Temperature Sensitivity In Insects And Application In Integrated Pest Management

320 Pages·1999·28.77 MB·\320

by  Guy J Hallman (Author), David L Denlinger (Author)

Temperature Sensitivity
in Insects and Application
in Integrated Pest Management
Q Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
�-
http://taylorandfrancis.com
Temperature Sensitivity
in Insects and Application
in Integrated Pest
Management
EDITED BY
Guy J. Hallman
and David L. Denlinger
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Contents
Preface Vll
1 Introduction: Temperature Sensitivity and Integrated Pest
Management, Guy J Hallman and David L. Denlinger 1
2 Physiology of Heat Sensitivity, David L. Denlinger and
George D. Yocum 7
3 Physiology of Cold Sensitivity, David L. Denlinger and
Richard E. Lee, Jr. 55
4 Reducing Cold-Hardiness of Insect Pests Using Ice Nucleating
Active Microbes, Richard E. Lee, Jr., Jon P. Costanzo, and
Marcia R. Lee 97
5 Temperature Synergism in Integrated Pest Management,
DavidJ Horn 125
6 Stored Product Integrated Pest Management with Extreme
Temperatures, Linda J. Mason and C. Allen Strait 141
7 Use of Extreme Temperatures in Urban Insect Pest Management,
Michael K. Rust and Donald A. Reierson 179
8 Temperature Treatments for Quarantine Security: New
Approaches for Fresh Commodities, Robert L. Mangan and
Guy J Hallman 201
9 Cold Storage of Insects for Integrated Pest Management,
Roger A. Leopold 235
vi
10 Insect Control in the Field Using Temperature Extremes,
Casey W Hoy 269
11 Temperature in the Management of Insect and Mite Pests in
Greenhouses, Richard K Lindquist 287
Contributors 299
Index 301
Preface
In response to the spiraling economic and environmental costs resulting
from an inordinate reliance on chemical pesticides in recent history, integrated
pest management (IPM) was developed to provide a sustainable pest control
strategy. The goal of IPM is to combine all practical pest mitigation
techniques in a harmonious manner that strives to optimize economic costs
and minimize environmental degradation. Major effort worldwide is devoted
to developing reliable pest management systems, and numerous volumes have
been dedicated to the subject.
Insects vary much more in response to temperature than their
poikilothermic nature would initially indicate. In terms of behavior, insects
orient themselves as needed to benefit from heating and cooling opportunities.
Physiologically, insects can withstand freezing temperatures for prolonged
periods, and some brave heat that drives other forms of animal life to cover.
Temperature Sensitivity in Insects and Application in Integrated Pest
Management concentrates on an array of IPM tools that exploit extreme
temperatures, a feature that has received little notice in most other IPM tomes.
The biological basis for using temperature extremes in controlling insects is
analyzed, and practical IPM techniques that rely on temperature are presented.
Two people who helped in the preparation of this volume deserve special
mention: Annette Manzanares typed much of the book, and Aleena M. Ta rshis
Moreno prepared many figures.
GuyJ Hallman
David L. Denlinger
Q Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
�-
http://taylorandfrancis.com
1
Introduction: Temperature Sensitivity
and Integrated Pest Management
Guy J. Hallman and David L Denlinger
Temperature is one of the principal factors delimitating survival and
reproduction of insects and mites. Temperature extremes are a cause of
significant natural mortality in populations and offer a rich potential that can
be exploited for the development of environmentally safe pest management
strategies.
The omnipresence of temperature stress has resulted in a wealth of
physiological and behavioral adaptations that have evolved to ameliorate or
avoid the full brunt of high or low environmental temperatures. These range
from behaviors as simple as moving in or out of sunlight to increase or
decrease body temperature to the more complex social behaviors of honey
bees, Apis mellifora, which cluster to preserve wannth during severe cold and
use evaporative cooling aided by wing movement to cool the hive during hot
weather. Physiologically insects prepare for cold weather in temperate
climates by such means as increasing concentrations of ayoprotectants in the
hemolymph and arresting development at a certain cold tolerant stage. A
series of proteins produced in response to extreme temperatures and other
stresses increases tolerance of the organism to further stress. Some ants are
able to initiate heat shock protein synthesis in the absence of thermal stress
and use that ability to prepare for brief forays into the desert during the hottest
part of the day to scavenge for organisms that have succumbed to the heat
(Gehring & Wehner 1995). Coleman et al. (1995) discuss the need for
integrating molecular function, metabolic cost, and ecological manifestation
and variation to better understand the evolutionary significance of heat shock
proteins and their use in managing problems of thermal stress.