Table Of ContentThe Biology of Gobies
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
The Biology of Gobies
Editors
Robert A. Patzner
Department Organismic Biology
University of Salzburg
Salzburg, Austria
James L. Van Tassell
Systematic Ichthyology
Biology Department
Hofstra University
Hempstead, NY, USA
Marcelo Kovačić
Prirodoslovni Muzej Rijeka
Lorenzov Prolaz 1
Rijeka, Croatia
B.G. Kapoor
Formerly Professor of Zoology
The University of Jodhpur
Jodhpur, India
Science Publishers
Jersey, British Isles
Enfi eld, New Hampshire
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Gobius niger by M.E. Bloch, 1782-84
from Bloch’s Atlas Vol. 1, plate 107, Mergus Verlag, Melle, Germany
Preface
Th e Gobiiformes is one of the most diverse orders of the Percomorphs,
with approximately 2000 species in 270 genera. Th ey represent 5 to 10%
of all teleosts, with species occurring in marine, fresh, and brackish water
environments. Both one of the smallest extant vertebrates, Trimmatom
nanus, with a maximum length of 8.0 mm SL for gravid females, and
the lightest weight vertebrate, Schindleria brevipinguis, with a maximum
weight of about 2 mg, belong to the order Gobioidei. Some gobioids are
amphidromous returning to their freshwater streams by traversing the face
of 350 m waterfalls. Gobioids occupy a variety of marine habitats including
open water, sandy or rocky habitats, tidepools, caves, sponges, and mudfl ats.
Th ey are found at depths ranging from 0 to 1122 m (Karsten totoyensis)
and in temperatures ranging from 7°C for Leucopsarion petersi to 40°C for
Chlamydogobius eremius. Yet with all of this diversity and the important
role they play in the ecology of regions a book about their biology has never
been published. Th is book, the Biology of Gobies, contains the background
information for others to join in on the study of this diverse group.
Systematics within the Gobiiformes and their placement within the
teleosts is not resolved. Morphological trees based on synapomorphies
differ from those proposed by molecular trees, with some molecular
trees not supported by any morphological synapomorphies. Th e history
of morphology and molecular systematics is provided to give readers an
understanding of the problems faced in resolving monophyletic clades.
Th e current status of the systematics of each of the families is presented
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
vi Preface
by authors that have worked with systematics of those families for decades.
Th e chapters on the study of morphological and molecular systematics,
along with chapters on each of the families will help draw attention to the
need for further studies in these areas.
Gobies are unparalleled among vertebrates in their ability to diversify
and adapt. Th ey excel in niche exploitation and microhabitat specialization
which has led to rapid speciation and adaptive radiation. Th e section on
zoogeography examines the genera and species of specifi c regions of the
world including the Americas, north-eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean,
southern Australia, New Zealand, Ponto-Caspian, and European freshwaters
along with more generalized chapters on the diversity and distributions of
marine and tropical freshwater gobies.
Th e reproduction of gobies is unusual compared to most fi shes. Th ere is
a large investment in parental care with demersal eggs guarded by the male.
Th ey vary reproductively from gonochoric to hermaphrodite, monogamy to
polygyny and promiscuity, some have short life spans and reproduce once
only while others have longer life spans reproducing one or more times per
year. Several chapters are devoted to reproductive strategies, reproductive
organs, and the development of larvae and gobies.
Gobies form a major component of coral reef and coastal fish
communities throughout the tropics and subtropics; in coral reef habitats
gobies account for over 50 % of the energy fl ow. Th e short lifespans and
high levels of reproductive output result in rapid generational turnover and
the production of a signifi cant component of the marine ichthyoplankton
biomass. Symbiotic relationships of gobies as cleaners and in partnership
with alpheid shrimp; paedomorphic species; mudskippers; and the role of
gobies on coral reefs provide insight into the ecology of the group.
Th irty-three authors from 15 countries have contributed to the book to
provide a synopsis of our current knowledge and areas for further studies.
Robert A. Patzner
James L. Van Tassell
Marcelo Kovačić
B.G. Kapoor
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contents
Preface v
List of Contributors xi
Section 1: Systematics
1.1 A History of Gobioid Morphological Systematics 3
James L. Van Tassell, Luke Tornabene and Michael S. Taylor
1.2 Molecular Systematics of Gobioid Fishes 23
Lukas Rüber and Ainhoa Agorreta
1.3 Systematics of the Rhyacichthyidae 51
Helen K. Larson
1.4 Systematics of Odontobutidae 61
Akihisa lwata
1.5 Systematics of Butidae and Eleotridae 79
Christine Th acker
1.6 Systematics of Gobionellidae 87
Frank Pezold
1.7 Systematics of Oxudercinae 99
Edward Murdy
1.8 Systematics of Amblyopinae 107
Edward Murdy
1.9 Systematics of Sicydiinae 119
Philippe Keith and Clara Lord
1.10 Systematics of Gobiidae 129
Christine Th acker
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
viii Contents
Section 2: Zoogeography
2.1 Gobiiformes of the Americas 139
James L. Van Tassell
2.2 North-Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Gobies 177
Marcelo Kovačić and Robert A. Patzner
2.3 Diversity and Distribution of Marine, Euryhaline
and Amphidromous Gobies from Western, Central
and Southern Africa 207
Ulrich K. Schliewen
2.4 Th e Marine Temperate Gobioids of Southern Australia
and the New Zealand Region 235
Helen K. Larson
2.5 Tropical Freshwater Gobies: Amphidromy as a Life Cycle 243
Philippe Keith and Clara Lord
2.6 Diversity and Distribution of Freshwater Gobies
from the Mediterranean, the Black and Caspian Seas 279
Jörg Freyhof
Section 3: General Biology
3.1 Gobies as Predator and Prey 291
C. Dieter Zander
3.2 Morphological Adaptations to Special Environments
of Gobies 345
C. Dieter Zander
3.3 Morphological Organization and Variability
of the Reproductive Apparatus in Gobies 367
Carlotta Mazzoldi, Robert A. Patzner and
Maria B. Rasotto
3.4 Early Development of Gobies 403
Rita Borges, Cláudia Faria, Fátima Gil
and Emanuel J. Gonçalves
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contents ix
Section 4: Ecology
4.1 Planktonic and Paedomorphic Gobioids 465
Mario La Mesa
4.2 Gobies on Coral Reefs 493
Juergen Herler, Philip L. Munday and Vanessa Hernaman
4.3 Gobies as Cleaners 531
Isabelle M. Côté and Marta C. Soares
4.4 Th e Partnership between Gobiid Fishes and
Burrowing Alpheid Shrimps 559
Ilan Karplus and Andrew Richard Th ompson
4.5 Mudskippers: Front Runners in the
Modern Invasion of Land 609
Atsushi Ishimatsu and Tomas T. Gonzales
Index 639
Th e Editors 665
Color Plate Section 667
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
List of Contributors
Agorreta Ainhoa
Department of Zoology and Ecology, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea
s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain and Department of Zoology, Th e Natural
History Museum, Cromwell Road, SW7 5BD, London, UK.
E-mail: [email protected]
Borges Rita
CCMAR, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus
de Gambelas 8005-139 Faro, Portugal and Eco-Ethology Research Unit,
Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada, Rua Jardim do Tabaco 34,
1149-041 Lisboa, Portugal.
E-mail: [email protected]
Côté Isabelle M.
Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby
BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
E-mail: [email protected]
Faria Cláudia
Instituto de Educação, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande,
Edifi cio C6, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal and Eco-Ethology Research
Unit, Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada, Rua Jardim do Tabaco
34, 1149-041 Lisboa, Portugal.
E-mail: [email protected]
Freyhof Jörg
Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries,
Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany.
E-mail: [email protected]
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
xii List of Contributors
Gil Fátima
Aquário Vasco da Gama, Rua Direita do Dafundo, 1495-718 Cruz
Quebrada- Dafundo, Portugal.
E-mail: [email protected]
Gonçalves Emanuel J.
Eco-Ethology Research Unit, Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada,
Rua Jardim do Tabaco 34, 1149-041 Lisboa, Portugal.
E-mail: [email protected]
Gonzales Tomas T.
Center for General Education, AMA International University, Bahrain,
P.O. Box 18041, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain.
E-mail: [email protected]
Herler Juergen
Department of Th eoretical Biology, Morphology Section, Faculty of Life
Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
E-mail: [email protected]
Hernaman Vanessa
Centre for Marine Studies, University of Queensland, St Lucia,
Queensland 4072, Australia.
E-mail: [email protected]
Ishimatsu Atsushi
Institute for East China Sea Research, Nagasaki University, Tairamachi
1551-7, Nagasaki 851-2213, Japan.
E-mail: [email protected]
Iwata Akihisa
Laboratory of Ecology and Environment, Division of Southeast Asian
Area Studies, Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto
University Yoshida, Shimoadachi-cho 46, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 Japan.
E-mail: [email protected]
Karplus Ilan
Aquaculture Research Unit, the Institute of Animal Sciences, The
Volcani Research Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet-Dagan 20250, Israel.
E-mail: [email protected]
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
