Table Of Contentthe cambridge world history
*
VOLUMEIV
From1200BCE to900CE,theworldwitnessedtheriseofpowerful
new states and empires, as well as networks of cross-cultural
exchangeandconquest.Consideringtheformationandexpansion
of these large-scale entities, this fourth volume of The Cambridge
WorldHistoryseriesoutlineskeyeconomic,political,social,cultural,
andintellectualdevelopmentsthatoccurredacrosstheglobeinthis
period.Leadingscholarsexaminecriticaltransformationsinscience
and technology, economic systems, attitudes toward gender and
family, social hierarchies, education, art, and slavery. The second
partofthevolumefocusesonbroaderprocessesofchangewithin
WesternandCentralEurasia,theMediterranean,SouthAsia,Africa,
EastAsia,Europe,theAmericas,andOceania,aswellasoffering
regionalstudieshighlightingspecifictopics,fromtradealongtheSilk
RoadsandacrosstheSahara,toChacocultureintheUSSouthwest,
toConfucianismandthestateinEastAsia.
Craig BenjaminisProfessorofHistoryintheFrederikJ.Meijer
HonorsCollegeatGrandValleyStateUniversity.Heisco-authorof
BigHistory:BetweenNothingandEverything.
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the cambridge world history
TheCambridgeWorldHistoryisanauthoritativenewoverviewofthe
dynamicfieldofworldhistory.Itcoversthewholeofhumanhistory,
notsimplyhistorysincethedevelopmentofwrittenrecords,inan
expandedtimeframethatrepresentsthelatestthinkinginworldand
globalhistory.Withover200essays,itisthemostcomprehensive
accountyetofthehumanpast,anditdrawsonabroadinternational
poolofleadingacademicsfromawiderangeofscholarlydisciplines.
Reflecting the increasing awareness that world history can be
examined through many different approaches and at varying
geographic and chronological scales, each volume offers regional,
topical,andcomparativeessaysalongsidecasestudiesthatprovide
depth of coverage to go with the breadth of vision that is the
distinguishingcharacteristicofworldhistory.
Editor-In-Chief
Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks,DepartmentofHistory,
UniversityofWisconsin-Milwaukee
EditorialBoard
Graeme Barker,DepartmentofArchaeology,
CambridgeUniversity
Craig Benjamin,DepartmentofHistory,
GrandValleyStateUniversity
Jerry Bentley,DepartmentofHistory,UniversityofHawaii
David Christian,DepartmentofModernHistory,
MacquarieUniversity
Ross Dunn,DepartmentofHistory,
SanDiegoStateUniversity
Candice Goucher,DepartmentofHistory,
WashingtonStateUniversity
Marnie Hughes-Warrington,DepartmentofModernHistory,
MonashUniversity
Alan Karras InternationalandAreaStudiesProgram,
UniversityofCalifornia-Berkeley
Benjamin Z. Kedar,DepartmentofHistory,
HebrewUniversity
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John R. McNeill,SchoolofForeignServiceand
DepartmentofHistory,GeorgetownUniversity
Kenneth Pomeranz,DepartmentofHistory,UniversityofChicago
Verene Shepherd,DepartmentofHistory,
UniversityoftheWestIndies
Sanjay Subrahmanyam,DepartmentofHistory,
UCLAandCollègedeFrance
Kaoru Sugihara,DepartmentofEconomics,KyotoUniversity
Marcel van der Linden,InternationalInstituteofSocialHistory,
Amsterdam
Q. Edward Wang,DepartmentofHistory,RowanUniversity
Norman Yoffee,DepartmentofNearEasternStudiesand
AnthropologyattheUniversityofMichigan;
InstitutefortheStudyoftheAncientWorld,NewYorkUniversity
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THE CAMBRIDGE WORLD HISTORY
*
VOLUME IV
A World with States, Empires, and Networks,
1200 –900
BCE CE
*
Editedby
CRAIG BENJAMIN
GrandValleyStateUniversity
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UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom
CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge.
ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof
education,learningandresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence.
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107015722
©CambridgeUniversityPress2015
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2015
PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJInternationalLtd.PadstowCornwall
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN978-1-107-01572-2Hardback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof
URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication,
anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,
accurateorappropriate.
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Contents
Listoffigures x
Listofmaps xiv
Listoftables xv
Listofcontributors xvi
Preface xvii
1 · Introduction:theworldfrom1200BCE to900CE 1
craig benjamin
part i:
GLOBAL HISTORIES
2 · Globaleconomichistory 29
sitta von reden
3 · Thegenderingofpowerinthefamilyandthestate 55
scott wells and ping yao
4 · Slavery 76
peter hunt
5 · TheAxialAgeinworldhistory 101
bjo¨rn wittrock
6 · Developmentsinscienceandtechnologyc.800BCE –c.800CE 120
helmuth schneider
7 · Discoursesongenderandsexuality 154
scott wells and ping yao
vii
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Contents
8 · Art 179
robert bagley
9 · Pastoralnomads 235
timothy may
part ii:
TRANS-REGIONAL AND REGIONAL
PERSPECTIVES
10 · WesternandCentralEurasia 271
touraj daryaee
11 · Regionalstudy:Baktria–thecrossroadsofancientEurasia 300
jeffrey lerner
12 · TheMediterranean 325
craig benjamin and merry e. wiesner-hanks
13 · Regionalstudy:AthensinthefifthcenturyBCE 350
william morison
14 · LateantiquityinEuropec.300–900CE 375
charles f. pazdernik
15 · EastAsia 407
charles holcombe
16 · Regionalstudy:Confucianismandthestate 435
xinzhong yao
17 · Regionalstudy:exchangeswithintheSilkRoadsworldsystem 457
xinru liu
18 · SouthAsia 480
shonaleeka kaul
viii
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Contents
19 · Regionalstudy:Pataliputra 514
shonaleeka kaul
20 · TheAmericas 537
erica begun and janet brashler
21 · Regionalstudy:ChacoCanyonandtheUSSouthwest 572
stephen h. lekson
22 · AustralasiaandthePacific 603
ian j. mcniven
23 · Africa:states,empires,andconnections 631
stanley burstein
24 · Regionalstudy:trans-Saharantrade 662
ralph austen
Index 687
ix
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Figures
4.1 Romanslavecollar.Theinscriptionsontheseoftenincluded,“Seizeme,sinceIam
arunaway,”andpromisedarewardforthereturnoftheslave.(©ScottWeiner/
RetnaLtd./Corbis) 79
4.2 EuphroniusKrater,gymnasiumscenewithslaves,depictedmuchsmaller,helping
freeathletes(bpk/Antikensammlung,StaatlicheMuseenzuBerlin/Johannes
Laurentius) 82
4.3 Afemaledomesticslavecarryingaboxofcosmetics,sceneoffemaletoilettefrom
theCollectionofGreekVasesbyMr.LeComtedeLamburg(Collectiondesvases
grecsdeMr.lecomtedeLamberg),1813–1824,byAlexandredeLaborde(1773–1842),
VolumeIITable44(BibliothèquedesArtsDécoratifs,Paris,France/DeAgostini
PictureLibrary/G.DagliOrti/BridgemanImages) 84
4.4 Romansoldierwithchainedprisoners(LandesmuseumMainz) 92
6.1 Eratosthenes’methodofcalculatingthecircumferenceoftheearth(G.E.R.Lloyd,
GreekScienceafterAristotle,London1973,p.50,fig.3) 130
6.2 Ptolemy,theepicyclicmotionoftheplanets(G.E.R.Lloyd,GreekScienceafter
Aristotle,London1973,p.62,fig.5) 132
6.3 Gallicreaper(harvestingmachine)(White,GreekandRomanTechnology,London
1984,p.61,fig.47) 137
6.4 Waterwheelforminedrainage(J.F.Healy,MiningandMetallurgyintheGreekand
RomanWorld,London1978,p.98,fig.19) 138
6.5 RomanwatermillaccordingtoVitruvius(G.E.R.Lloyd,GreekScienceafter
Aristotle,London1973,p.107,fig.22) 139
6.6 Hero’sballrotatedbysteam(G.E.R.Lloyd,GreekScienceafterAristotle,London
1973,p.105,fig.21) 141
7.1 TangdynastypaintingoftheParadiseofSakyamuni,withillustrationsofepisodes
(©TheTrusteesoftheBritishMuseum.Allrightsreserved) 159
7.2 Romanterracottalamp,manufacturedinAsiaMinorduringthefirstcenturyCE(©
TheTrusteesoftheBritishMuseum.Allrightsreserved) 175
8.1 Chi-rhopagefromtheBookofKells.Inkandcoloronvellum.33x25cm.Trinity
College,Dublin.EighthorninthcenturyCE,probablyfromanIrishmonasteryon
Iona,anislandoffthecoastofScotland(TheBoardofTrinityCollegeDublin) 181
8.2 ThebrotherofRamoseandhiswife.LimestonerelieffromthetombofRamose.
FourteenthcenturyBCE.Egypt,ancientThebes(modernLuxor)(DeAgostini
PictureLibrary/G.DagliOrti/BridgemanImages) 184
x
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