The Art of Symbolic Resistance: Uyghur Identities and Uyghur-Han Relations in Contemporary Xinjiang

484 Pages·2013·3.377 MB·English

by  Joanne Smith Finley

introduction i
The Art of Symbolic Resistance
ii introduction
Brill’s
Inner Asian Library
Editors
Michael R. Drompp
Devin DeWeese
VOLUME 30
The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bial
introduction iii
The Art of Symbolic Resistance
Uyghur Identities and Uyghur-Han Relations
in Contemporary Xinjiang
By
Joanne Smith Finley
LEIDEN • BOSTON
2013
Coveri villustration: Lone figure on grasslanindst, rruoradl uAcqstui,o 19n96. Photo by author.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Smith Finley, Joanne.
The art of symbolic resistance : Uyghur identities and Uyghur-Han relations in contemporary
Xinjiang / by Joanne Smith Finley.
pages cm. -- (Brill's inner Asian library, ISSN 1566-7162 ; volume 30)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-90-04-25491-6 (hardback : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-90-04-25678-1 (e-book) 1. Uighur
(Turkic people)--China--Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu--Ethnic identity. 2. Uighur (Turkic people)--
China--Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu--Government relations. 3. Government, Resistance to--China--
Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu. 4. Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu (China)--Ethnic relations. I. Title.
DS731.U4S65 2013
305.894'323--dc23
2013023185
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covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the
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ISSN 1566-7162
ISBN 978-90-04-25491-6 (hardback)
ISBN 978-90-04-25678-1 (e-book)
Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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contents v
For my mum and dad,
who encourage me in all that I do
vi contents
contents vii
CONTENTS
List of Illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  xi
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  xv
PART ONE
THE ART OF SYMBOLIC RESISTANCE
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   1
1 Inequalities: The Socio-Economic Backdrop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
1.1 Han In-migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
1.2 Language Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
1.3 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
1.4 Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44
1.5 Wealth Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  55
1.6 Resource Exploitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  60
1.7 Political Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70
Conclusion: Development – Equality = Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  74
PART TWO
SOUNDS OF DISCONTENT
2 Stereotypes: Talk Breeds Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  81
2.1 Social Stereotypes: Theoretical Frame. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  82
2.2 Theorising Han Chauvinism: The ‘Civilising Project’ . . . . . . . .  84
2.3 Different Ways of Seeing: Counter-stereotypes . . . . . . . . . . . . .  90
2.4 Common Heritage: Foundations of Counter-stereotypes . . . .  92
2.5 Stereotypes relating to Uyghur Cultural Norms . . . . . . . . . . . . .  93
2.6 Stereotypes relating to Islamic Social Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
2.7 Stereotypes relating to Colonisation and Exploitation. . . . . . . 118
Conclusion: Talk Breeds Conflict (or the Power of Oral
Complaint) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3 Making Culture Matter: Symbolic, Spatial, and Social Boundaries  130
3.1 Barthian Theory: Ethnic Boundaries as Resistance . . . . . . . . . . 131
viii contents
3.2 Symbolic Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
3.3 Spatial Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
3.4 Social Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
3.5 The Consequences of Boundary-crossing: Bus Stories and
Street Fights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
3.6 Managed Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Conclusion: The Roots of Constructed Segregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
4 Illuminists: Popular Song and the Waking of the Uyghur Nation 173
4.1 The Musician-comprador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
4.2 Popular Singers as Illuminists: The Advent of ‘New Folk’ . . . . 184
4.3 Cassette Culture and Mass Mediation of Political Messages 189
4.4 Ömärjan Alim: The People’s Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
4.5 Abdurehim Heyit: The Intellectuals’ Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
4.6 Religious and Class Cleavages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Conclusion: New Folk as a Locus of Solidarity and Disunity . . . . . 229
PART THREE
‘SILENCE’: AFTER THE 1997 GHULJA DISTURBANCES
5 Reverts: Sources and Dynamics of Islamic Renewal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
5.1 Islamic Renewal in Ürümchi since the Late 1990s . . . . . . . . . . 236
5.2 Globalising Forces: Border Trade, Pilgrimage, Study Abroad
and News Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
5.3 Islam as Symbolic Resistance against Perceived Muslim
Oppression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
5.4 Islam as a Response to Failed Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
5.5 Islam as an Egalitarian Ethos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
5.6 Islam as a Response to Frustrated Ethno-political
Aspirations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
5.7 Modernity and the Return to Cultural ‘Purity’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
5.8 Islam as a Vehicle for Personal and National Reform . . . . . . . . 281
5.9 Internal Divisions within the Uyghur Muslim Population . . . 284
Conclusion: ‘All Five Digits on one Hand are not Alike’ . . . . . . . . . . 287
6 Endogamists: Gender, Nation and a Selective Taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
6.1 The Statistics on Intermarriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
6.2 Parental Prohibition and Excommunication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
6.3 Community Supervision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
contents ix
6.4 Perceived Barriers: Racial, Cultural, Religious, Historical,
Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
6.5 Managing Intermarriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
6.6 Hierarchy of Intermarriage Preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
6.7 Women as ‘Culture Bearers’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
6.7 Endogamy as Cultural Survival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Conclusion: Honour and Shame in a Context of National
Impotence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
7 Hybrids: Identity Negotiations among the Urban Youth . . . . . . . . . 349
7.1 The First-generation Minkaohan: ‘Internalised Oppression’ 350
7.2 The Second-generation Minkaohan: Product of Urban
Instrumentalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
7.3 Minkaohan Self-identity in Contemporary Xinjiang:
‘Ethnic Anomalies’?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
7.4 The Minkaohan-minkaomin Divide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
7.5 The Han Wannabe: Prototype for the Third-generation
Minkaohan? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
7.6 Cosmopolitan Multilingualism: Uyghur Youth as ‘World
Citizens’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
7.7 The Beginnings of Rapprochement? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Conclusion: From ‘Ethnic Anomaly’ to Subaltern Cosmopolitan 402
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
x contents
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