
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/12516
Lutz Mez · Lila Okamura · Helmut Weidner
Editors
The Ecological
Modernization Capacity
of Japan and Germany
Comparing Nuclear Energy,
Renewables, Automobility
and Rare Earth Policy
Editors
Lutz Mez Lila Okamura
Freie Universität Berlin Dokkyo University
Berlin, Germany Saitama, Japan
Helmut Weidner
Freie Universität Berlin
Berlin, Germany
Funded by Dokkyo University, Saitama
ISSN 2626-2827 ISSN 2626-2835 (electronic)
Energiepolitik und Klimaschutz. Energy Policy and Climate Protection
ISBN 978-3-658-27404-7 ISBN 978-3-658-27405-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-27405-4
Springer VS
© Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
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Contents
Introduction and Research Approach ............................................................................... 1
Helmut Weidner, Lutz Mez, Lila Okamura
Ecological Modernization – a Paradise of Feasibility but no General Solution ............. 13
Martin Jänicke
Ups and Downs in Environmental Policy: Japan an Germany in Comparison ............... 25
Helmut Weidner
Energy Policy in Japan ................................................................................................... 41
Lila Okamura
Energiewende in Germany – the Dawn of a New Energy Era ........................................ 53
Lutz Mez
Nuclear Waste Management in Japan ............................................................................. 69
Lila Okamura
Rise and Fall of the Nuclear Dream in Germany............................................................ 87
Lutz Mez
Renewable Energy in Japan.......................................................................................... 103
Lila Okamura
40 Years promoting Renewables in Germany ............................................................... 119
Lutz Mez
The Future of the Japanese Automotive Industry ......................................................... 137
Martin Schulz
Market and Technology Trends of Automotive Future in Germany ............................. 155
Weert Canzler
Rare Earth Strategies of Japan and EU/Germany ......................................................... 171
Lutz Mez
Findings of the Research Project .................................................................................. 185
Helmut Weidner, Lutz Mez, Lila Okamura
Contributors ................................................................................................................. 207
Acknowledgements
This book is the scientific result of the international cooperation project between
Dokkyo University (Japan) and Freie Universität Berlin (Germany), with the fi-
nancial support for the research coming from Dokkyo University.
We wish to express our sincere gratitude to Professor Kotaro Oshige from
Dokkyo University, for supervising and monitoring our project, and for providing
helpful suggestions and constructive criticism during the preparation of this pub-
lication.
We would like to thank all the survey respondents, the research institutes,
and the experts, for their valuable information, insightful contributions and useful
answers to our questions.
We extend special thanks to Dokkyo University, without whose generous fi-
nancial support this work would not have been possible.
We hope that these research results will positively contribute to environmental
policy development in Japan and Germany.
Berlin-Tokyo, March 2019 Lutz Mez
Lila Okamura
Helmut Weidner
Abbreviations
AGEB Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (Germany)
ANRE Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (Japan)
AtG Atomgesetz (Nuclear Power Act, Germany)
BAU Business as usual
BfKE Bundesamt für kerntechnische Entsorgung (Germany)
BMBF Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (Ger-
many)
BMF Bundesministerium für Finanzen (Germany)
BMU Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und nukle-
are Sicherheit (Germany)
BMUB Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und
nukleare Sicherheit (Germany)
BMWi Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (Ger-
many)
BMWT Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie
(Germany)
BNA Bundesnetzagentur (Federal Network Agency, Ger-
many)
BNG British Nuclear Group
BWR Boiling Water Reactor
CDU Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands (Ger-
many)
CHP Combined heat and power
CO carbon dioxide
2
CSU Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern (Germany)
DeNOx Denitrification
DeSOx Desulfurization
EEA European Environment Agency
EEG Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz (Renewable Energy
Sources Act, Germany)
X Abbreviations
EIP European Innovation Partnership
EM Ecological Modernization
EnEV Energieeinsparverordnung (Energy Conservation Ordi-
nance, Germany)
ERECON European Rare Earths Competency Network
ESI Energy supply industry (Germany)
EU European Union
FBR Fast Breeder Reactor
FDP Freie Demokratische Partei (Germany)
FEC Final Energy Consumption
FEPC Federation of Electric Power Companies (Japan)
FIT Feed-in tariff
FY Financial year
GDP Gros Domestic Product
GHG Greenhouse Gas
GJ Giga Joule (1 Million Joule)
HLW High-Level Waste
HREE Heavy rare earth element
HTR High Temperature Reactor
ICCT International Council of Clean Transportation
IEA International Energy Agency
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
ISEP Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies (Japan)
ITF International Transport Forum
IUPAC International Union of Applied and Pure Chemistry
JAEA Japan Atomic Energy Agency
JAEC Japan Atomic Energy Commission
JAPC Japan Atomic Power Company
JNFL Japan Nuclear Fuel Limited
KEIDANREN Japan Business Federation
Abbreviations XI
kWh kilowatt-hour
KWU Kraftwerk Union AG
METI Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (Japan)
MIPS Material input per service unit
MITI Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Japan)
MoE Ministry of Environment (Japan)
MOX Mixed plutonium-uranium oxide fuel
MP Member of Parliament
MW Megawatt (1,000 Watt)
NAPE National Action Plan on Energy Efficiency (Germany)
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NBS Nature-based solutions
NEDO New Energy Development Organization (Japan)
NGOs Nongovernmental organizations
NPE National Platform for Electric Mobility (Germany)
NPP Nuclear Power Plant
NPS Nuclear Power Station
NRA Nuclear Regulation Authority (Japan)
NUMO Nuclear Waste Management Organization (Japan)
NW Nuclear waste
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Develop-
ment
P-2-X Power-to-X
PV Photovoltaic
PWR Pressurized Water Reactor
R&D Research & Development
REE Rare Earth Element
RE Renewable energy
REI Renewable Energy Institute (Japan)
REN21 Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century
RES Renewable energy sources