Table Of ContentTHE CHEMISTRY AND PROCESSING OF WOOD
AND PLANT FIBROUS MATERIALS
THE CHEMISTRY AND
PROCESSING OF
WOOD AND PLANT
FIBROUS MATERIALS
Editors:
JOHN FKENNEDY
DirectorofBirminghamCarbohydrateand Protein TechnologyGroup,
Research Laboratory forthe Chemistry ofBioactive Carbohydratesand Proteins,
School ofChemistry, The University ofBirmingham, Birmingham, England
and ProfessorofAppliedChemistry,
The North East Wales Institute ofHigher Education, Wrexham, Clwyd, Wales
GLYN 0 PHILLIPS
ChairmanofResearch TransferLtd,(Newtech Innovation Centre),
Professorial Fellow ofThe North East Wales Institute ofHigher Education,
Wrexham, Clwyd, Wales
and ProfessorofChemistry, The University ofSalford, England
PETER A WILLIAMS
Head ofthe Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation Centre andthe
Centre ofExpertise in Water Soluble Polymers,
The North East Wales Institute ofHigher Education, Wrexham, Clwyd, Wales
WOOI)HI~AI) PUJ3I~ISf-IING lAIl\/lI~I~ED
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CELLUCON CONFERENCES AND THE
CELLUCON TRUST
Cellucon Conferences as an organisation was initiated in 1982, and Cellucon
'84, which was the original conference, set out to establish the strength of
British expertise in the field of cellulose and its derivatives. This laid the
foundation for subsequent conferences in Wales (1986), Japan (1988), Wales
(1989), Czechoslovakia (1990), USA (1991), Wales (1992), Sweden(1993) and
Wales (1994). They have had truly international audiences drawn from the
major industries involved in the production and use of cellulose pulp and
derivatives of cellulose, plus representatives of academic institutions and
government research centres. This diverse audience has allowed the cross
fertilization of many ideas which has done much to give the cellulose field
the higher profile that it rightly deserves,
Cellucon Conferences are organised by The Cellucon Trust, an official
UK charitable trust with worldwide objectives in education in wood and
cellulosics. The Cellucon Trust is continuing to extend the knowledge ofall
aspects ofcellulose worldwide. At least one book has been published from
each Cellucon Conference as the proceedingsthereof. This volume arisesfrom
the 1994 conference held in Bangor, Wales, UK, and the conferences
planned to be held in Russia, France and Finland, etc, willgenerate further
useful books in the area.
THE CELLUCON TRUST TRUSTEES AND DIRECTORS
ProfG 0 Phillips(Chairman) Research Transfer Ltd, UK
ProfJ F Kennedy The North East WalesInstitute, UK and
(Deputy Chairman and Treasurer) The University ofBirmingham, UK
Dr P A Williams (Secretary) TheNorth EastWalesInstitute,UK
Mr T Greenway Akzo Nobel SurfaceChemistry Ltd, UK
Mr W B Painting Hoechst (UK) Ltd, UK
Dr C A White Fisons Scientific,UK
v
CELLUCON CONFERENCES ORGANISING COMMITTEE
ProfG 0 Phillips (Chairman) Research Transfer Ltd, UK
ProfJ F Kennedy The North East Wales Institute, UK and
(Deputy Chairman and Treasurer) The University ofBirmingham, UK
Dr P A Williams (Secretariat) The North East Wales Institute, UK
Mr H Hughes (Secretariat) The North East Wales Institute, UK
Mr P Bale Hercules Ltd, UK
ProfW B Banks University ofWales, UK
ProfC Bucke The University ofWestminster, UK
Dr H L Chum American Chemical Society (Cellulose,
Paper and Textile Division), USA
Dr A Fowler Courtaulds Ltd, UK
Dr K Geddes Crown Berger Europe Ltd, UK
Mr T Greenway Akzo Nobel Surface Chemistry Ltd, UK
ProfJ Guthrie University ofLeeds, UK
Dr H Hatakeyama Fukui Institute ofTechnology, Japan
Dr M B Huglin University ofSalford, UK
Dr P Levison Whatman International Ltd, UK
Dr J Meadows The North East Wales Institute, UK
Mr W B Painting Hoechst (UK) Ltd, UK
Mr A Poyner Consultant, UK
Mr R Price Shotton Paper Co Ltd, UK
ProfJ Roberts Institute ofScience and Technology,
University ofManchester, UK
Dr J F Webber The Forestry Authority, UK
Dr C A White Fisons Scientific, UK
Cellucon Conferences are sponsored by:
The Biochemical Society, UK - Chembiotech Ltd, UK - Hoechst (UK) Ltd,
UK - The North East Wales Institute of Higher Education, UK - The
University of Birmingham, UK - The University of Lund, Sweden - USAF
European Office of Aerospace Research and Development - US Army
Research, Development and Standardisation Group, UK - Welsh
Development Agency - Whatman Specialty Products Division, UK.
Cellucon Conferences are supported by:
The American Chemical Society (Cellulose, Paper and Textile Division)
Aqualon (UK) Ltd - Akzo Nobel Surface Chemistry Ltd, UK - Courtaulds
Chemicals and Plastics, UK - Ministry of Defence - Crown Berger Europe
Ltd, UK - DOW Chemicals, UK - The Forestry Authority, UK - The
Southern Regional Research Center, USA - Shotton Paper Company Ltd,
UK - Syracuse Cellulose Conferences, USA.
vi
THE CELLUCON CONFERENCES
1984Cellucon '84 UK CELLULOSE AND ITS DERIVATIVES
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Applications
1986Cellucon '86 UK WOOD AND CELLULOSICS
Industrial Technology, Biotechnology,
Structure and Properties
1988Cellucon '88 Japan CELLULOSICS AND WOOD
Fundamentals and Applications
1989Cellucon '89 UK CELLULOSE: SOURCES AND
EXPLOITATION
Industrial Utilisation, Biotechnology and
Physico-Chemical Properties
1990Cellucon '90 CELLULOSE
Czechoslovakia New Trends in the Complex Utilisation of
Lignocellulosics(Phytomass)
1991 Cellucon '91 USA CELLULOSE
A Joint Meeting of: ACS Cellulose, Paper and
Textile Division, The Cellucon Trust, and 11th
Syracuse Cellulose Conference
1992Cellucon '92 UK SELECTIVE PURIFICATION AND
SEPARATION PROCESSES
The Role ofCellulosic Materials
1993 Cellucon'93 Sweden CELLULOSE AND CELLULOSE
DERIVATIVES
Physico-Chemical Aspects and Industrial
Applications
1994Cellucon '94 UK CHEMISTRY AND PROCESSING OF WOOD
AND PLANT FIBROUS MATERIALS
The Chemistry and Processing ofWood and
Plant Fibrous Materials
The proceedingsofeachconferencewereformerlypublishedbyEllisHorwood,
Simon and Schuster International Group, Prentice Hall, Campus 400,
Maylands Avenue, Hemel Hempstead, Herts, HP2 7EZ and are now
published by Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Abington,
Cambridge CBl 6AH.
THE CELLUCON TRUST is a registered charity, UK Registration No:
328582and a company limited by guarantee, UK Registration No: 2483804
with its registered offices at The Research Laboratory for the Chemistry
of Reactive Carbohydrates and Proteins, The School of Chemistry, The
University ofBirmingham, Birmingham, B152IT, England.
Vll
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This book arises from the International Conference - CELLUCON '94
which was held at the University ofWales, Bangor, UK. This meeting owed
its successto the invaluable work ofthe Organising Committee.
MEMBERS OF THE LOCAL ORGANISING
COMMITTEE - CELLUCON '94
ProfW B Banks (Chairman) University ofWales, Bangor, UK
Dr HOmed (Secretariat) University ofWales, Bangor, UK
Dr P A Williams(Secretariat) The North East Wales Institute, UK
Mr H Hughes (Secretariat) The North East Wales Institute, UK
ProfJ F Kennedy The North East Wales Institute, UK and
(Deputy Chairman and The University ofBirmingham, UK
Treasurer)
Mr T Greenway Akzo Nobel Surface Chemistry Ltd, UK
Dr P Levison Whatman International Ltd, UK
Dr J Meadows The North East Wales Institute, UK
Mr W B Painting Hoechst (UK) Ltd, UK
ProfG 0 Phillips Research Transfer Ltd, UK
ProfJ Roberts Institute ofScienceand Technology,
University ofManchester, UK
Vlll
CONTENTS
Preface XUl
PART 1:THE FIBRE AND NON FIBRE RESOURCES 1
1 Forestry - Sustainable production and processing 3
J Evans
2 Changing patterns of global wood and fibre supplies . 13
R J Cooper
3 Blackcurrant stems - An agri-waste with potential asa dilutent to
existing tree-based fibre sources . 25
D Stewart and R M Brennan
4 Phenolic acid dimers in barley straw cell walls 31
D Stewart and I M Morrison
5 'Non wood plant fibres'. Availability in Kenya and need for
maximum utilization . 37
R Murali and J G Mwangi
6 Current developments in plant derived gums and resins for the
chemical industry in Kenya 49
B Chikamai
PART 2: PULPING. 61
7 Advances in steam explosion pulping (SEP) . 63
B V Kokta, Y Ben, J Doucet, A Ahmed and D A Sukhov
8 Kinetics and mechanism ofwheat straw pulping . 81
A A Baosman, G C Fettis, M J Ramsden and S J Smith
9 Ethanol pulping of pretreated non-woodfibre materials 99
B Lonnberg, M EI-Sakhawy and T Hultholm
10 The chemical composition of tropical hardwoods and its influence
on pulping processes . III
N A Darkwa
11 Pulping characteristics and mineral composition of 16 field crops
cultivated in Finland . 119
K A Pahkala, T J N Mela and L Laamanen
12 Screening, purification and characterization of novel xylanases
used in pulp bleaching 127
BCuevas, B Bodie, C Wang and M Koljonen
13 Delignification and bleaching of non-wood fibres with peroxy-
compounds 133
D Stewart and I M Morrison
ix
