The Cyprus Referendum: A Divided Island and the Challenge of the Annan Plan

449 Pages·2009·3.77 MB·English

by  Chrysostomos Pericleous

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The Cyprus Referendum
Chrysostomos Pericleousis a freelance writer and journalist with first-
hand experience in the politics of Cyprus. Educated in London and
Exeter as well as Cyprus, he has published a number of articles and
essays as well as two books, The Cyprus Problem and a collection of
poetry.
I fully endorse his critical approach and scientific documentation, his
deep political and historical insight, the integrity of his judgement and
evaluations, and the high academic standards he has achieved. It is a
lively and cohesive narrative . . . and the ability of the author to grasp
the drama in which leaders, social actors and the people of Cyprus as
a whole are entangled makes it a book for a much wider readership.
George Papadimitriou, Professor of Constitutional Law,
University of Athens
Pericleous has researched the international events leading to the April
2004 referendum with enormous care and diligence, covering almost
everything published in Greek and English . . . this is an important and
original scholarly contribution.
Michalis Attalides, Rector of Intercollege, Nicosia, Cyprus
Perikleous presents a comparative study on the Cyprus conflict and
contributes substantially to a better understanding of the recent political
history of Cyprus . . . I firmly believe that this book will fill the gap on
the recent political developments in and around Cyprus.
Niyazi Kizilyurek (Associate Professor),
Head of Turkish and Middle Eastern Studies Department,
University of Cyprus
IBT013 - Cyprus Referendum 8/5/09 14:59 Page ii
INTERNATIONAL LIBRARY OF TWENTIETH CENTURY HISTORY
Series ISBN: 978-1-84885-227-3
See www.ibtauris.com/ILTCH for a full list of titles
5. The Marquess of Londonderry: 15. London Was Ours:
Aristocracy, Power and Politics in Britain and Ireland Diaries and Memoirs of the London Blitz
N.C. Fleming
Amy Helen Bell
978 1 85043 726 0
978 1 84511 592 0
6. Beyond the Huddled Masses:
American Immigration and The Treaty of Versailles 16. Myxomatosis: A History of Pest Control and the Rabbit
Kristofer Allerfeldt Peter W. J. Bartrip
978 1 84511 044 4 978 1 84511 572 2

7. Roads to Glory: 17. Serbia in the Shadow of Milosevic:
Late Imperial Russia and the Turkish Straits The Legacy of Conflict in the Balkans
Ronald P. Bobroff Janine N. Clark
978 1 84511 142 7 978 1 84511 767 2

8. Turkey Beyond Nationalism: 18. Diplomacy Between the Wars:
Towards Post-Nationalist Identities Five Diplomats and the Shaping of the Modern World
Hans-Lukas Kieser (ed.) George W. Liebmann
978 1 84511 141 0 978 1 84511 637 8

9. Russia’s Greatest Enemy? 19. The Greater Middle East and the Cold War:
Harold Williams and the Russian Revolutions US Foreign Policy Under Eisenhower and Kennedy
Charlotte Alston Roby C Barrett
978 1 84511 261 5 978 1 84511 393 3

10. Life and Death in a German Town: Osnabrück from 20. The Greek Revolution and the Making of Modern
the Weimar Republic to World War II and Beyond Europe: Independence, State-building and the Problem of
Panikos Panayi National Identity
978 1 84511 348 3 Dean J Kostantaras
978 1 84511 709 2
11. British Naval Aviation in World War II:
The US Navy and Anglo-American Relations 21. Covert Action in the Cold War:
Gilbert S.Guinn and G. H.Bennett US Policy, Intelligence and CIA Operations
978 1 84511 371 1 James Callanan
978 1 84511 882 2
12. Out of Austria:

The Austrian Centre in London in World War II 23. In the Shadow of Hitler:
Marietta Bearman, Charmian Brinson, Richard Personalities of the Right in Central and Eastern Europe
Dove, Anthony Grenville and Jennifer Taylor Rebecca Haynes (ed.)
978 1 84511 475 6 978 1 84511 697 2

13. Great Britain and the Creation of Yugoslavia: 24. Creating a Socialist Yugoslavia:
Negotiating Balkan Nationality and Identity Tito, Communist Leadership and the National Question
James Evans Hilde Katrine Haug
978 1 84511 488 6 978 1 84885 051 4

14. Rebellion in Brunei: 26. The Cyprus Referendum:
The 1962 Revolt, Imperialism, Confrontation and Oil A Divided Island and the Challenge of the Annan Plan
Harun Abdul Majid Chrysostomos Pericleous
978 1 84511 423 7 978 1 84885 021 7
IBT013 - Cyprus Referendum 8/5/09 14:59 Page iii
The Cyprus
Referendum
A DIVIDED ISLAND AND THE
CHALLENGE OF THE ANNAN PLAN
Chrysostomos Pericleous
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Published in 2009by I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd
6 Salem Road, London W2 4BU
175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010
www.ibtauris.com
Distributed in the United States and Canada Exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan
175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010
Copyright © Chrysostomos Pericleous, 2009
The right of Chrysostomos Pericleous to be identified as
the author of this work has been asserted by the author in accordance
with the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988.
All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any
part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording
or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
International Library of Twentieth Century History, vol 26
ISBN: 978 1 84885 021 7
A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
A full CIP record is available from the Library of Congress
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: available
Typeset in Times by Ellipsis Books Limited, Glasgow
Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham
IBT013 - Cyprus Referendum 8/5/09 14:59 Page v
Contents
Acknowledgements ix
Abbreviations xi
Maps xiii
Introduction xv
Chapter 1 The European Paradigm 1
1.1. The European Union: an evolutionary process 1
1.2. The European Union: a postmodern institution 2
1.3. Polycentric governance: synthesis of individuation and integration 3
Chapter 2 Review of Greek Foreign Policy 7
2.1. The theoretical background 7
2.2. The logic of Helsinki and ‘citizen diplomacy’ 8
2.3. The Venizelos–Atatürk Pact 11
2.4. Cyprus: a cause of protracted crisis between Greece and Turkey 12
2.5. Andreas Papandreou: from ‘no dialogue’to Davos 15
2.6. Pangalos–Kranidiotis: the linkage policy 17
Chapter 3 Review of US Foreign Policy 21
3.1. Turkey: a pivotal state for the United States 21
3.2. Johnson’s letter: the syndrome 23
3.3. US opposition to Cyprus’s accession to the EU 24
3.4. The EU’s negative stance on Cyprus’s accession 26
3.5. Holbrooke’s strategy 27
3.6. The Imia crisis and the S-300 missiles 31
3.7. Mediation by Holbrooke 33
3.8. The United States behind the new mobility 35
3.9. Assessment of US foreign policy 36
Chapter 4 Changes in Turkey 39
4.1. The static conception of Turkey and the NO vote to
the Referendum 39
4.2. From the Ottoman Empire to the Kemalist state: nationalism,
Pan-Turkism, expansionism 40
4.3. Islam: in search of identity 43
4.4. Turgut Ozal: liberalization of the economy, Turkish-Islamic
synthesis 46
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4.5. Political Islam: the Islamic Party 50
4.6. The politics of fear and the revolution of the AKP 54
4.7. The Cyprus question: how it has affected Turkish foreign policy
and internal affairs 56
4.8. Turkish revisionism in Turkish-Greek relations 59
4.9. Turkey’s European orientation and the demand
for democratization 66
4.10. Turkey’s European bid and the Cyprus Problem 69
4.11. The European Union and Turkey 73
Chapter 5 The Perception of the Solution by the Greek Cypriot
Community 77
5.1. The enosis movement and Greek Cypriot nationalism 77
5.2. Makarios and the enosis movement 84
5.3. Makarios and the 1960 Constitution 89
5.4. Between the devil and the deep blue sea 99
5.5. ‘Interlude of joy’ 102
5.6. Towards the abyss 107
5.7. The perception of federation by Makarios 109
5.8. The two ‘precepts’of Makarios 112
5.9. The perception of the solution and electoral calculations 117
5.10. Return to the logic of ‘absolute solution’ 122
5.11. Helsinki and the reunification perspective 126
Chapter 6 The Perception of the Solution by the Turkish
Cypriot community 131
6.1. The inception of Turkish Cypriot nationalism 131
6.2. From Young Turk to Kemalist nationalism 136
6.3. The political organization of separation 144
6.4. The leading role of Rauf Denktas 148
6.5. The perception of the solution by the Turkish
community after the invasion 155
6.6. The Turkish Cypriot uprising 161
Chapter 7 From Waldheim’s ‘Evaluation’to the Annan Plan 169
7.1. The UN peace mission in Cyprus 169
7.2. The Cuellar initiatives 174
7.3. Boutros-Ghali’s ‘Set of Ideas’ 181
7.4. The Annan Plan: on the tracks of the ‘Set of Ideas’ 185
Chapter 8 Towards the Referendum 221
8.1. Submission of the UN Plan and initial reactions 221
8.2. ‘Coercion’a feature of the timing 229
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8.3. The ‘faultless’stand: from Copenhagen to The Hague 234
8.4. Turkey–Turkish Cypriots: in search of an outlet 239
8.5. Tassos Papadopoulos: reneging on the Hague commitment 248
8.6. Piecing together a strategy of rejection 255
8.7. New York’s ‘cold shower’and the decision to reject 262
Chapter 9 The NO Vote of 24 April 2004 273
9.1. The convergence of events and the possibility of
political symbiosis 273
9.2. Papadopoulos’s refusal to negotiate at Bürgenstock 275
9.3. The Annan Plan and the theory of a UN ‘trap’ 281
9.4. The run-up to the NO vote at the referendum 292
9.5. The YES position 309
9.6. Pressure from the international community 310
9.7. The ‘supreme law’ 315
9.8. The citizens’ NO vote 321
Postscript 325
Notes 331
Sources and References 413
Index 425
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IBT013 - Cyprus Referendum 8/5/09 14:59 Page ix
Acknowledgements
My warm thanks are due to friends who have shared information, thoughts
and ideas with me on matters I have dealt with during my research. Among
such friends have been: Takis Hadjidemetriou, Christos Stylianides, Zenon
Pofaides, Vassilis Protopapas, Makarios Drousiotis, Symeon Matsis, Antonis
Assos, Antranik Kendirian, Ahmet Cavit An and Mete Hatay, as well as polit-
ical figures who have had first-hand experience of developments and have
shared these experiences with me but who have not wanted their names publi-
cized.
My special thanks are due to Takis Hadjidemetriou, Vassilis Protopapas,
Zenon Pofaides and Antonis Assos for reading the proofs of the Greek edition
and making observations that helped me enormously in filling gaps, clari-
fying ambiguities, strengthening documentation where this was inadequate,
and generally making the presentation, hopefully, more concise, balanced and
compact. In this connection, the contribution of Makarios Drousiotis was
exceptional: he provided me with documentary material from his personal
archive, most important of which were the UN Secretary Generals’ reports
on the period 1964–94, which are not available on the UN website, and which
helped me to gain a deeper insight into the UN role in Cyprus.
To Antranik Kendirian’s profound knowledge of modern Turkish history I
owe the testing of ideas and insights into developments that have shaped
modern Turkey. To the long discussions I had with a very dear friend, Ahmet
Cavit An, I owe a deeper understanding of internal developments within the
Turkish Cypriot community with particular reference to the Turkish Cypriot
uprising against Denktas and problems of the Turkish Cypriots with main-
land settlers. My additional thanks are also due to PRIO researcher Mete
Hatay for his willingness to translate for me passages from Denktas’s memoirs,
which helped me to better understand the latter’s way of thinking. My thanks
are also due to Vassilis Protopapas for making available to me his unpub-
lished MA dissertation on Cyprus and providing me with precious bibliog-
raphy covering British rule for the period 1930–50.
I would also like to thank Katia Hadjidemetriou for providing me with