The Car Care Book

464 Pages·2008·10.97 MB·English

by  Ronald G Haefner

THE CAR
CARE BOOK
Fourth Edition
Ron Haefner
Columbus High School
Columbus, NE
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
The Car Care Book, 4e © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Ron Haefner
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Hardcover Edition ISBN-13: 978-1-4283-4293-4
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Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 X X 11 10 09
CONTENTS
PREFACE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IX
1. WHAT MAKES THE WHEELS GO?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
How It All Fits Together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Energy, Force, Work, and Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Converting Heat Energy to Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
The Engine as a Group of Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Transferring Torque. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Brakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Suspension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Tires. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2. TOOLING UP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Awareness—A Starting Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Level of Commitment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Safety Precautions for Car Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Inspection and Basic Maintenance—Under the Hood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Inspection and Basic Maintenance—Under the Car . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Basic Mechanical Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Supplies and Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Maintenance and Minor R epairs—Under the Hood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Maintenance and Minor Repairs—Under the Car. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Tune-Up and Basic Electrical Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3. THE ENGINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
An Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
The Basic Gasoline Engine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
The Four-Stroke Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Routine Engine Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Engine Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
CONTENTS iii
4. THE FUEL SYSTEM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
An Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Gasoline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Fuel Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Fuel Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Fuel Filter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Air Cleaner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Fuel Delivery System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Emissions Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
OBD-II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Safety Precautions for Fuel System Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Fuel System Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Fuel System Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Diesel Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
5. THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
An Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
The Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Safety Precautions for Battery and Electrical System Maintenance. . . . 95
Battery Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
The Starting System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
Starting System Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
The Charging System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
Charging System Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
The Ignition System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
Ignition System Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
Lights and Accessories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
Maintenance for Lights and Accessories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
Electronic Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Maintenance for Electronic Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122
Electrical System Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
Future Electrical Systems Are Here . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
6. THE LUBRICATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS. . . . . . . . . . . 131
The Need for Cooling and Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131
The Lubrication System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131
Safety Precautions for Lubrication System Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . .135
iv CONTENTS
Lubrication System Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
Lubrication System Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
The Cooling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
Safety Precautions for Cooling System Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . .152
Cooling System Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152
Cooling System Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155
7. THE DRIVETRAIN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Drivetrain Functions and Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161
Transmissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
Manual Transmission Clutch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
Manual Transmission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165
Automatic Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
Differential. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171
Front-Wheel Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
Rear-Wheel Drive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174
Four-Wheel Drive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176
Safety Precautions for Drivetrain Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
Routine Checks and Lubrication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
Drivetrain Preventive Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184
Drivetrain Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186
Shifting Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189
8. TIRES AND BRAKES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Tires. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193
Routine Tire Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200
The Brake System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206
Antilock Brake System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214
Traction Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216
Parking Brake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217
Safety Precautions for Brake System Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217
Routine Brake System Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217
Brake System Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
9. SUSPENSION AND STEERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
The Suspension System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223
Routine Suspension Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233
CONTENTS v
Steering Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233
Power Steering System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235
Wheel Alignment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238
Routine Suspension and Steering Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241
Suspension and Steering Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243
10. HEATING, AIR CONDITIONING, AND OPTIONAL
EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
The Heating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250
Routine Heating System Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253
Heating System Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255
Air Conditioning System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257
Automatic Temperature Control Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261
Routine Air Conditioning System Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262
Air Conditioning System Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263
Optional Vehicle Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264
11. YOUR MAINTENANCE PROGRAM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
The Importance of Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275
Individualizing Your Maintenance Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277
Daily Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283
Weekly Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284
3,000–7,500-mile Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .285
12,000–15,000-mile Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302
30,000–60,000-mile Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303
Replace Spark Plugs, Inspect Ignition System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308
Interior Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320
Exterior Care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .321
12. A LOOK AT REPAIRS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Recognizing Repair Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325
Should You Do It Yourself? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326
Changing Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326
Changing the Alternator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .330
Changing Valve Cover Gaskets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .331
Changing the Thermostat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333
Searching for Repair Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335
vi CONTENTS
13. THE REPAIR-IT/REPLACE-IT DECISION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Understand Your Motivations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341
Evaluate Maintenance and Repair Costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345
Estimate Market Value of Your Present Vehicle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346
Set Your Budget. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346
Consider Total Ownership Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348
Understand the Impact of Your Decision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348
14. BUYING TIPS FOR PARTS AND INSURANCE. . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Buying Parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .351
Buying Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .357
Buying Extended Warranty Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361
What to Do in an Accident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362
15. BUYING A NEW CAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Deciding to Buy a Car. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .367
Be a Prepared Shopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368
Information Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369
The Test Drive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371
Features and Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372
Determining the Value of Your Car . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372
Getting the Value Out of Your Car. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .375
To Buy or to Lease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377
Paying for the Car . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379
Determining the Vehicle Cost. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .380
Additional Costs (Add-Ons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382
Low-Hassle Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .383
Negotiating Yourself . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .384
Going to the Dealership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385
Tactics and Tricks of the Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385
16. LEASING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Leasing Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389
Lease Versus Loan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .391
Some Things You Need to Know About a Lease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392
What to Expect at the End of the Lease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398
Some Final Tips. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398
CONTENTS vii
17. ELECTRIC AND HYBRID CARS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Electric Car . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401
Hybrid Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403
Hybrid Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407
Hybrid Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .410
Hybrid Accident Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .411
GLOSSARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .415
INDEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .439
viii CONTENTS
PREFACE
ABOUT THE BOOK
Owners of automobiles can be categorized in many different ways. For some,
their car is a personal extension of themselves, for others it may be simply a mat-
ter of transportation, and some may view their automobile as a hobby or a toy.
No matter which of these categories a car owner may fall into, and regardless of
the motivation for owning an automobile, the car will need maintenance. The Car
Care Book, Fourth Edition, forms a strong basis for starting a maintenance program,
particularly for the first time car owner or for one who has owned several cars and
wishes to learn more about the automobile.
This book addresses the three primary areas of concern for the average car
owner. The first is the basics of how the various systems on the automobile work.
The second is the maintenance required for the automobile, and the third is the
financial concerns of owning the automobile. This area also touches on some
of the buying, leasing, and insurance considerations for ownership, or potential
ownership.
I wrote The Car Care Book, Fourth Edition for a class that I developed called
Consumer Autos 101. Many of my students were either in the process of buying a
car or had just bought their first car. I have also had adults interested in the class
as they, too, did not have a comfortable understanding of what their cars needed,
even though they had owned many cars over the years. My goal was to continue
refining a book that a reader could pick up, read, and immediately apply the
information, perhaps with a little guided practice. It still amazes me when some-
one does their first engine oil change and is apprehensive, but by the end of the
class they become comfortable and even develop a routine. Things are always
less mysterious after guided practice.
NEW TO THIS EDITION
This updated edition introduces readers to the three areas of concern that car
consumers typically face: learning about the major systems of a car; the basics of
inspection and maintenance; and the financial aspects of owning and operating an
automobile. Each section of the car is broken down into systems and subsystems
to help students digest important concepts.
The majority of the content has been updated to reflect the technological ad-
vancements of the modern automobile, including an all new Chapter 17 on h ybrid
and electric vehicles. Specific vehicle types and brands have been avoided to allow
PREFACE ix