the complete aristotle

1703 Pages·2013·31.55 MB·English

by  George P. Stavropoulos

THE

COMPLETE
ARISTOTLE
Aristotle
Published: -322
Categories(s): Non-Fiction, Philosophy
Source: http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle
ii The Complete Aristotle

Recast in strict book format and re-edited of its noticed rare mistypings by
Dr. George P. Stavropoulos,
this Edition is being offered FREE,
yet subject only to the stipulations stated on the next two pages,
in the hope that it shall ease to the utmost the serious Reader’s concentration in studying
not only the subject matters as set down by Aristotle,
but also as seen in the light of the FOREVER TRUE portion of knowledge attained at the time
that he/she spends in the thus ever-renewed and never in this life completed effort of
this kind of study.
Alas! Fool beyond hope, already indeed proven, is the man who dismisses this his duty,
and thus resolves to reap to the bitterest last drop the full produce of his folly!!!
ISBN: 978-960-9624-05-3
The Complete Aristotle iii
About Aristotle
Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher,
a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.
His writings cover many subjects,
including
Physics, Metaphysics, Poetry, Theater, Music, Logic, Rhetoric, Politics,
Government, Ethics, Biology, and Zoology.
Aristotle, together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), is one of the most important founding
figures in Western Philosophy,
and his writings constitute a first at creating a comprehensive system of that Philosophy,
encompassing Morality and Aesthetics, Logic and Science, Politics and Metaphysics.
Aristotle's views on the Physical Sciences shaped profoundly medieval scholarship;
their influence extended into the Renaissance;
and they ultimately led to the development of Newtonian physics,
that to this very day remains unacknowledged for allowing the deepest indisputable
so far possible understanding of the Universe through subjecting Newton’s Law of Gravitation
to the strictest possible Dimensional Analysis shown in the Book
PRINCIPIA PHYSICA UNIVERSI, [see: www.thefreegpslibrary.edu.gr].
In the Biological Sciences,
some of his observations were confirmed to be accurate only in the nineteenth century.
His works contain the earliest known formal study of Logic,
which was incorporated only in the late nineteenth century into Modern Formal Logic.
In Metaphysics, Aristotelianism had a profound influence on Philosophical and Theological
thinking in both the Islamic and Jewish traditions in the Middle Ages,
and it continues to influence Christian Theology,
especially Eastern Orthodox theology, and the Scholastic Tradition of the Catholic Church.
His Ethics,
though always influential, gained renewed interest with the modern advent of Virtue Ethics.
All aspects of Aristotle's Philosophy continue to be the object of active academic study today.
Though Aristotle wrote many elegant treatises and dialogues
(Cicero described his literary style as "a river of gold"),
it is thought that the majority of his writings are now lost
and only about one-third of the original works have survived.
Despite the far-reaching appeal that Aristotle’s works have traditionally enjoyed,
Modern Scholarship today questions a substantial portion of the Aristotelian corpus
as authentically Aristotle's own, though it does not state where it may have come from!
[The original text of the above Introduction was re-edited by Dr. George P. Stavropoulos ]
Note:
This book was originally brought to you by Feedbooks.
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iv The Complete Aristotle
About this Publication
This publication was adapted from the web edition published by
eBooks@Adelaide
(http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/),
which is part of the online ebook library of The University of Adelaide Library at the University
of Adelaide in South Australia.
That edition was rendered into HTML by Steve Thomas and last updated in 2007.
The complete works of Aristotle and their translations in the web edition are reproduced in this
compilation under a Creative Commons License,
and ergo this publication falls under the same license.
The English translations for many of the works can also be found
elsewhere on the Internet; especially at
Project Gutenberg (http://www.gutenberg.org/).
The University of Adelaide Library is located on North Terrace in Adelaide, South Australia
5005, AUSTRALIA.
It may be reached by telephone [phone]), fax [phone]),
or email ([email protected]).
The license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/au/)
states the following:
You are free to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work, and to make derivative
works under the following conditions: you must attribute the work in the manner specified by the
licensor; you may not use this work for commercial purposes;
if you alter, transform, or build upon this work,
you may distribute the resulting work only under a license identical to this one.
For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work.
Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the licensor.
Your fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above.
Compilation and organization of this publication, and creation of the book cover, is all
courtesy of [email protected].
To learn more about Aristotle, his works, and the translators, check out Wikipedia
(but only trust what you can verify).
A note should be made that none of the writings have been edited from its online source.
However, some words have been changed to lowercase lettering,
and any errors found by readers should be reported to
[email protected]
for corrections in a republication.
The Complete Aristotle: Contents v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART 1: LOGIC (ORGANON) PAGE
Categories translated by E. M. Edghill 1
On Interpretation translated by E. M. Edghill 23
Prior Analytics translated by A. J. Jenkinson 40
(Book I) – – – – – – – – – – – – 40
(Book II) – – – – – – – – – – – – 83
Posterior Analytics translated by G. R. G. Mure 110
(Book I) – – – – – – – – – – – – 110
(Book II) – – – – – – – – – – – – 144
Topics translated by W. A. Pickard-Cambridge 163
(Book I) – – – – – – – – – – – – 163
(Book II) – – – – – – – – – – – – 164
(Book III) – – – – – – – – – – – – 176
(Books IV) – – – – – – – – – – – – 184
(Book V) – – – – – – – – – – – – 197
(Book VI) – – – – – – – – – – – – 214
(Book VII) – – – – – – – – – – – – 233
(Book VIII) – – – – – – – – – – – – 239
On Sophistical Refutations translated by W. A. Pickard-Cambridge 255
PART 2: UNIVERSAL PHYSICS
Physics translated by R. P. Hardie and R. K. Gaye 290
(Book I) – – – – – – – – – – – – 290
(Book II) – – – – – – – – – – – – 303
(Book III) – – – – – – – – – – – – 315
(Book IV) – – – – – – – – – – – – 327
(Book V) – – – – – – – – – – – – 349
(Book VI) – – – – – – – – – – – – 360
(Book VII) – – – – – – – – – – – – 377
(Book VIII) – – – – – – – – – – – – 388
On the Heavens translated by J. L. Stocks 415
(Book I) – – – – – – – – – – – – 415
(Book II) – – – – – – – – – – – – 436
(Book III) – – – – – – – – – – – – 454
(Book IV) – – – – – – – – – – – – 466
On Generation and Corruption translated by H. H. Joachim 474
(Books I) – – – – – – – – – – – – 474
(Book II) – – – – – – – – – – – – 499
Meteorology translated by E. W. Webster 515
(Book I) – – – – – – – – – – – – 515
(Book II) – – – – – – – – – – – – 533
(Book III) – – – – – – – – – – – – 553
(Book VI) – – – – – – – – – – – – – 562
vi The Complete Aristotle: Contents
PART 3: HUMAN PHYSICS PAGE
On the Soul translated by J. A. Smith 579
(Book I) – – – – – – – – – – – – 579
(Book II) – – – – – – – – – – – – 593
(Book III) – – – – – – – – – – – – 612
On Sense and the Sensible translated by J. I. Beare 627
On Memory and Reminiscence translated by J. I. Beare 648
On Sleep and Sleeplessness translated by J. I. Beare 655
On Dreams translated by J. I. Beare 662
On Prophesying by Dreams translated by J. I. Beare 668
On Longevity and Shortness of Life translated by G. R. T. Ross 672
On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration translated by G. R. T. Ross 676
PART 4: ANIMAL PHYSICS
The History of Animals translated by D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson 694
(Book I) – – – – – – – – – – – – 694
(Book II) – – – – – – – – – – – – 711
(Book III) – – – – – – – – – – – – 727
(Book IV) – – – – – – – – – – – – 748
(Book V) – – – – – – – – – – – – 768
(Book VI) – – – – – – – – – – – – 795
(Book VII) – – – – – – – – – – – – 824
(Book VIII) – – – – – – – – – – – – 835
(Book IX) – – – – – – – – – – – – 860
On the Parts of Animals translated by William Ogle 895
(Book I) – – – – – – – – – – – – 895
(Book II) – – – – – – – – – – – – 906
(Book III) – – – – – – – – – – – – 930
(Book IV) – – – – – – – – – – – – 952
On the Motion of Animals translated by A. S. L. Farquharson 983
On the Gait of Animals translated by A. S. L. Farquharson 992
On the Generation of Animals translated by Arthur Platt 1004
(Book I) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1004
(Book II) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1027
(Book III) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1050
(Book IV) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1069
(Book V) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1089
PART 5: METAPHYSICS
translated by W. D. Ross 1104
(Book I) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1104
(Book II – – – – – – – – – – – – 1120
(Book III) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1123
(Book IV) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1134
(Book V) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1148
(Book VI) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1167
(Book VII) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1171
(Book VIII) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1191
(Book IX) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1197
(Book X) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1207
(Book XI) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1218
The Complete Aristotle: Contents vii
PAGE
(Book XII) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1233
(Book XIII) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1244
(Book XIV) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1260
PART 6: ETHICS AND POLITICS
Nicomachean Ethics translated by W. D. Ross 1270
(Book I) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1270
(Book II) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1282
(Book III) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1291
(Book IV) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1306
(Book V) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1318
(Book VI) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1332
(Book VII) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1342
(BookVIII) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1357
(Book IX) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1370
(Book X) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1383
Politics translated by Benjamin Jowett 1396
(Book I) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1396
(Book II) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1410
(Book III) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1430
(Books IV) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1450
(Book V) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1469
(Book VI) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1491
(Book VII) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1500
(Book VIII) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1519
The Athenian Constitution translated by Sir Frederic G. Kenyon 1528
PART 7: AESTHETIC WRITINGS
Rhetoric translated by W. Rhys Roberts 1569
(Book I) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1569
(Book II) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1606
(Book III) – – – – – – – – – – – – 1645
Poetics translated by S. H. Butcher 1672
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viii The Complete Aristotle: Contents
The Complete Aristotle: Categories 1
PART 1
LOGIC (ORGANON)
CATEGORIES
Translated by E. M. Edghill
1
Things are said to be named ‘equivocally’ when, though they have a common name, the
definition corresponding with the name differs for each. Thus, a real man and a figure in a
picture can both lay claim to the name ‘animal’; yet these are equivocally so named, for, though
they have a common name, the definition corresponding with the name differs for each. For
should any one define in what sense each is an animal, his definition in the one case will be ap-
propriate to that case only.
On the other hand, things are said to be named ‘univocally’ which have both the name
and the definition answering to the name in common. A man and an ox are both ‘animal’, and
these are univocally so named, inasmuch as not only the name, but also the definition, is the
same in both cases: for if a man should state in what sense each is an animal, the statement in
the one case would be identical with that in the other.
Things are said to be named ‘derivatively’, which derive their name from some other
name, but differ from it in termination. Thus the grammarian derives his name from the word
‘grammar’, and the courageous man from the word ‘courage’.
2
Forms of speech are either simple or composite. Examples of the latter are such expres-
sions as ‘the man runs’, ‘the man wins’; of the former ‘man’, ‘ox’, ‘runs’, ‘wins’.
Of things themselves some are predicable of a subject, and are never present in a subject.
Thus ‘man’ is predicable of the individual man, and is never present in a subject.
By being ‘present in a subject’ I do not mean present as parts are present in a whole, but
2 The Complete Aristotle: Categories
being incapable of existence apart from the said subject. Some things, again, are present in a
subject, but are never predicable of a subject. For instance, a certain point of grammatical
knowledge is present in the mind, but is not predicable of any subject; or again, a certain white-
ness may be present in the body (for colour requires a material basis), yet it is never predicable
of anything.
Other things, again, are both predicable of a subject and present in a subject. Thus while
knowledge is present in the human mind, it is predicable of grammar.
There is, lastly, a class of things which are neither present in a subject nor predicable of a
subject, such as the individual man or the individual horse. But, to speak more generally, that
which is individual and has the character of a unit is never predicable of a subject. Yet in some
cases there is nothing to prevent such being present in a subject. Thus a certain point of
grammatical knowledge is present in a subject.
3
When one thing is predicated of another, all that which is predicable of the predicate will
be predicable also of the subject. Thus, ‘man’ is predicated of the individual man; but ‘animal’
is predicated of ‘man’; it will, therefore, be predicable of the individual man also: for the indivi-
dual man is both ‘man’ and ‘animal’.
If genera are different and coordinate, their differentiae are themselves different in kind.
Take as an instance the genus ‘animal’ and the genus ‘knowledge’. ‘With feet’, ‘two-footed’,
‘winged’, ‘aquatic’, are differentiae of ‘animal’; the species of knowledge are not distinguished
by the same differentiae. One species of knowledge does not differ from another in being ‘two-
footed’.
But where one genus is subordinate to another, there is nothing to prevent their having
the same differentiae: for the greater class is predicated of the lesser, so that all the differentiae
of the predicate will be differentiae also of the subject.
4
Expressions which are in no way composite signify substance, quantity, quality, relation,
place, time, position, state, action, or affection. To sketch my meaning roughly, examples of
substance are ‘man’ or ‘the horse’, of quantity, such terms as ‘two cubits long’ or ‘three cubits
long’, of quality, such attributes as ‘white’, ‘grammatical’. ‘Double’, ‘half’, ‘greater’, fall under
the category of relation; ‘in a the market place’, ‘in the Lyceum’, under that of place; ‘yester-
day’, ‘last year’, under that of time. ‘Lying’, ‘sitting’, are terms indicating position, ‘shod’,
‘armed’, state; ‘to lance’, ‘to cauterize’, action; ‘to be lanced’, ‘to be cauterized’, affection.
No one of these terms, in and by itself, involves an affirmation; it is by the combination
of such terms that positive or negative statements arise. For every assertion must, as is admit-
ted, be either true or false, whereas expressions which are not in any way composite such as
‘man’, ‘white’, ‘runs’, ‘wins’, cannot be either true or false.