Table Of ContentTerahertz Sources and Systems
NATO Science Series
ASeriespresentingtheresultsofscientificmeetingssupportedundertheNATOScience
Programme.
TheSeriesispublishedbylOSPress,Amsterdam,andKluwerAcademicPublishersinconjunction
withtheNATOScientificAffairsDivision
Sub-Series
I. LifeandBehaviouralSciences lOSPress
II. Mathematics,PhysicsandChemistry KluwerAcademicPublishers
III.ComputerandSystemsScience lOSPress
IV.EarthandEnvironmentalSCiences KluwerAcademicPublishers
TheNATOScienceSeriescontinuestheseriesofbookspublishedformerlyastheNATOASISeries.
TheNATOScienceProgrammeofferssupportforcollaboration incivil sciencebetweenscientistsof
countriesoftheEuro-AtlanticPartnershipCouncil.Thetypesofscientificmeetinggenerallysupported
are"AdvancedStudyInstitutes"and"AdvancedResearchWorkshops",andtheNATOScienceSeries
collects together the results of these meetings.The meetings are co-organized bij scientists from
NATOcountriesandscientistsfromNATO'sPartnercountries- countriesoftheCISandCentraland
EasternEurope.
AdvancedStudyInstitutesarehigh-leveltutorialcoursesofferingin-depthstudyoflatestadvances
inafield.
Advanced ResearchWorkshopsare expert meetingsaimedatcritical assessmentofafield, and
identificationofdirectionsforfutureaction.
AsaconsequenceoftherestructuringoftheNATOScienceProgrammein1999,theNATOScience
Serieswasre-organizedtothefoursub-seriesnotedabove.Pleaseconsultthefollowingwebsitesfor
informationonpreviousvolumespublishedintheSeries.
htto://www.nato.inVscience
http://www.wkap.nl
http://www.iospress.nl
http://www.wtv-books.de/nato-pco.htm
seriesII:Mathematics,PhysicsandChemistry- Vol.27
Terahertz Sources and Systems
edited by
R. E. Miles
p. Harrison
University of Leeds,
Leeds, United Kingdom
and
D. Lippens
Universite des Sciences et Technologies de lilie,
lilie, France
Springer Science+Business Media, B.V.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Terahertz Sources and Systems
Chateau de Bonas, France
22-27 June, 2000
A C.1. P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-0-7923-7097-0 ISBN 978-94-010-0824-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-0824-2
Printed on acid-free paper
AII Rights Reserved
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2001
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording
or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the
copyright owner.
Contents
OrganisingCommittee ix
Sponsors xi
Preface xiii
Theme 1: Physics ofTerahertzDevices and Materials
TerahertzDynamics in Quantum Structures:Towards a
FundamentalTerahertz Oscillator
SJ.Allen, 1.S. Scott, M.e. Wanke, K. Maranowski,A.e. Gossard,
M.J.W Rodwell and D.H. Chow 3
SemiconductingTerahertz Emitters
N.N. Zinov'ev 15
Theme 2: Generation ofTerahertz byMultiplication
High Efficiency HBV Multipliers for MillimetreWave
Generation
L. Dillner, M. Ingvarson, E. Kollberg and1. Stake 27
High Performance Heterostructure BarrierVaractors
D. Lippens, X. Melique, S.Arscott,T. David,V. Duez, 1. Carbonell,
P. Mounaix, O. Vanbesien and F. Mollot 53
ActiveTwo-TerminalDevices forTerahertzPowerGeneration
byMultiplication
H. Eisele 69
Theme 3: Intersubband Sources
Far-infrared Intersubband Luminescence from Quantum
CascadeSources
1. Faist, M. Rochat, M. BeckandU. Oesterle 89
vi
SuperlatticeQ C LasersTowards tbe Far-Infrared
A Tredicucci, C. Gmacbl, M.e. Wanke, F. Capasso,
AL. Hutchinson, D.L. Sivco, S.-N.G. Chu andAY. Cho 101
TerabertzEmission from Semiconductor Nanostructures
1 Ulrich, R. Zobl, G. Strasserand K. Unterrainer 115
Tbeme 4: CW Sources, Optical and Electronic
Perspectives ofContinuous-Wave OptoelectronicTHzImaging
K.l Siebert, H. Quastand H.G. Roskos 127
Continuous-WaveTerabertz Generation Using Pbotomixers
S. Verghese, K.A McIntosh, S.M. Duffyand E.K. Duerr 145
Theme 5: EmergingTecbnologies - Sources and Circuits
Emerging SolidStateTerahertz Electronics
M.S. ShurandV. Ryzhii 169
PlasmaWave Electronics forTerabertzApplications
M. Dyakonovand M.S. Shur 187
Prospects for theApplications ofMiniaturisedVacuum
Technologies toTerahertz Sources
1.M. Chamberlain,1.1. Garcia, lR. Fletcher, RE. Miles,
D.P. Steenson, lR Thorpe, E. Huq, e.M. Mannand M. Oldfield 209
Theme 6: Imaging
Two-DimensionalTerahertzWave Imaging
Q. Chen, Z. Jiang and x.-e. Zhang 225
THz Imaging ofBiological Samples
M. Koch, K. Scbmalstieg, P. Knobloch, S. Hunsche, M.e. Nuss,
E. Rehberg, 1. Sautter, 1. Fromm, M. Hempel, R Haferkom,
1. Libon, N.E. Heckerand1. Feldmann 241
vii
Theme 7: Towards CommunicationSystems
TowardsTerahertz Communications Systems
C.M. Mann 261
TowardsTerahertz Communications- Systems Requirements
J.W Bowen 269
Micromachining forTerahertzCircuits and Systems
R.E. Miles, D.P. SteensonandJ.M. Chamberlain 285
Theme 8: THz Sensing and Spectroscopy
WidebandTerahertz Sensing and Spectroscopy with Electronic
Sources and Detectors
D.W vanderWeide 301
Time-DomainTerahertz Spectroscopy and Sensing
P. Haring Bolivar, M. Brucherseifer, M. Nagel,
H.P.M. Pellemans and H. Kurz 315
Overview
TerahertzTechnology, QuoVadis?
WTh. Wenckebach 331
List ofspeakers 337
List ofParticipants (and group photo) 339
Index 345
ORGANISING COMMITTEE
Co-Directors: DLippens(Universitedes Sciencesde Lille)
NN Zinovev (UniversityofLeeds
RE Miles(Leeds) Secretary
PHarrison (Leeds) Treasurer
JM Chamberlain (Leeds) Proceedings
M C Quirke (Leeds) Workbook
ix
SPONSORS
We wish to thank the following for their contribution to
the success ofthis conference:
European Office of Aerospace Research and
Development, Air Force Office of Scientific Research,
United States Air Force Research Laboratory
Agilent Technologies UK Limited
Marconi Materials Technology
Spectra-Physics Lasers
C RL Ltd
xi
PREFACE
This ARW on "Terahertz Sources and Systems" is a follow up to the ASI on "New
Directions inTerahertzTechnology" heldin 1996, also at the Chateau de Bonas. The
contributions to this volume show how, during the intervening years, Terahertz
Technology hasmovedonfrombeingausefulbutexpensivecircuittechnique, applied
largely to astronomy and space science, to a subject in its own right with important
applications. Ifone thing stands out in particular it must be Terahertz Imaging - an
application of Terahertz Technology that was not even mentioned during those
pioneering sessions back in 1996. It is perhaps a measure ofthe "coming ofage" of
TerahertzTechnologythattherewas hardlyamentionofspace scienceandastronomy
inthe2000ARW!
The first two days of the Workshop concentrated on terahertz sources,
discussing the state ofthe art in frequency conversion (i.e. up from millimetre waves
and down from infra-red) and direct generation. As far as the latter is concerned the
"terahertz gap" is still with us but tremendous advances have been made in down
conversion,bothpulsedandCWo WorkontheHeterostructureBarrierVaractor(HEY)
for electronic upconversion continues but the generation ofpower above about 0.25
THzbythismethodstilleludesus.
The driving force in Terahertz Technology is currently in imaging and
spectroscopy. We now have the means to obtain images and chemical information in
this frequency band which, until recently, has been difficult to access. The images
shown at the workshop (and reproduced in this volume) are striking and not
surprisingly the clinical and analytical uses are already the subject ofintense activity.
Imagingsystemsmustsurelybethefirst commerciallyviableterahertzproducts.
Many of us who participated in the 1996 ASI were of the opinion that
terahertz systems would have their first impact in the area ofcommunications where
their wide bandwidth potential would be an advantage. In practice, communications
applications have notyet materialised, mainlybecausewe still do not havea complete
range of active terahertz electronic components: sources and amplifiers being
particularlyconspicuousbytheirabsence. However, anencouragingconclusionofthe
Workshop was that, in the foreseeable future, terahertz frequency electronics will be
necessaryincommunicationssystems. Thiscouldbeintheformofdirect transmission
at terahertz frequencies for a local area network or terahertz modulation on optical
fibre. It is quite likely that spin-offfrom the imaging technology will in due course
providethe necessarycomponents.
The organisers would like to thank all ofthe speakers, every one of whom
captured the spirit ofthe Workshop to create, once again, the uniquely stimulating
atmosphere that is a NATO ARWat the Chateaude Bonas. Suggestionsthat this may
also have had something to do with Patrice and his staffs hospitality should not be
discounted. Thanks also to the participants for their contributions to the discussions
and poster session. We also thank the NATO Science Committee for their support,
withoutwhichthisARWwouldnothavebeenpossible.
Welookforwardtoanexcitingfutureforterahertztechnology.
xiii
