The Cross and the Shroud: A Medical Inquiry into the Crucifixion

260 Pages·1988·17.302 MB·English

by  Frederick T. Zugibe

wi> »
a 7
: _e t
ait : -
a es ae
iu Per De
The
CROSS
and the
SHROUD
‘Ta »
a
te) ’ 1 oy ™.
7 - A
’ st
The
CROSS
and the
SHROUD
A Medical Inquiry
into the Crucifixion
Revised Edition
FREDERICK T. ZUGIBE
PARAGON HOUSE PUBLISHERS
NEW YORK
REVISED EDITION
Published in the United States by
Paragon House Publishers
90 Fifth Avenue
New York, New York 10011
Copyright © 1988 by Frederick T. Zugibe
All rights reserved. No part of this book
may be reproduced, in any form, without written
permission from the publisher, unless by a reviewer
who wishes to quote brief passages.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Zugibe, Frederick T.
The cross and the shroud.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Jesus Christ—Crucifixion. 2. Holy Shroud.
3. Forensic pathology. 4. Crucifixion—Physiological
aspects. I. Title. [DNLM: 1. Jesus Christ. 2. Death.
Forensic Medicine. W 800 Z94c]
BT450.283 1988 232.9'63 87-15688
ISBN 0-913729-75-2
ISBN 0-913729-46-9 (pbk.) We
Contents
Illustrations
Preface
The Agony in the Garden of Olives
The Scourging
The Crown of Thorns
Crucifixion—Historic Aspects
The Cross, the Nails, and the Title
The Way to the Skull
Nailing of the Hands and Feet
Christ is Crucified
W=S N EOxperNimenAts oTn theE Cro ss
Miscellaneous
The Cause of Christ’s Death its
A Medical Examiner Interprets the Turin
Shroud RLY
Recapitulation 203
References 209
Index pay

Ulustrations
Agony in the Garden
\
Diagram of human skin magnified 100 times
Photo of human skin under microscope magnified sixty
= \ WN
times
Photo of skin under microscope magnified 100 times
The Roman flagrum
The act of scourging
Scourge marks on back area, Shroud of Turin
Syrian Christ Thorn
Christ’s Thorn
Diagram of head region
Shroud of Turin, Head region
Types of crosses
L\\\\\\\Ay
Diagram of the heel bone of a crucified man from a.D. 7
\
Roman nails ca. a.p. 83
Iron nail sized against human hand
Relic of deteriorated titulus
Reconstruction of the titulus from the relic
The road to Calvary (map)
Carrying the cross
Christ crucified and Judas hanging
Palm of the hand
Hand and wrist
Hand and wrist
Mathematical representation of force of tension
Force of tension on arms
Experiments to demonstrate amount of pull on the arms
VShe{NeTeeeUePeea P S during suspension 56,
ataaeetVaeatohip eleaealanaef e a e
7-10 Diagram of wrist
7-11 Cadaver suspended on cross by Barbet
7-12 Villandre’s crucifix
7-13 Radius bone of crucified man showing nail scratch
7-14 Nail through palm (front)
vii
Viii Illustrations
7-15 Nail through palm (back) 67
X-ray of hand 68
‘A
Heel bone of crucified man with nail as discovered 72
N—p—ue Heel bone of crucified man after first attempt at
reconstruction 73
Heel bone showing perforation 73
Reconstructions of an A.D. 7 crucified man 74
Reconstruction of an A.D. 7 crucified man 74
\\\\\\ NOarOr nPo sition of feet during crucifixion 76
Arched position of crucifixion 78
\
Hand wound image on the Shroud of Turin 82
Crurifragium of tibia and fibula bones 85
Closeup of hand gauntlet 87
Cardiac monitor and electronic blood pressure recorder
Ear oximeter 91
Experimental suspension on the cross 92
COCSCOPSHIIAD
KWNHAFE N HNE PExperRimentOal sNuspens ion on the cross 93
10-1 Diagram of chest region 105
10-2 Myocardial infarction 112
12-1 Giant posters of Shroud 120
12-2 Pilgrims in line to see the Shroud 124
12-3 Instituto Bancario San Paola 121
12-4 Frontal view of the Shroud of Turin (Positive) 124
12-5 Frontal view of the Shroud of Turin (Negative) 125
12-6 How Shroud was wrapped (Painting by Giovanni della
Rovere) 126
12-7 Icon of St. Pontianus 128
12-8 Italy hides Shroud (1939 newspaper clipping) 129
12-9 Shroud of Turin left to Pope (1983 newspaper clipping ) 130
12-10 Impression of wound from auto accident 135
12-11 Wound from auto accident before washing 137
12-12 Wound from auto accident after washing 137
12-13 Blowup of hand and lower chest region (Shroud of Turin) 146
12-14 Position of the thumb (a and b) 148
12-15 Shroud of Turin (back region) 150
12-16 3-D imaging processing equipment 154
12-17 3-D relief of Shroud face 155
12-18 3-D relief of body
157
12-19 3-D relief of Shroud face after recursive filtration 158
12-20 Negative and positive Volckringer patterns (a and b) 170
12-21 3-D relief of Volckringer pattern L71
12-22 Shadows of parapets, Hiroshima
176
12-23 Shadow of human figure, Hiroshima 176
12-24 Species of pollen found on Shroud 182, 183, 184
12-25 Pollen of Paliurus spina Christi, mil 186
12-26 Weave of Shroud of Turin x
188
12-27 Cotton fiber from Shroud of Turin 188