The Cold War: Superpower Relations, 1945-1989

52 Pages·1997·12.63 MB·English

by  Josh Brooman

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CONTENTS
Part One: Wshtoa rttehde C oldW ar?
Introduction 1
1 Whatw ast hCe oldW ar? 2
2 Origoifnt sh Ceo lWda r 4
3 FromY alttaoP otsmd a 6
4 Euorpe19 45-8 8
5 TheB erlBilnco kdae 10
Revisgiuoind e 12
PartT wo:T he nucleaarr msr ace
Introduction 13
6 Fromt hAe- bombt ot hHe - bobm 14
7 Thea rmrsa ce 16
8 Ban thbeo mb!A ntiu-cnleparro tests 18
Revsiioenx esreci 20
PartT hreeC:o ntaininCgom munism
Introduction 21
9 Containmienn}C to rea 22
10 TheC ubaC ris(1 i)s 24
11 TheC ubaC ris(2i)s 26
12 TheA mericianVn ise tn(1a )m 28
13 TheA mericianVn ise tn(a2m) 30
Revsiioenx ecrise 32
PartF ourT: heS ovieUtn ion'usn willing
satellites
Introduction 33
14 TheH ungarRieavno luotfi1 9o5n6 34
15 TheB erliWanl l 36
16 Czechvoasklio19a6,8 38
Reviseixorenc ise 40
PartF iveT:h ee ndo ft heC oldW ar
Introduction 41
17 Deetntaen da n ewC oldW ar 42
18 Thec ollpaseo fC ommuniEsutor pe 44
19 After CtohledW ar 46
Revisgiuoind e 48
JF&ill1f
(Q)NIE
-------
wHo STARTED THE'
COLDW AR?
A positsesrub yet dh Cea mpaifgorNn u cleDairs armamien1n 9t6 2
people
Forn earlhayl af c entu-ryfrom 1945t o1 989- the Fort het wob illion pl ivipogn t het wos ides,
an
worldm'oss tp owerfuclo untroipepso seeda cho ther theswee rey earosf f ear anxietOyn. a tl easotn e
inw hatt hecya ll'etdh Ceo ldW ar'O.n ones idwea s occasioints, e emedc ertatihpa tth erweo uldb e an
theU niteSdt ateasn di tasl lioeftse,n k nowna s' the all-out warn uwciltehaw re aponsa,n dt hatt hi s
.West'O.n theo thewra st heS ovieUtn iona ndi ts wouldd estrtohye w orl·dT .hep ictuarbeo vree flects
allioeftse,n k nowna s' the East'. someo ft hafte ar.
Thisw arb etweeEna sta ndW estw asu nusuailn Thisb ookw ilall loywo ut ofi nda nswertsot hree
oner espe:ct the two mpooswte rfcuolu ntrioens keyq uestioFnisr.s wth,y d idt h.�� asta ndt heW est
eithseird -etheU SA andt heS ovieUtn ion-neve r becomei nvolviends ucha longa t:idd angerous con­
fougheta cho therF.o r4 5 yeartsh eyt hreatetnoe d flict? Secwohnydd ,i dt hi'sC olWda r'n ott urinn to
got ow arb utn evefirr eda singlseho td irectalty a 'hott'h irwdo rlwda r?F inallhyo,w did·t heC old
eacho the r. Warc omet oa ne nd?
1
WHAT WAS THE COLDW AR?
Thet er'mC olWda r'w as fiurssetbd y a nA merican Thehy elepdt heailrl tiofie gsh etac ho theFro.r
•
bankeirn1 947 .H e wadsec sribtihnhego stiltihtayt examlpet,h UeS Ab akcedI sraanedlt hSe oviet
exsitebdet weent heU niteSdta teasn dt heS oviet Uniobnac keEdg ypitn twhaeri snt hMei ddle
UnionB.y ' colhdem' e antt hat ttwhoce ou nrties East.
werdeo inaglt lh ecyou ltdo h arem ahc othweirt hout
Thegya vhee plt oo popisngs idiencs i vwialr. Fs or
usitnhge airrm efdor cetsofi ghat' howta'r . •
examlpet,h esyu pporrtievgdao lv ernmienna ts
Buth oww asi tp osisblteom akew arw ihtout
civili ntw haCer o ng.o
fightienahgc o theTrh?em apa ndd iagroanmt hese
pagessh oswo moef t hew ayisn w hicthh edyi ds o. TheA meircaunsse admr edf orcteo get rid of
•
Lookfi rsattt hem ap.I ts howtsh atth et wos ides proo-vSigeotv ernmiennc tosu ntcrlioetssote h e
useodt hecrou ntersia nd othert opd eoto hpelier UnitSetda tseusc,ah sC uba.
fightifnotgrhe m.T hedyi sdo i n nmyaw ays:
TheS ovieUtn iouns eadr mefdor cteo s top
•
Thefyou gheta hc oth'esarl sliF.eo re xamlpet,h e rebellaigoanipsnr soto- vSigeotv ernmiennts
•
UnitSetda tfeousg hatg aiNnosrtt Vhi etnaam, nearcboyu niterssu,c ahsH ungary.
proo-vSiceotu rnyti,n t hVei etnWaamr .
Soviefto rceisn vaded Soviet foirncveasd ed
countriteosh elps etu p countriteoss topr ebellions
pro-Sovigeotv ernments againsptr o-Soviet
US forcefso ught
againsatl lioefst he
SovieUtn ion
TheU SA useda rmedf orce
agaiflprsot- Sovigeotv ernmen
inC entraaln dS outhA merica
The Superpowers:
1
SovieUtn ion
The Superpowerhse lpeodt her
.
countrifiegsh te acho ther
D Countriiensv olviend
Superpowceorn flict The Superpowerbsa cked
rivasli deisn c iviwla rs
Howt hSeu perpouwseeordts h ceoru nttrodi oet sh efiigrh tifnotgrh em
2
Areao f Examplet:h eU SA Examplet:h e SovUineito n
conflict
The arms 1952t:h eU SA explodietds 1953t:h eS ovieUtn ion
race firHs-tb omba nds tarted explodietdfis r sHt- bomba nd
building long-range bomber startbeudi ldilnogn g-range
aircraft missiles
The space 1969a:n A mericaans tronaut 1957t:h ew orldfi'rss atr tificial
race becamet hefi rspte rsotno satellSiptuet,n iwka,s
walko n them oon launcheidn tsop ace
Defence 1980sw:o rkb egano n' Star 1980sS:o vierte searchers
Warss'a tellwihtiecsuh s el aser experimenwtietdhp article
beamst od estrionyc oming beamst od estrionyc oming
Soviemti ssiles Americamni ssiles
Propaganda The 'VoicoefA mericar'a dio ProgrePsusb lishperrisn ted
statiborno adcapsrto ­ pro-Sovbioeotk si nf oreign
Americapnr ogrammetsot he languagfeosre xportto
SovieUtn ion westercno untries
Sport 1980t:h eU niteSdt ates 1984t:h eS ovieUtn ion
MOSCOW1980 �
boycotttehdeM oscowO lympic boycotttehdeL osA ngeles
�
Gamesa sa proteasgta inas t Olympictsh rougfhe arfso r
Sovieitn vasioofnA fghanistan Sovieatt hletseasf'e itnyU SA LOSA NGELES 1984-
Espionage TheC IA (CentrIanlt elligence ~ TheK GB (Committfeoer
Agencyw)a ss etu pt oc arroyu t StatSee curitcyar)r ioeudt
intelligence-gastphyeirnign g, spying, subvaenrds ion
ands ubversion intelligence-gathering
Aid TheM arshaPllla n1,9 48t:h e 1960t:h eS ovieUtn ion
USA gave$ 16b illioofan i dt o startgeidv inmgo neya nd
Europeacno untriteoss t op the armst ot hen ewa nti­
spreaodf c ommunismi nto Americagno vernmeonft
western Europe Cuba
Exampolfte hsme e thowdhsi cthhS eu perpouwseetrdfios g heta coht hientr h Ceo lWda r
Butt heswee er nott heo nlyw aysin w hicthh e Theyt riteodo utdeoah c othienrs icenacned t ech­
Suppeorwerfsou gheta hc otheLroo.k n owa tt he nologeypse,c iya ilntl he'p sacer acteo'l n adfi rsotn
diagr.Ia tsm hows tthheaaytl sfoou ghatp roapgan­the moon.i nsE pvotetr nh ecyo mpetweidte hac h
daw art,r yitnodg a maege acho therre'psu taatnido no th,ef rore xamptloge e gto lmde dailnst hOel ympic
toi mprotvhee oiwrn .T heyc ompetedi n aarnm s GamesI.n a lolf t hseea reasc onoflfi ctth,eu ys ed
racteod evelmoopre and meo prowefruwle aopn.s espniaoge to fienacdho tohuetpr l'nass .
Questions
A. Studtyh mea pc arefully.
1.Whicthw oc ountwreiretesh 'eu Speprower'is n tCholedW ar?
·
2.Writfeou rs netecnetso explayionua gwrhoeyre d iasgrweiet thh isst atem'eTnhte:wr aesn o
actufiaglh tibnetgw eetnh Seu perpowdeurrsi tnhgCe o ldW ar'.
B. Studtyh dei agraabomv .e
1.C hootsher eet haoerf a eso fc oflniclti sitnet dh lee ft-hcaonldu mn.
2.S uggesty owuth haiten ackh S upeprowerh opetdog aibnyd ointghe steh igns.
3
ORIGISN OFT HE COLDW AR
East West
Government A one-parsttya tOen.l y tChoem munisPta rtiys A democratsitca tMea.n yp artiaersea llowteods tand
alloweIdn.t heortyh,ec ountriys rbuyne lected ine lectiTonhse. l eadeorft hep artwyh ichw insa n
counciclasl lSeodv ietBsu.ta sm ostm emberso ft he electiboenc ometsh eh eado ft heg overnment.
SovieatrseC ommunisttsh,e c ountriysr ealrluyn b y
theP arty.
Human rights Strict loinmm iatnsyh umana ndc ivriilg het.sg l.i mits Fewerl imiotnsh umana ndc ivriilg htthsa ni nt he
on fresep eecthr,a vewlo,r ship Deitscs.i de(nit.se . Easta,n ds omer ighatrse g uarantebeyld a w. (But
peoplweh ot ryt ob reatkh ose limits) risk untitlh e1 960sm anyr ighwtesr ed enietdo b lack
imprisonment. Americans.)
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Social Averaglei visntga ndarldosw er tinh atnh eW estW.e alth Averaglei visntga ndarhdisg hetrh ani nt heE ast.
moree venldyi stribustoef de,w er peoaprleee i ther Wealtdhi stribuutneedv enlsyot, h eraer em orep oor
ricohr p oor. peoplteh ani nt heE ast.
Economic A government-ercuonn omy: factfoarrimesms,i, n es, A free-markeecto nomyf:a rmsf,a ctormiiense,s s,h ops,
shopse,t ca.r ep ublicolwyn edP.r ofitasr eu sedf or etca.r ep rivatoewlnye dP.r ofigtost ot hec ompany.
thep ubligco od.
oonPABQ�
ANOTHER GREAT
SUCCESS FOR
OUR LEADERt
Cultural Them ediaa reo wneda ndr unb yt heg overnment. Them ediaa reo wnedb yp rivactoem paniaensd
Newspaperbso,o ksr,a difiol,m sT,V ares trictly individuNaelwss.p aperbso,o ksr,a diTVo , andfi lms
censored. arer arecleyn sored.
Differebnectewste heceno mmunEiassattn dt hdee mocratic West
TheS ueprpowherasdn otaw laybse ne enemsi.e Thought hewye roen t hes amsei dteh,e rwea s
Durintgh eS econWdo rlWda rt hefyou ghotn t he depe mistrsutb etweent heS ovieUtn ioann dt he
sames idaeg ainNsatz Gie rmanyA.l onwgi th westeArlnls iT.eh em istrhuasdmt a nyc auessA.t i ts
Britatihnew,ye rken owanst h'eA ilsel'. hearwta sa disraegemeanbotu th owc onutersi
4
shoubledr u.nT heS ovieUtn oinw as caom muniste ahc otheIrn.1 9 41,h oweverH,i trlb erokteh is
cournytr unb ya d ict,aJ tosoerpSht lai.Bn ritaanidn agreemaenndit n vadtehdSe o vieUtn oinC.h urchill,
theU SAw erceap itacloinustter sir unb ye lectetdh eB ritliesdahe, ri mmediaptuetal sdyie h idsi slike
governmelnetdbs y,W instoCnh urchainldl ofc ommunisamn ds tartsneeddi ngh eltpo t he
FrankRloionsv eelrte scpteivTehleyp .i ucrtoe ppsoite SoveitU niotno f gihtG eramny,w hicwha sn ow
showsso moef t hies suoenws h icthh ewye rsep lit. theciorm mone neym.T he Ameriacnst,o op,u t
asitdhee dioru batnsds tarttose nded a i.d
A histoofrm yi strust
Frictiboent wetehnAe l lies
Whys houald dia sgreemaebonutht o wt or unc oun­
triceasu sseom uchm istrTuhsetd ?i sraeegmenhta d Altuhgoht hewye rneo wfi ghtitnogge thaegra inst
beugni n1 917 whenC ommunsithsa do verthrowGne ramny,t herwea sf rcitibonet weent hem.T he
thReu sisna governmdeunrtit nhgFe i rWsotr lWda r. wetseranl ldiiedsn otf orgetth ea gremeentt hat
The nCewom munigsotv ernmmeandtec hangesS talni hadm adewi tHhi tlien1r 9 39a, nds usepcted
whicahn gerReudss iaa'lsl ieessp,e lcyiF arlacne, thatm ihgeh mta ke sape arapteeca ew itGhe rmany.
Britaainnd t heU SA.F ore xamlpet,h esyt poped ForS talitnh,em ain coafuf srceit iwoans t heg reat
fightianngdm adpe eacwei tGhe rmantyh;ec yo fins­ lnegtohf t ime tBhriatta ainnd t heU SAt ootko
catelndad ,fa ctioerasn db anksfo rm theoiwrn ers;o pne a'e sconfdor nta'g aiGnesrtm anbyyi nvading
andt hemyu rdertehdeR u sisarno yfaamli lays w ell Germaoncc-uipeFdr nac.eT himse antt haStov iet
ast houasndosfp olictaiolp pnoen.t s forcedsi mdo tso ft hfieg htiinnEg u rouppe 1t9o4 4.
Theg overnmoefnB trsi taFirna,na cnedt hUeS A
decidteogd e rti odf t hidsan geurson ewg overn­TheY alta Agreement
men.tI n1 918t hesyne ta rmiteois n vaRdues siaan d
ovetrhroiw.t T heyf ail,ea dndt he CommunistsI nF ebruy a19r45t het hreleed aersm ett os tetle
stady ienp owerT.h eC ommunisntesv eforr gotth at thediireff rneces t(hsepe ciet uroenp age6 ).A ta
thew esrtnec ountrhiaetse d tbhaledyme nuoght o cofnerencient hes eiadsree osrot fY altai,nt he
makwea ro nt hem. SovieUtn ion, dtihusescys epdl anfosre ndintgh e
wara ndf orm akinap ge acsteet elmenTth.e ya greed
FearosfR ussieaxpna nsion onfi vem aiins s:u es
1.LiberaEtuerdoe p.T hep eoploefc ountries
In1 922R ussimaer gewidt fihv en eighbosutraintge s
liber(farteeefdd)or mN azriu lseh oubled
tof orma n ewc ountrtyh,eS ovieUtn io.Bn y1 936,
allowteosd e utp t heoiwrn d emcoratic,
fivem orse tatheasdj ionetdh Se ovieUtn ioInn.l ess
indedpeenngto vernntm.se
tha1n5 y earRsus,s ihaa da ddetdoi tsaenla fr etah e
sizoefE uorp.eT himsa dteh wee stecronu ntfreaire s 2. GermanTyh.e wy oulddi viGdeer mainnyt o
thatth eC ommuniswtesr beu ildaip nowge rufln ew zoneastt heen do ft hwea rT.h ey would each
empiirnte h Eea st. occupayz onaen dw ould 2t0ab kiel ldioolnl ars
Theifrea rdso ubldeudr itnhgefi rsyte aorf t he forre apriaotnhsa;l fg ott oot hSeo vieUtni on.
SeconWdo rlWda rw,h enS ovieftor cemsa rchiendt o
3.PolnadT.h eS ovieUtn iowno ulbdeg ivtehne
eastPeorlnna da ndt heB altsitcta se.T hiasd deadn
eastepranr otfP olantdoi mproivtdese efnce.s
aretah es izoefB rittaoit nh eS ovieUtn iona,n d
Tom akeu pf or tlhoissP so,ln adw oultda klena d
brougihtftsor ntieevrec nl orst eoE uorp.e
form setaeGrenr many.
TheS oviet aUtnw iaorn 4.UnitNeadt io.nT hsewyo ulsde utp a U nited
NatioOnrsgn aitsiaotnop romowtoer lpdec ae.
Stalitnh,Se ovielted ae,r waabsl teod ot hibse cuase
5.JaapnS.o viaertm iients h Fea rE aswto ulidn vade
in1 939h eh adm adea na greemweinttHh i etrlt,h e
Manchutroia at taJcaakpn seef orcetsh e.re
Germalne daert,h at wtohuelynd o tm akew aro n
Questions
A. Loocka refualttl hyde i agroapmp osite.
1.W hicahs epctosfl eii fnt hEea sdto you wtehsitnekr wneerrmeso tsl ikelcyri icttios e?
2.Whicahs pectlseii fnot fhW ee std oy out hienkas ternweerrmseo tsl ikteolc yr citiise?
B. Copyt htei meloinpn aeg e1 2o nttoh mei ddolfea s heoeftp apre.
1.Writoent hlee tof ft htei emlienvee nwthsi cmha deth Wee sts uspicoifto huSeso v ieUtn ion.
2.Writoent hrei gohftt h e etliimenvee nwthsi cmha deth Se ovieUtn iosnu spicoifto huWese s t.
C. Looka tt hfiev ep ointosft hYea ltAag reemaebnot.v W ehyd oy out hiSntka lwiansl ikteold yi sagree
witRhoo sveelatn dC hurchaiblolut thm ee aninogfp oin1t? ( Hinlto:oa ktb ox1 int hdei agram.)
5
FROM YALTAT O POTSDAM
Thipsh otogwraasp h
takiennB erliinJn u ly
1495I.ts hoBwrsi tish
soldwiheohr asdj ust
takpeanr itnt hAel lied
victpoaryr atdher ough
Berlriens,t ing
underneaap tihc toufr e
th'eB iTgh reAel'l ied
leadaettr hsYe a lta
Conferoefn ce
Febru1a49r5y:
Churc(lheifltl) ,
Roose(vceelntat nrde )
Stal(irni ght).
..... .. .,.4
·-
PosYta-lttean sions
looekda th iwsa tc"hI. wainlnlo untchneee w
governmienen xta ctlhyo utrwason d fi ve
TheY altAagr eemenstem eeda g resautc caetsfi srs t.
minut"eV sy,shinssnkpayp eda,n ds talokuetd,
Butw ithwiene kosf s gini,n tgheB ritiasnhd
salmming dtohosero h artdh pel taesr
Amercianwse rhea visnregi oduosu tbsI.tq uiclky
crac.k'ed
becmaec lret aot hem tShtaaltid ni ndo ts hatrhee ir
ideaabso udte mcorafcoytr h ec ouniterosf e astern The aoifmt heS ovieftor cewsa sc lre.aA st hey
Euroep.T hiissa ne xamlpeo ft heS ovieatp proacahd vnacefudr thienrt Eour opteh,e wya ntetodm ake
tos ettuipnn ge wg overnmtehnrete:s sure tthhgeao tv ernmwehnitcsth o ookv efror mt he
retarteinGge ramnsw oulbde l yoatlo tShovei et
'VisitthiReno gm anicaanp iVtyaslh,i n[stkhye
UnoinT.h er easofonrt sh is nwoetsr oec lre.Wa as
Sovideetp uMtiyn isftoFeror r eAiffgani rs]
Stalni simptlryy itnopg r ottte hceS ovieUtn oinb y
stormiendtt oh !eZi ng'sstd uys,l ammheidfis s t
makinsgu re thatfir eintd nlehyia gdoh ubrOsr?w as
ont htea balnedd emandaen de wp,r o-sMcoow
het ryitnoeg x apndt heS ovieetm piervee funr ther
governmWehnetn. tKhieno gf R omania
intEou orpea,s h eh add onbee forteh e w(asre e
demurr[eodb jencotted]it,nh gat th Yea lta
page4 )?
Agreemgeunatr anftereeee dlt eoicnsV,y shinsky
6
InA pri19l4 5r etliaobneswt eenS tianla ndt he AlthouTgrhu matno lSdt anl vierlyti tlaeb outth e
wesetrnA llibeecsa mee vemno resr tainwehden bomb,S talihna da lardye foundo uta bouti tf orm
Roosvee,lt theU S Preisdetn,d ied.Th en ew Soviestp iienst heU SA.H ek newt,h ereftohraet,
PreisdentH,ar rTyr umanw, asl esssy maphtetict hAem erichaandts h meo sptow erfuwle apoinnt he
towartdhseS oveitU nionW.it hidna yosf t aikng wolrd.
officeT,r umarne ecivreedop rtst haStov ieftor ceisn Nowt hatth Aem erichaandts h aet obmo mb,t hey
Polnadw erter yitnog suepat p roo-vSigeotv ern­hadl esnse eodf S oviehte lipn fi ghtiJnagp .aI nn
mentt herei,n satdeo fa lolwinfgre ee lteicon.s AugutshtUe n itSetadt edsro ppeadt ombiocm bosn
Trumadne cidteod taa kteo ulgihno en itsha,n d heH irsohima Naangda sia,k destbrotohyc iientsgai nd
sneta stronwgolryd epdr otteosS tta lni.R eltaionsk ill1i50n,g0 0p0e opAllet.h ouSgtha lnionwd eclared
betweetnh tew oc ountgrrieecwso dler. waro nJ aapnh, opnigt og ailnna db eofreth ew ar
end,eS doviehte lwpa sn ol ognenre edeJda.pa snu r­
The PotsdCaomn efrence rendejrsuettd w od aylsta eTrh.e w ari nt hFea rE ast
ended twhiAetm he ricfiarnmsli ync ontorfoJ alp .a n
InM ay 1945G ermayn surrenrdeedB.y t hitsi me
theS ovieatmr iehsa dr eachtehdec entroef G er­
manya ndh ado ccuipemdo sotfE asteErunr oep.
Meanwhilteh,ew ara gaiJnaspta cno tniunedi n
thFea rE ast. To tdhiiassswc, eu lsalsst hfuet uroef
deefatGeedr may,nt he Alllediaeermdse tf oarfi nal
warticmonefe recnea tP otsmd ainG ermanSyni.c e
theYa ltCao nferenctew,o grcehaatns gh eadt aken
pla.cR eoosveelhta dd ieadn dP resnitdT eruman
nows poekf otrh UeS A.I nB ritatihnCe,o n servative
Partly ots gae nereallte icohna wlafyt hrohu tghe
conferecnes,o C hurcihl'lsp lacwea st akebny
Clmeent Attthlneee ewP, r imMei nister.
AtP otsdatmh,Ae l lileaedd ecrosn mfierds omoef
thde ecismiaodnaest lYt.aGa ermawnays t ob es plit
intfoou rz oneesa,hc runb y aAnl liaerdm y.
Germanwya st ob ed iasmredt,h eN aziP artayb ol­
ish,ea dndw arc rimipnuatol snt riGaelr.m anwya s
top ayr eapratifoonwrsa rd amaeg.O nt hrieses ues,
howevtehre,y mnaodd ee ciiosn:
Thedyi ndo dtr auwp a p eactree awtiyt h
•
Germany.
Theydi d nota f aorgnrteiee wre ebPneo tlnada nd
•
Germany.
Thedy indo cto finrmt hper omitsheeh ya dm ade
•
atY altaa ltlodo ewm orcateilcte icoinnEs astern
Euorpe.
TROUBLE WITH SOME OF THE PIECES
The atombiocm b Thicsa rtaopopne airnte hdBe r itmiasgha zPiunnec ihn
Febru1a49ry5 a)f ttehrYe a lCtoan ferIetsn hcoew.s
Thet ensiaotPn o tsmd waasi ncarseebdy a new Euroapsae j igspauwz zbleei pnugtt o gebtyh er
devoeplmenitnt he waagra iJnasaptn O.n t hed ay RoosevSetlatla)inn dC hurchTihlealyr. fie n diintg
beofret heC onferencset arttehdeU, n iteSdt atesh artdop utth pei etcoegse itnhG eerr maannydE astern
test-pelxoeddt hew olrd'frsis att ombicom b. Europe.
Questions
A. Looka tt hpeh otogroapppshoi taen,dr eaadg atihnYe a ltAag reemoennp tag e5 .S uggewshtyt he
Alliweasnt teod bpluictihsYeea l tAag reemweintthh u gpeo stelriskt ehoe n ei nt hpeh otograph.
B. Looka tt hcea trooanb ovaen,dr eaadg atihnie n foartmiaobno u'tps otY-alttae nssi'oo nnp age6 .
1.Whatw erSeta liani'msis nE asteErunr opeea riln1y 9 45?
2.Whatd ifferaeinmtis nE asteErunr opdei Cdh urchainldRl oo sveelt have?
3.W hiccho untirnty h jegi swa doy out hitnhke fyou ndh ardteos tp tuotg ether?
4.Whicphi ecoefts h jegi sawwe ruen finisahfteedtr h Peo tsmd aConferenicne J1u9l4y5?
7