Table Of ContentThe Carotid and Supra-Aortic Trunks
Diagnosis, Angioplasty and Stenting
Previously published as Angioplasty and Stenting of the
Carotid and Supra Aortic Trunks
The Carotid and
Supra-Aortic Trunks
Diagnosis, Angioplasty and Stenting
2ND EDITION
EDITED BY
MICHEL HENRY MD
Interventional Cardiologist
Cabinet de Cardiologie
Nancy
France
Chief Patron
Apollo Clinic
Global Research Institute for Carotid and Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Hyderabad
India
EDWARD B. DIETHRICH MD
Arizona Heart Institute & Hospital
Phoenix, AZ
USA
ANTONIOS POLYDOROU MD
Interventional Cardiologist
Panteleimon General Hospital
Athens
Greece
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
This edition fi rst published 2011 © 2011 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The carotid and supra-aortic trunks : diagnosis, angioplasty and stenting / edited by Michel Henry and
Edward B. Diethrich and Antonios Polydorou. – 2nd ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4051-9854-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Carotid artery–Stenosis–
Surgery. 2. Angioplasty. 3. Stents (Surgery) I. Henry, Michel, MD. II. Diethrich, Edward B.,
1935– III. Polydorou, Antonios.
[DNLM: 1. Carotid Stenosis–surgery. 2. Angioplasty. 3. Carotid Stenosis–diagnosis. 4. Stents. WL
355]
RD598.6.C365 2011
617.4′13–dc22
2010036363
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
This book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDF 9781444329810; Wiley Online Library
9781444329803; ePub 9781444329827
Set in 9.25/12 pt Minion by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited
1 2011
Contents
List of Contributors, viii Part 2 Clinical Assessment
Preface, xii
10 Neurologic and neuropsychologic evaluation before and
Acknowledgements, xiii after carotid angioplasty and stenting, 89
Hany Zakieldine
11 Cardiac assessment in carotid artery disease, 101
Ad. Polydorou, P. Megaloikonomos, V. Polydorou, Isabelle
Part 1 Epidemiology, Anatomy and Imaging
Henry, Michel Henry, Antonios Polydorou, T. Skandalakis
1 Epidemiology and pathophysiology of carotid artery
Part 3 Carotid Artery Stenosis: Medical
disease, 3
Treatment
Kosmas I. Paraskevas, Nikolaos Bessias,
Dimitri P. Mikhailidis
12 Carotid stenosis: primary prevention and medical
2 Neuroanatomy, 8 treatment, 111
Michael H. Wholey, Fadi El-Merhi George Ioan Pandele, Corina Dima-Cozma
13 Periprocedural management for carotid intervention, 118
3 Value of computed tomography and magnetic resonance
Antonios Polydorou, P. Megaloikonomos, Ad. Polydorou,
imaging, 15
V. Polydorou, Isabelle Henry, Michel Henry, T. Skandalakis
Allan W. Reid, Giles H. Roditi
4 Diagnosis of carotid stenosis by duplex ultrasound, 28 Part 4 Carotid Artery Stenosis: Surgical
Serge Kownator Treatments
5 Transcranial Doppler, 32
14 Carotid surgery: updates, techniques, and results, 127
Corinne Gautier
Donald B. Reid, John G. Pollock, Edward B. Diethrich
6 Carotid plaque characterization using ultrasound, 44
15 Is carotid surgery still the gold standard in carotid
Andrew N. Nicolaides, Maura Griffi n, Stavros K.
intervention?, 136
Kakkos, George Geroulakos, Efthyvoulos Kyriacou, Edward B. Diethrich, Donald B. Reid
Niki Georgiou
16 Referral for carotid endarterectomy and not carotid artery
7 Methods for evaluation of carotid stenosis, 62 stenosis: high risk revisited, 141
Isabelle Henry, Michel Henry Frank J. Criado
8 Role of intravascular ultrasound in carotid angioplasty and
Part 5 Indications for Carotid Angioplasty
stenting, 67
and Stenting
Donald B. Reid, Khalid Irshad, Barun Majumdar,
Edward B. Diethrich
17 Indications and contraindications for carotid artery stenting
9 Cerebral perfusion imaging, 76 in symptomatic patients, 147
Wei-Jian Jiang Edward B. Diethrich, Donald B. Reid
v
Contents
18 Indications and contraindications for carotid artery 32 Carotid artery stent restenosis, 290
stenting in asymptomatic patients: the case for risk Zvonimir Krajcer, Enrique Hernandez
stratifi cation, 152
33 In-stent restenosis after carotid artery stenting: incidence
Issam D. Moussa
and management, 300
19 Various society guidelines for carotid artery stenting, 159 Dimitrios N. Nikas, Luca Favero, Salvatore Saccà,
Zehra Jaffery, Rajan A.G. Patel, Tyrone J. Collins Giampaolo Pasqueto, Bernhard Reimers
20 Management of concomitant coronary and carotid
disease, 164 Part 7 Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting:
Mullasari Ajit, Balashankar Gomathi Clinical Results
34 Does the learning curve infl uence the outcome of carotid
artery stenting?, 309
Part 6 Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting: Jonathan Smout, Gerard Stansby, Sumaira Macdonald
Techniques
35 Critical review of randomized studies and registries, 315
Zehra Jaffery, Arthur “Chip” Grant, Tyrone J. Collins
21 Equipment needed for carotid angioplasty and stenting:
tips and tricks, 171 36 How to interpret critical reviews of randomized studies and
Hugo F. Londero, Leandro Martinez Riera, registries, 326
Francisco E. Paoletti Eric A. Heller, William A. Gray
22 Evolution in carotid stenting with cerebral protection, 185 37 The Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus
Jacques Théron Stenting Trial (CREST): implications for clinical
practice, 335
23 Embolic protection devices: choice, 191
Edward B. Diethrich, Mouhamadou N’Diaye, Donald B. Reid
Michel Henry, Isabelle Henry, Antonios Polydorou,
Michèle Hugel 38 Carotid angioplasty under cerebral protection with the
PercuSurge Guardwire™ device, 339
24 Carotid angioplasty under protection: limitations, dark side,
Michel Henry, Antonios Polydorou, Isabelle Henry,
how to avoid complications, 208
Michèle Hugel
Michel Henry, Isabelle Henry, Amira Benjelloun,
Antonios Polydorou, Michèle Hugel 39 Carotid angioplasty and stenting under protection: results
with different fi lters, 350
25 Basic techniques of carotid artery stenting, 230
Jennifer Franke, Horst Sievert
Zvonimir Krajcer, Enrique Hernandez
40 Carotid angioplasty and stenting under protection: results
26 Managing carotid anatomic adversity, 247
with the Mo.Ma™ device, 355
Subbarao Myla, Sepideh Kazemi
Alberto Cremonesi, Shane Gieowarsingh, Fausto Castriota
27 Choice of the stent: does the type of stent infl uence
41 Cerebral protection using fl ow reversal, 361
the outcome of carotid artery angioplasty and
Claudio Schönholz, Renan Ufl acker, Marcelo Guimaraes,
stenting?, 255
Juan C. Parodi
Alberto Cremonesi, Shane Gieowarsingh, Fausto Castriota
42 New distal embolic protection device: FiberNet® three-
28 Carotid angioplasty and stenting: indications for covered
dimensional fi lter, 367
stents, 262
Michel Henry, Antonios Polydorou, Isabelle Henry,
Emilio Calabrese, Luigi Inglese
Ad. Polydorou, V. Polydorou, Michèle Hugel
29 Complication avoidance and management in cervical
43 Patient follow-up after carotid angiography and
carotid revascularization, 267
stenting, 379
Lee R. Guterman
Antonios Polydorou, P. Megaloikonomos, Ad. Polydorou,
30 Endovascular recanalization of chronic carotid artery V. Polydorou, Isabelle Henry, Michel Henry, T. Skandalakis
occlusion, 277
Hsien-Li Kao
Part 8 Intracranial Endovascular Therapy
31 Interventional treatment of carotid artery dissection:
role of endovascular technology, 285 44 How to develop a stroke program, 387
Michel E. Mawad James T. DeVries, Christopher J. White
vi
Contents
45 Elective endovascular revascularization of the intracranial 50 Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting of
cerebral arteries, 392 extracranial vertebral artery stenosis, 458
Dorothea Strozyk, H. Christian Schumacher, Michel Henry, Antonios Polydorou, Isabelle Henry,
Philip M. Meyers, Randall T. Higashida Ad. Polydorou, Michèle Hugel
46 Endovascular therapy for acute stroke, 412 51 Infl ammatory arteritis in supra-aortic vessels: endovascular
Lee R. Guterman, Eve A. Guterman treatment, 473
Sriram Rajagopal, Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan
47 Intracranial aneurysm: current and future minimally
invasive endovascular treatment methods, 420 52 Extracranial carotid aneurysms: interventional
Isabel Wanke, Zsolt Kulcsar, Stephan G. Wetzel, treatment, 478
Daniel A. Rüfenacht Emilio Calabrese
48 Intracranial vertebral artery stenting, 427 53 Balloon angioplasty and stent placement in the common
Jonathan A. Rapp, Anil Verma, Tyrone J. Collins carotid artery, 484
Jennifer Franke, Horst Sievert
Part 9 Other Supra-Aortic Occlusive Arterial Part 10 Future of Carotid Stenting
Diseases: Endovascular Treatment
54 Future of carotid stenting, 491
49 Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the subclavian Michael H. Wholey
arteries, 439
Michel Henry, Isabelle Henry, Antonios Polydorou,
Michèle Hugel Index, 496
vii
List of contributors
Mullasari Ajit MD DM DNB Alberto Cremonesi MD Jennifer Franke MD
Director – Cardiology GVM Care and Research CardioVascular Center Frankfurt
Institute of Cardio - Vascular Diseases Interventional Cardio - Angiology Unit Frankfurt
The Madras Medical Mission Villa Maria Cecilia Hospital Germany
M ogappair Cotignola
Chennai Italy Corinne Gautier MD
India
Department of Cardiology
Frank J. Criado MD FACS FSVM U niversity of Lille
Amira Benjelloun MD V ascular Surgery and Endovascular Intervention Lille
Professor of Vascular Surgery Union Memorial Hospital - MedStar Health France
Clinique Coeur et Vaisseaux B altimore, MD
R abat Sale USA George Geroulakos MD ECFMG FRCS
Morocco
PhD
James T. DeVries MD Clinical Senior Lecturer in Vascular Surgery
Nikolaos Bessias MD D ivision of Cardiology Charing Cross Hospital
Department of Vascular Surgery Dartmouth - Hitchcock Medical Center Imperial College
Red Cross Hospital Lebanon London
Athens UK
G reece Edward B. Diethrich MD
Arizona Heart Institute & Hospital Niki Georgiou RN
Emilio Calabrese MD Phoenix, AZ Vascular Screening and Diagnostic Centre
Cardiovascular Surgeon and Interventional USA Nicosia
Radiologist Cyprus
National Center for Limb Salvage Corina Dima- Cozma MD PhD
Monza Policlinic
Lecturer in Internal Medicine Shane Gieowarsingh MB MRCP
Milan
D epartment of Internal Medicine University Hospitals of Leicester
Italy
C ardiovascular Rehabilitation Clinic Leicester
and
Rehabilitation Hospital UK
Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and
“ Gr. T. Popa ” University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Research
Ia s¸ i
Geneva Balashankar Gomathi MD DNB DM
Romania
Switzerland Consultant Cardiologist
Department of Cardiology
Fausto Castriota MD Fadi El - Merhi MD Institute of Cardio - Vascular Diseases
Department of Diagnostic Radiology The Madras Medical Mission
GVM Care and Research
American University of Beirut Medical Center M ogappair
Interventional Cardio - Angiology Unit
Beirut Chennai
Villa Maria Cecilia Hospital
Lebanon India
Cotignola
Italy
Luca Favero MD Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan MD DNB
Tyrone J. Collins MD Cardiology Department Southern Railway Hospital
Mirano Public Hospital I nstitute for Cardiac Treatment and Research
Department of Cardiology
Mirano Perambur
Ochsner Medical Center
Italy Chennai
New Orleans, LA
India
USA
viii
List of contributors
Arthur “ Chip ” Grant MD Michel Henry MD Wei-Jian Jiang MD
Department of Cardiology Interventional Cardiologist Department of Neurology and Interventional
Ochsner Medical Center Cabinet de Cardiologie Neuroradiology
New Orleans, LA Nancy B eijing Tiantan Hospital
USA France The Capital University of Medical Sciences
and Beijing
William A. Gray MD Chief Patron China
A pollo Clinic
Director of Endovascular Services
Center for Interventional Vascular Therapy G lobal Research Institute for Carotid and Stavros K. Kakkos MD MSc PhD DIC RVT
Peripheral Vascular Diseases
New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia Assistant Professor
Hyderabad
University Medical Center Department of Vascular Surgery
India
Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine Columbia University of Patras Medical School
University College of Physicians and Surgeons Patras
New York, NY Enrique Hernandez MD G reece
USA Department of Interventional Cardiology
Lenox Hill Hospital Hsien - Li Kao MD
Maura Griffi n DMU MSc PhD New York, NY Associate Professor of Cardiology
Director of Interventional Cardiology
Vascular Noninvasive Diagnostic Centre National Taiwan University Medical School
Hospital Episcopal San Lucas
London D irector of Cardiac Cath Lab
Ponce, PR
UK N ational Taiwan University Hospital
Puerto Rico
Taipei
USA
Marcelo Guimaraes MD Taiwan
Interventional Radiology
Medical University of South Carolina Randall T. Higashida MD FAHA Sepideh Kazemi MD
Clinical Professor of Radiology,
Charleston, SC Interventional Cardiologist
Neurological Surgery, Neurology, & Anesthesiology
USA Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian
Chief, Division of Neuro Interventional Radiology
Newport Beach, CA
Departments of Radiology, Neurology,
Eve A. Guterman USA
Neurosurgical Surgery, and Anesthesiology
Student University of California at San Francisco
Barnard College San Francisco, CA Serge Kownator MD FACC FESC
Columbia University USA Cardiovascular Center
New York, NY Thionville
USA France
Mich è le Hugel MD
Cabinet de Cardiologie
Lee R. Guterman PhD MD Nancy Zvonimir Krajcer MD
Medical Director of Stroke Services France P eripheral Vascular Fellowship Program Director
Catholic Health System and Buffalo Neurosurgery and Department of Cardiology
Group A pollo Clinic St. Luke ’ s Episcopal Hospital
Buffalo, NY G lobal Research Institute for Carotid and Texas Heart Institute
USA Peripheral Vascular Diseases Professor of Medicine at Baylor College of
Hyderabad Medicine
Eric A. Heller MD India University of Texas
Houston, TX
Postdoctoral Clinical Fellow
USA
D ivision of Cardiology Luigi Inglese MD
New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia Interventional Cardiology
University Medical Center San Donato Policlinic Zsolt Kulcsar MD
New York, NY Milan Neuroradiology
USA Italy Clinic Hirslanden
Zurich
Isabelle Henry MD Khalid Irshad FRCS Switzerland
Interventional Cardiologist Vascular & Endovascular Institute
Polyclinique Bois - Bernard Wishaw Efthyvoulos Kyriacou PhD
Bois - Bernard UK Associate Professor
France C omputer Science and Engineering Department
Frederick University
Zehra Jaffery MD
Nicosia
Department of Cardiology
Cyprus
Ochsner Medical Center
New Orleans, LA
USA
ix
List of contributors
Hugo F. Londero MD FSCAI Issam D. Moussa MD Giampaolo Pasqueto MD
Servicio de Hemodinamia e Intervenciones por Director, Endovascular Service Cardiology Department
Cateterismo D ivision of Cardiology Mirano Public Hospital
Sanatorio Allende NYPH/Weill Cornell Medical Center Mirano
C ordoba Associate Professor of Medicine Italy
A rgentina W eill Medical College of Cornell University
New York, NY Rajan A.G. Patel MD
Sumaira Macdonald FRCP FRCR PhD USA Department of Cardiology
Interventional Radiology Ochsner Medical Center
Freeman Hospital Subbarao Myla MD FACC FSCAI New Orleans, LA
Newcastle upon Tyne Medical Director USA
UK C ardiovascular Laboratories & CV Research
H oag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian John G. Pollock FRCS
Barun Majumdar FRCS Newport Beach, CA G lasgow Royal Infi rmary
USA
Vascular & Endovascular Institute Glasgow
Wishaw UK
UK Mouhamadou N’ D iaye MD
Fann Hospital Ad. Polydorou MD
Leandro Martinez Riera MD Dakar Cardiology Department
Senegal
Servicio de Hemodinamia e Intervenciones por Air Force Hospital
Cateterismo Athens
Sanatorio Allende Andrew N. Nicolaides MS FRCS FRCSE G reece
C ordoba PhD (Hon)
A rgentina Emeritus Professor of Vascular Surgery Antonios Polydorou MD
I mperial College London Interventional Cardiologist
Michel E. Mawad MD London Panteleimon General Hospital
Professor of Radiology UK Athens
Baylor College of Medicine G reece
Houston, TX Dimitrios N. Nikas MD PhD
USA Cardiology Department V. Polydorou MD
Mirano Public Hospital 2nd Internal Medicine Department
P. Megaloikonomos MD Mirano Air Force Hospital
Cardiology Department Italy Athens
General Hospital of Athens “ Evangelismos ” G reece
Athens George Ioan Pandele MD PhD
G reece P rofessor in Internal Medicine Sriram Rajagopal MD DM
D epartment of Internal Medicine Southern Railway Hospital
Philip M. Meyers MD “ G r. T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy I nstitute for Cardiac Treatment and Research
Departments of Radiology and Neurological Ia s¸ i Perambur
Surgery Romania Chennai
Columbia University India
College of Physicians and Surgeons Francisco E. Paoletti MD
New York, NY Servicio de Hemodinamia e Intervenciones por Jonathan A. Rapp MD
USA Cateterismo Department of Cardiovascular Diseases
Sanatorio Allende Ochsner Medical Center
Dimitri P. Mikhailidis MD FFPM C ordoba New Orleans, LA
FRCPath FRCP A rgentina USA
Academic Head
Department of Clinical Biochemistry (Vascular Kosmas I. Paraskevas MD FASA Allan W. Reid FRCR FRCP
Disease Prevention Clinics) Department of Vascular Surgery Department of Radiology
Royal Free Hospital Campus Red Cross Hospital G lasgow Royal Infi rmary
University College London Athens Glasgow
London G reece UK
UK
Juan C. Parodi MD Donald B. Reid MD FRCS
Vascular Surgery Vascular & Endovascular Institute
Trinidad Hospital Wishaw
Buenos Aires UK
A rgentina
x