Table Of ContentNatural Resource Management and Policy
Series Editors: David Zilberman · Renan Goetz · Alberto Garrido
Nicholas Kalaitzandonakes
Peter W.B. Phillips
Justus Wesseler
Stuart J. Smyth E ditors
The Coexistence
of Genetically
Modified, Organic
and Conventional
Foods
Government Policies and Market
Practices
Natural Resource Management and Policy
Volume 49
Series editors
David Zilberman, California, USA
Renan Goetz, Girona, Spain
Alberto Garrido, Madrid, Spain
Thereisagrowingawarenesstotherolethatnaturalresources,suchaswater,land,
forests and environmental amenities, play in our lives. There are many competing
usesfornaturalresources,andsocietyischallengedtomanagethemforimproving
socialwell-being.Furthermore,theremaybedireconsequencestonaturalresources
mismanagement.Renewableresources,suchaswater,landandtheenvironmentare
linked, and decisions made with regard to one may affect the others. Policy and
managementofnaturalresourcesnowrequireinterdisciplinaryapproachesincluding
natural and social sciences to correctly address our society preferences.
This series provides a collection of works containing most recent findings on
economics, management and policy of renewable biological resources, such as
water,land,cropprotection,sustainableagriculture,technology,andenvironmental
health. It incorporates modern thinking and techniques of economics and
management.Booksinthisserieswillincorporateknowledgeandmodelsofnatural
phenomena with economics and managerial decision frameworks to assess
alternative options for managing natural resources and environment.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/6360
Nicholas Kalaitzandonakes
Peter W.B. Phillips Justus Wesseler
(cid:129)
Stuart J. Smyth
Editors
The Coexistence
fi
of Genetically Modi ed,
Organic and Conventional
Foods
Government Policies and Market Practices
123
Editors
NicholasKalaitzandonakes Justus Wesseler
Department ofAgriculture andApplied Technische UniversitätMünchen
Economics Freising, Bayern
University of Missouri Germany
Columbia, MO
USA Stuart J.Smyth
University of Saskatchewan
PeterW.B. Phillips Saskatoon, SK
Johnson-Shoyama Graduate School Canada
ofPublic Policy
University of Saskatchewan
Saskatoon, SK
Canada
NaturalResource Management andPolicy
ISBN978-1-4939-3725-7 ISBN978-1-4939-3727-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-3727-1
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016947214
©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYork2016
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Contents
Introduction to the Issue of Coexistence . .... .... .... .... ..... .... 1
Nicholas Kalaitzandonakes, Peter W.B. Phillips, Stuart J. Smyth
and Justus Wesseler
The Science of Gene Flow in Agriculture and Its Role
in Coexistence . .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 13
AllenVanDeynze,KentJ.Bradford,HenryDaniell,JosephM.DiTomaso,
Nicholas Kalaitzandonakes, Carol Mallory-Smith, C. Neal Stewart Jr.,
Steven H. Strauss and Rene Van Acker
Developing Market Driven Standards for Coexistence: Tolerances,
Thresholds, and Other Technical Standards Used by the Seed
Industry.. .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 39
Michael Gumina
Economic and Legal Principles of Coexistence Policy in North
America.. .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 47
Randal Giroux
Organic Label Rules and Market Tensions: The Challenge
of Satisfying Buyers .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 55
Lynn Clarkson
Developing Solutions for Coexistence in the EU—Legal, Technical,
and Economic Issues.... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 63
Koen Dillen, Ivilin Rizov and Emilio Rodriguez-Cerezo
The Principle(s) of Co-existence in the Market for GMOs
in Europe: Social, Economic and Legal Avenues .. .... .... ..... .... 71
Kai Purnhagen and Justus Wesseler
Coexistence in Brazil.... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 87
Marcus Vinícius Segurado Coelho
v
vi Contents
What Can We Learn About Coexistence from Commercial
Non-GM Programs in the US?..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 95
Nicholas Kalaitzandonakes and Alexandre Magnier
Lessons from the Legal Cases of GM Alfalfa and Sugar Beet
Deregulation in the United States .. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 103
Nancy Bryson
Organic Versus GM Agriculture in the Courtroom in Australia
and the USA .. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 113
Michael Blakeney
Coexistence—Under-Explored Facets for a USDA Policy ... ..... .... 137
Drew L. Kershen
The “Honey” Judgment of Bablok and Others Versus Freistaat
Bayern in the Court of Justice of the European Union:
Implications for Co-existence. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 149
Kai Purnhagen and Justus Wesseler
The Canadian and European Union Impacts from the Detection
of GM Flax ... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 167
Teresa Babuscio, William Hill, Camille D. Ryan and Stuart J. Smyth
Consequences of Adventitious Presence of Non-approved GMOS
in Seeds: The Case of Maize Seeds in Germany... .... .... ..... .... 177
Philipp Wree and Justus Wesseler
Commercialization Strategies and Market Opportunities
for GM Canola .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 185
Stuart J. Smyth and Peter W.B. Phillips
Regulatory Lags for Genetically Modified Crops: Legal and Political
Perspectives... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 197
Martin Phillipson and Stuart J. Smyth
Regulatory Approval Asynchrony, LLP, and Implications
for Biotech R&D and Innovation... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 207
Eric Sachs
The Economic Impacts of Regulatory Delays: The Case
of HT Soybeans.... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 221
Nicholas Kalaitzandonakes, Kenneth Zahringer and John Kruse
Potential Economic Impacts of Low Level Presence (LLP)
in the Global Wheat Market . ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 241
William W. Wilson and Bruce Dahl
Contents vii
Potential Economic Impacts of Asynchronous Approvals
of Biotech Crops on South Korea .. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 257
Nicholas Kalaitzandonakes, James Kaufman, Sanghan Yea
and Kenneth Zahringer
Low Level Presence and Asynchronous Authorizations
of Genetically Modified Products in China... .... .... .... ..... .... 283
Jikun Huang and Jun Yang
Asynchronous Approvals and the Low Level Presence
of Unapproved GM Products in Imports: How “Tolerant”
Should Small Countries Be?.. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 291
Guillaume P. Gruère
Low Level Presence Under the WTO ... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 311
William A. Kerr
Forging the Future of LLP: Building an International Coalition
and Developing a National LLP Policy.. .... .... .... .... ..... .... 321
Janice Tranberg and Sarah Lukie
Market Solutions to Coexistence and Regulatory Asynchrony .... .... 333
Peter W.B. Phillips
Coexistence of Genetically Modified, Conventional, and Organic
Food Products: A Framework and Analysis.. .... .... .... ..... .... 345
Konstantinos Giannakas
The Cost of a GMO-Free Market Basket of Food in the US. ..... .... 363
Barry K. Goodwin, Michele Marra and Nicholas Piggott
Lessons from EU Voluntary Labeling Schemes for GM-Free
Processed Food Products .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 379
Thomas J. Venus, Nicholas Kalaitzandonakes and Justus Wesseler
Welfare and Co-existence.... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 387
David Zilberman and Justus Wesseler
GM Maize in Mexico: The Challenge of Coexistence in a Centre
of Origin . .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 405
Peter W.B. Phillips
Conclusions and Synthesis ... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 413
Nicholas Kalaitzandonakes, Peter W.B. Phillips and Stuart J. Smyth
Index .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 423
Editors and Contributors
About the Editors
NicholasKalaitzandonakes isMSMCendowedprofessorofagribusinessstrategy
anddirectoroftheEconomicsandManagementofAgrobiotechnologyCenteratthe
University of Missouri.
Peter W.B. Phillips is a distinguished professor of public policy at the
Johnson-Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Saskatchewan.
Justus Wesseler is a professor and chair of the Department of Agriculture and
Food at the Technical University of Munich and Wageningen University.
Stuart J. Smyth is an assistant professor at the University of Saskatchewan.
Contributors
Teresa Babuscio is secretary-general of COCERAL, the European association
representing the trade in cereals, rice, feedstuffs, oilseeds, olive oil, oils and fats,
and agrosupply.
Michael Blakeney is Winthrop Professor of Law at the University of Western
Australia.
KentJ.Bradford isadistinguishedprofessorofplantsciencesanddirectorofthe
Seed Biotechnology Center at the University of California—Davis.
NancyBryson wasapartneratthelawfirmofHollandandHartatthetimeofthis
writing and is former general counsel at USDA.
Lynn Clarkson is president of Clarkson Grain, a supplier of identity preserved
non-GMO and organic maize and soy ingredients to the food manufacturing and
animal feed industries.
ix
x EditorsandContributors
MarcusViníciusSeguradoCoelho iscoordinatoroftheBiosafetyDivisionofthe
Ministry of Agriculture of Brazil.
Bruce Dahl is a research scientist at the University of North Dakota.
Henry Daniell is a professor of biochemistry at the University of Pennsylvania.
Koen Dillen is an economic and policy analyst with the Directorate General for
Agriculture and Rural Development of the European Union.
Joseph M. DiTomaso is a professor of plant sciences at the University of
California—Davis.
Konstantinos Giannakas is Harold W. Eberhard Professor of Agricultural
Economics and director of the Center for Agricultural & Food Industrial
Organization and the University of Nebraska—Lincoln.
Randal Giroux is vice president of Cargill, Inc., a firm that provides food, agri-
culture, financial, and industrial products and services to the world.
Barry K. Goodwin is William Neal Reynolds Distinguished Professor of
Agricultural and Resource Economics at North Carolina State University.
Guillaume P. Gruère was an economist with the International Food Policy
Research Institute at the time of this writing.
Michael Gumina was vice president for Production and Risk Management for
Pioneer Hi-Bred at the time of this writing. He is now CEO of Rice-Tec.
William Hill is president of the Flax Council of Canada, a trade association.
Jikun Huang is a professor at the Chinese Academy of Sciences and director
of the Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy.
James Kaufman is a project director with the Economics and Management of
Agrobiotechnology Center at the University of Missouri.
WilliamA.Kerr isaUniversityDistinguishedProfessorofBioresourcePolicyat
the University of Saskatchewan.
Drew L. Kershen is Earl Sneed Centennial Professor of Law at the University of
Oklahoma.
JohnKruse isprincipalanddirectorofquantitativeanalysisatWorldAgricultural
and Economic Environmental Services, an agribusiness consulting firm.
Sarah Lukie is director of CropLife International, a plant science industry advo-
cacy organization.
Alexandre Magnier is program director with the Economics and Management of
Agrobiotechnology Center at the University of Missouri.
Carol Mallory-Smith is a professor of weed science at Oregon State University.
