Table Of ContentCAMBRIDGE
ILLUSTRATED History
agile World
i
ate I PED
4
Leal
ry
4)
ES,
“ie
DRDICATION
To my Muslin (rivals
ofl ye yf SEES
‘abs bythe
Foon onduoyers
The biswalh,
‘de Snae of
od, he Cam
issoune, ie
Me. the
msi
seek pots
Neushat oad
Tog ay aon,
isa ty Goessny al Canbuidge
The Bur Ne-np Trmpiogton Sel, vdge CRE TEP
eg 2M Suet, Mes Vnk, NY WAILLAZLL. US
rStamfosd Roa, sich, Me Lenche IG Acswahe
8 ara Cinergy Fes 1996
Fherpubehed 1998
“Tis boo ans pode by
CAL MARIS #e KING LTD,
11 Ger Hes Stet
eda WCAB 1D.
ect edo: Katrine #ler
Pane snacks eal Fra
Lrswat aie Slslned
Carography by Herds, Chale: Oxi
Poe al at Ne ererho
svg oc ts i St fo Bh bray
ses caelgung i ptlcazon da
Thay
Fobinsoa, braves
Ine Carbs Mad nny ofthe tani Wels
Franc Robin
pe
In-lues Waiogapea elesnoes andes
TSN ES2-3510.2
esi eouraes—try
408 12
opo:esFerL dae
95 31362
a
ISON 521 Fa1R Deane
Contents
Caetriburas 0
1 seca by Wa M. Lipide o
Price is
Ircolirtee E
Pare
the Rs of Isha the Wheat 2
au. Cae
2-Phe Fanergence
eb boon
Isiamie Wnwld Systom LOBOS »
3 the Islaunc Wirt the Age of Eucean Expansion £700-I800 6
Sopher. Os
4 The Islamic World inthe Ere uf Western Domunation Lb
to the Presene »
Fant 2
3 The Fconay in Muslim Scueties oa
YA Cad
6 The Ontcring of Muslim Sovretirs wt
sun Mian
7 Knmeledge, ats Transmssion gud she Maing of Must Saeeries 206
8 essions gf Masfint Societies 7
Gaxe.rson 2
Bercarnee ene
ule she Warmed am
Glossy sid
tilingraphy ws
Pion «ganas gas 40
Stoo tas stesian Us
Contributors
er Seal Ava i lecuner in histor al Raga Hallowe. Urvessce oT Lacan
an aa o Saf Seas and See Foner, Ps a Sad, LIE IVS
rafoasor KAA, Chara a Use Yasco da Cama Psofesseref Euengean Expan
som m.she Burepwan Laverty lista, Florence. ashe srk of evel
Fbsost om stan Geno Biss, Imeking lie ond co wy Dae
Giean: A Beotomie Bist we se af Fear 17
5) aud ss lore
Eas The Beonemy and Cs
7759 (1590
ation af te ee eva fe te
reef kan
Pane x Cam
she ia Fellow of Gaile ad Cans, tno her owls ae Mean Tae a she
veaules Iseanle story a the Gnesi of Caukadge where
Risse Islam (29871 and Ran a, Peovidcral and Usnic Law (LET
Pevlesscr Sule E Shale is Proesor of Lslanac and South Assan Histny ato
Sate Thcesry. Snag his baoks ane isaac Sates ic Sauth A
Ther Mapas uf Malabar 1498 1922 (19440) au Si Meccano eral Baran
Ten: 2609.1 7504,29983
Er Rober Tena sas setuner iu mesteval k.cory at the Unovensy of SL Andeens
sud a alee of Te dle Sat wk Idle Ages “18683 and Tee Aesbian ghee
95
& Compan:
Er Basins hull, leashes LsaaicEstoty atthe Vavensty of Canbeldye were
how a elon ol Kreg
Celle, He ba aoe of Ses ana See in ska USB
He
leway, Unsvumsiy af Fanon, Aszang his kool are Sepehsn ans Fea Mus
Mrutassoe anes Robison t Drofesto: ofthe Histosy of Seull Aon at Roy
The Pots fhe Tlie’ Poon’ Mecsas 2259-1993 (19742 aad asf he
Isic Tell sage 1590-19823,
Toe Stephen vieeun seas larncly Reseuch Fel sla At ad Archleeaee
sin the
3:8 Antony’ College, Oseed lets curently cataloguing aur
cellgti af Nissee PY Ki
Preface
vis hawk fas Basra sh the sim of making she sl of Ise waite
sevrsste tw the stelest and the gers: ender The isc four chaswers previ a
arnt osurvies: oP lsie Bison Snes she emergenc the Eraphe Muh am
sn i getatl-cy uty Bt a engh the high poms ata cis ky
thy ed cape ar the ama, aba ane, Muga emits, te tee mer
sos 1 tae expansive ean Weel 19
ns aa eases
Ube inctivash a rawatieth cant, Cloestere 3 €98 esan
reais sheme:
the avrmoun Jourdan ul the Ilaic nek, he ordesing ef sore knawle dae
audits trans sian artic expresses The intredic ten maples priblers
funders berweres he Tsang we'd andl che West Tre vameles!on
assesses camer issues andy this ad ~ its ligjous rovisal S apparent
hostility tn the Wes, andthe pasion al women. Al sectgns are suppestel a
Libligeapses dese so cary he reader Fane nga Fae subiore
Feast fxm ls be she ii
heme of el-ovial pew Phas, rm
representing theses ol wri leben Ingres fm the roman sev we ae
ipl the simplest posible solution even thouele this leds te uralasinns and
Atsiornone shish may ditess some. stale, "Tee ses of fhe orga a
sem (2nd ean hos hem eraploye, sigh the Tog cations Hhac all diaerines]
marks have bere mei um amd stag av beer yr ha barn used le
andlor & aoa whenever nama hes acquited an seknevstedged Ferre 1m
rnglich is fos hava reine, si, tres, Pecmnse east be ade.
phon Gey are usct hoy an’ expangsl hy Chutstism alemdar has boom uscd
all dacs. "Tease whe wish ta convert these to Use Basti calendar ray do $9
sah the wid ul G. 5.8 Treaman-Grewell, (he Muslin: ana Caesian Salen,
Tonkin, 19
Oneaf rhe ilicultss of hooks fishin fg that tis rspossine peony ta
ackranledgesvholars ese ak Fas Bee partcnarly ileal hat i he
cis ideas ad pees of
sformacios, The tollowing works demand special neacion: M, U. 5. ladon.
6 1YT4. and LM. Lapis, Histor of lemic
Sues, Cambridge 1985 the section eu ee las af ce Islamic world owes
1.00 form ssi o Ishuric hisory and in proving
ihe Gente ofr Sys, ch
uch, Basmart, (He slarnic hes, Einar, 198
‘am gate for advice ¢ assistance fiom uh following friends and fellow
schelrs: Ymessa Marc, Alumed Samubon. Fella Heekr, Peres lndell, Hamid
Falipous, Gealnu. Gander, Clava Lisa, Venetia Poe, Si Ansel
crud Bub Metal, Jz gat
Lesa, Far In. expert aistasce of te editorial
ular Michele Faram, aad Kathorwe Hider,
rear a Calmisea ata Ring i
Fenris Rodinssn
Introduction
Since the seventh cencury a groming pespominn of hunau begs have bret Hele
losses of eau, Orer cis pariod che message ich Muslin bliest.God seo
all people dutaugl the Propiter Mulamnod bas bul giver weeny Mui
lives and etped shape tne weed in hich thes ive, Now ane Sl 9: the
sors people iden
fasces: of suman, Lhey le in the manana goa swat f territory ste
herwelses a5 Muchms and thei ire. wavy the
ing fron the adie shave of nab ad wes: Altea, though west, ete, a
soul Asia iland sourbenst Asa
ts i she dotnina:
fuss wv se filly
ration states, hile ey ales Youn sgh sintay eullures a a ably
ein bur also i
‘Tas x global presence which connor be gzavd,
The wotldsbillan Vslims share a past fglvions achievetden., Bor mek sl
tet Europe. north Autite, east Asia, am suet Alia
the period from he eighth to the slahoenth cenemny dhe feng eillauen on
be planet in ers
sevanch ceacuty athen Arab eibesmen bus ant of the Atabian peaiasuly and
pread snd <tc was that f la, bi es fered 2
conquered the te sivl empices c she ash, (ose of Syzaaivay aad Sassen
lean, Alicwatds a goat new cslemal end econotnie ens developed sei ws
ble to drave on tae knowcedge and the coniaodities af nad fw China and
Ir
lia che cast to Span and rien othe aes, as wells those of de mest Asta
leads en which itwa base. This new ceiization cemmanded subsea
of the globes esa oles and steel agricul, In his region tlece saa slnced
language ofteligion ad che lav: Men conlsevel ada busines eve shaved
francewark ct
sempovons Fn ils high cules they could express theniseives ia
ssambols 19 whi
ich all could respond. The fuse nowable seats were fund in ths
Arab envés of Damascus, Haghied, and Coviaba fram the eigheh ta the anh
coxtaries; the sevand wee foundin tke Tks lanian werlis of Isanbul,isbhan,
‘Bukfaa, Samnasqand. and Delhr fom the fecal: to te severtenth centaes,
‘heye weve area achievemesrs in scholashap aad in sclenee in peer and in
prose, and inthe as of he Lock. of building au of spisunal inal, cele a
precious legacies to all hamanind ox about al of erat is temed the Uris
‘au era Woslias matched at the forelonc of una progress,
is Lami
fovces fiom che, Wes. cher: by capa, poweed by indo revecot and
com
Inewenth cen
stem was overwachued by
siwized aftera’betion, by tbe en'ghtenmea, Tive symbolic mousent wa the
Tenders oon
nt overtly passed ta the Wist wns Napoleon’ inesion of Fay ia
1298. brn has moment westesn amis ad westaan capital even the ade
she Muslims By che 17%05 only Eshanetan, an, Takes, cena Aeaia, and dae
omen a caliptate, dhe symbelis leadership af
om ester conte, Th
Fer amomertittad been feared chat the bol
we fll wt infidel bands, Mesines, whe fos eeccusres aed w:
st fo tha isn el dese 2h
Fn th pan, bal od
‘The jeteth ceneny bas
sed, tom che emergence ef moulerm Turkey in
ths cay 28206 wy Ura of se Muslin eels
180s, steal deralonization af the Mialim vor. Bu foe many this
A pyctlne vaso: Mere oft thats not chey have sound wester rule replace hy
Fat ef Muslims wih
ues, while western capital and western cole
5 coms tobe even a:ate courosine wf Inet eustovus und hele standards cham
2b This challenge has elicied for Muslims threwghout the eld an ase
salslamar and some a wualit:iaa (slots ure for cher people. Siu
views have not been shared Lyall Vushns bw. sve cume toe shared by enouga
10 repre signsficamt threat to the seule doers ul Cute societies, and
(kari, 98 ta the revelucion sp Ita, to érive te's upholders to power. These
Mustins la are popsbuly koiown a5 Tundarnentalst'n the Wese bat ate more
a: p-apnately knoe
Locusts’, ane seen 1 challenge sone ol dhe mtost<tet
2 preiples 9° che contempevny West, where tbe Lae prsitioe fm
uso ad @ nna
lay the dora he,
fom ranesih-earny
oof any ne Zora
Monscry of Madi
edanal tape was deeply
Interred by Arch sknie
oles mee” pti
tr rs, oe
same of he mans ark in
arab ot aslo
were nail wl L8
nab, ot the main
alae ce bom he Ae
Al isa singing paving
spn by minstrels. Amongs
he emg thas
alae sth of tbe
Moun ar Mowe dances
‘of ing, Heer inves
‘nos msi bistay ave
Iowa pera Atha
coves oer she devel
af llamencs onsets
craileg(reaiese
preformance to be sbi:
and ala he songs
Dmclvs
2asnan igs oc The soe of veveled rego im moder ie. Sel the Four g
wf tke challenge and such isthe viglencessth which some Iloeists are prepare,
*e pres forwan, that there has heen tk che afterroath cf the collapse ofthe g
Sovies Union of the red wrenace being vephced Ly a gyesa one, Ps
History ea offs Fe answers to preset problets, bu it can place eran per
spective and enrach onderstanding,lamur hstory demands attention heeaine og
the anmbers of humanking who claim that past for their cw, because of te g
achievertene of thas past kh saga of human history and because ofthe cial
Tenge wil ve beri ef Lane past yace before dhe presen ‘
“
WESTERN ALTITUDES TO ISLAM
Anpone setting ou co exploe Islan history s2ould fist act therseves withg
some kuovledge ofthe host towards Islan which has infused wester culture
lowe many centuries. Same Christaas have fel gone 49 appose a [ath hich
deni oe Christin dizi ofthe Tewuny, which denied Christ's euelixion andy
‘which raised dhe authority af is Quran aver dhac of the Bible, Some Christiana
uh
equal, have fel bud w eypase tae ares of faith whic Eyr weal
sone thgusaed years fram the Arah Carus! (g Pottirs mm 732 09 the Ontomang
Advance om Viewra in L683 bas threstened te zenelaace Lo the heaet of Christy
dom, Indeed, che Crusades from the eleventh to the thiseemh ceturize, wheag
agaist lara into the eastern Meciterrancan Linck
tatigicenmens Exepean aiindes to la were mtn! wih hos Ea
Feet hho ine vote ag
‘
ssc cee uh oie npn he ive seal ace Wa de
Cad thee ht fie tna oe Qui to Ltn ad na
Inowldgableappnah Thiswas azompaniel by rouble net
lisoissed Islam as 2 Chuistan heresy aud its Prophet asa sexcerer, whos
tus ef Munir as 8 pruphet and assauls directed al those asprsts ul his mes
sage which seemed ta condone the use of wile, to endorse sevusl freedom it
this warld, and to promise sexual ecsiasy i the next, Thest: hase lines of au
swore ramugmued Unrough lke Renaserce el Reformation so Fat an the eve.
she Calightenstenc che widely accepted picture of Muhammad as ofa imposing
‘who had founded a heresy ond given it de nazne of veigion
Ya eighlsenth a vineteentt: eoncanies saw a continuation ofthe old anadks
against klun They were carne: by missionaries wha, taking aczaniage of tad
row Furopean ascendancy, new fanned ant aevoss ust eds: much ot tad
‘mecheval polemic, for instance, was repeated ina Life of Muhanad public it
ASU bythe Simhay Tra ace Book Sorery. Bun helt mesage wos latadeast, 0
with purely secular concerns Suet was the impact ul the wei
by wesert
Tlaubert and de Nerval, ot the painters Ingaes and Gerome, who associated sex
senenaluy and the Muslim yor}, Colunil alministrauoes, bei winds exercised
hips tendency of Musics ny wage holy ware azzinst their presenes,fnund Hie
tear frnatlthe nararal adjective fr them,
-Mutitully, however, tce range of westem: aticades to Lela was bogunning to
broaden, Enliga:emuent scholas seen a crtique uf Chuistanley found sadonal
quliis in Jam. I as sean, maronves, a8 3 slicing fore whi ad tras
te ancien! Fearing te dhe West, wail its Prophet came to be viewed as a pro
found chivker and the founder of «
repersented by Napalean ssbo, whatever his political moive, had no cifculy un
lading in Epypt im declaring: “respec: Ged, bis Proph
mane 9 Emoge, however, slam was mote than just a weapon in the wt: agains
signi, was also an exulle playground! full of naval pnssiilves. A good
jamal eligian, This ae opizit as el
snd the Quien! Par
tuner ef thse sere supplied hy Galland tanslaiyn ofthe Arabian hts m
41704 wich vs rich store of caliphs, genies, and fabulous inappenings Creative
minds roaued excitedly tacougk his new wah? -Monesquien in Persia Lowers,
Mozaee iv Thee Abdo ioe Hr Sera, ad Guethe in Weal-Easierty Danan.
‘Otinrs preferred to travel andl discover for themselves how Maslim societies
inige: expand che pocencal oftheir “ives. Noc the Jeast amongst shese were
wvomen, Mury Wortley Montagu, Hester Stanhype and a host nf others, who
fin, that Musa womens lives were in many ways prelerable to the cru
seibed Bves of women im the West
Mocca scolastup zepeeseuts fuelser irnadenig of the range of atcudes,
S-uubly the randean surly of Tsar coaches ark to the nadaton of the Ges
chairs of Arabic athe College dle Grau in 1538,
TS audat she unisessity of Canbidge
talaons ef ths Quean sucl as thal of Sale inna gli in 1724 and he
che Muslin, 2ast such as Siam Oekey sary of che Sanacers (708-3
polemic butas history “loward the end of the eighteenth century lege aumbers
of texts, both Jtestuy and religious, began co he uandlaced itts Emopesa Lan
guages and in the rune
the university of Lede 1
1634, Laue came move accucale tans
uh rentury the cane of study weed ws scbolees
omparatie phulalegy brought Isla and the lan
guages athe Islamic vnald tin cei preriew: A ie hegimning of che went
jah vepinry thers vmengel the Tylaauc spectafist, like: the Hungarian agua:
ligion,bisical ervicism. a
Galdzit, the Dwech scholae-aduuinisuator Sanuck Lsxgronje, che Litish-
ican D. B MacDonald, and the Russ.an ¥.¥.Barthnld, who were concerned 20
apne thele subject co tie highest standucds nf sckolusbip and inlespeeion.
This tradition has rackets gest poles 9 far m tbeachnewerzent ol fares mem
~ the Frenchman Levis Massiguan, who gready enlarged we
spiritual densions of Isle, the Englishram Hanalton Gab. who stove wo [2
lea framework im which the historia Gewelepment af islam sould be ander
stood) and she American Marshall Hovlgson, so simed ta place Islamic history in
(Ge broader contess of world history: All eee, two, were Delivers, Massignon a
dings al the
