Television and video engineers' reference book

865 Pages·1991·25.509 MB·English

by  K G Jackson, George Boris Townsend

TV Video
&
Engienr'es
Reference
Book
Edeidt by
KG Jackson
GB Townsend
Withs peciacloinsttr tiobrus
ButwtoetrrhH-eeimnaLntnd
HalCloeuy,Jr otrdHainOl xlf,o OrXd2 8EJ
OXFORDL ONDONG UIDLFORDB OSTON
MUNICNHE WD ELHSII NGAPOSRYED NEY
TOKYOT ORONTWO ELLITNOGN
Firpsutb lished 1991
©Butterworth-LHtedi1,n9 e9m1a nn
Alrli grhetssed r.Nv oep arotf tphuibsl icmaatybi eo n
reproduacnemyda teifrno ira(mli nclpuhdoitnogc opying or
storiinan nmgye dibuyem l ectmreoananinswcd h etohre rn ot
transoirie nnctildyte on tsaooltmlhueyes o reft hpiusb lication)
withtohwuert i tpteernm iosfts hiceoo np yrhioglehdxtec rie np t
accorwdiattnhhcp eer oviosfti hoen sC opyriagnhdt , Designs
PateAnct1ts9 8or8u ndtehre toefalr imcse inscsbeuy et dh e
CopyrLiigchetnA sgiennLgct y3d 3,- A3lr4fe Pdl a,Lc oendon,
England7 DWPCA.lp Ep licfaottrih coeon psy rhioglhdte r's
written ptoer rempirsoasdniupyoca nero tft hpiusb lication
shobuela dd dretsots hpeeud b lishers.
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Prefcae
Thec ompiolfte hbriosso w ko ulwda nbteii cnno gu rttehseyy iTfos atyh taetl eviiissn itoenr niaastp iloant-aialtn uidds e
did enxoptr essawsyhl amyti gohtth erbwesi asfee ly leifntc otroIri tnest oc hwteh. ne eraeri natse rnaast ifiColonmua.nl t ries
readdeirs'ncsme er.nS'to wrtohbtere o tFhoewrlse r iinn stoihnuse st i tnhgeo iwrnt echnsitcaanlda anrtddh seo iwrn
preftaotc hee ir wfoarmokont u hsKe i nEgn'gsl Iitissa h . languDaigreeb.cr to adcfarsotgmie nogs tatsiaotnealrlyi tes
precwehpiatcn hey d itoro bcsoewurilvatdedh v an,t atgheouagchr noastsi fornnotailie sr esav ne roycdcauyr yreegtno cvee rn­
perhdaipslsci inhpiinmgs ealvfo itdso l taoavro ie sphe toift imoenn ts acgarnoennaewo to rsltda ndEavreidntn. h E eu orpean
thCeo ntLeinstts. EconoCmoimcm untihdteiy r ecdteifivnweihsni gsc cha nning
The msouspte refixcaimailno aftt hviioosln u wmiieln ld icaatnecd o disntga ndsahrodubsleu d s efdo r broafdrcoams ting
thiaittas c omprehseunrsvietvyee l oefvt iescihonanon ldo gsyp aacrefle o utbeyed n treprBeuntteh iuenr esx.o mraarbclhe
thaitti sa uthor.iE tmaitnieevnnegti noefie nrtse rnatoifeo nngailn edeervienlgo pbmaesnoetndts h,pe r incainpdl es
stature maanncdyo ufnrthoramivs eeps a red time ffarcotdmoe rttsahi ientlih ebrido s o hka,vt eh eoiwrnl ogCiocn.v ersion
develowpomretknos t h are their ekxnpoewrlieefdnrgcoeoem n apeni dc tsutraen tdoaa rndo tihnre erta ilm heab se en
witthhr ee osfut s . solvbeytd h een ginaenedmr asc,h ine tbreatnwseleant ion
Iitsi ,n deiend b,te htsert a diotsfic oinetsnhr caeets eaanrdc hs pokleann guiaasgp erso caelsrsew aodryk iintn hgle a bora­
teacshhionuggl ohd a nd-ina-nhmda annadys ; t udheanst t orWyh.e tnh icso uipswl iethdhi gdheefirn isteieoainnn,dg
discotvheatrtheoe dr igionfna etwio dre waasms o re cohme­araitadn igs twainblcelec oamnee v egnr eaptleera sure and
prehenisnhi iwbsrl iet tihnatgnhsp e o pulasrcirziwibhneogs e vemno rien structive.
attemtpoet xepdl wahiatnth ien novattoarl kawibanosgu t.T hweo rilgsdr owsimnagle lveefrnot, rh oosfue sw hdoo n ot
Televicsuirornie tnniut srl myIo htia alsl. w baeyessn oa nd,t ravel.
liikoter n osti,n icitese ngineeirwtii nalgll-w labeyeids n
turmAosie ll.e ctromnaitcesrs icaainledsn cea tda env eGlBoTp
ever-inrcartseeowa ,ist lielnl ge vIitnsh Uieno intK.ei dn gdomW,r eGar eeEnn,g land
de-regiusil na tivoongt uheee c aonndo omfpi rcosg ramme
1991
makingp rweeisvlseml ro rhee avoinel qyu ipment design,
thougbha setinhcge i neperriinncwigipp lellre .ss i st
Litso f
Contrbiutros
I AGi zlewood R GH unDtS cF,R PS, FMRRSTAS,
ManagDiinrge cCtoonrt,i nMeinctraolw ave Ltd ProfeosfPs hoyrs ioOlpotgiCicicsUta,nyl i versity
C APr buthBnEontg Imahori
BriTteilsehRc eosme aLracbho ratories ChiEenfg inNeHeKr ,
Y
PA udemaMrAs G AJ ohnsBoSncE ,E nMgI,E E
SenFiiol&rm V ideo ELodnidtWooenre ,k eTnedle vision
DepuHteyaE dn gineSeerrivnIigTc AVes ss,o ciation
JL E BaldBwSicnM,l nsFtRPT,SF ,SM PTE
E AJ onBeEsn AgM,I EE
Consultant
AssiTsetcahnntSi ucpapMloa rnta gPehri,l ips
CommunicaanStdei counrsi ty
JB arrBoAnM, A ( Cantab)
Univeorfs iCtaym bridge
JK elleMhIeErE
PGJ Harten FormeCrhliEyen fg inDeyenra,Tm eicch noLltodg y
BartCeonn sultancy
PK embClEen MgI,E EB,Sc
DJB radsBhSacw( EAnMgI)E,E PrinEcnigpianlIe BeAr ,
DesiagnEndq uipDmeepnater ntBtmB,C
WHKlemmer
D Bryan BroadTcealsetv isioGnm bSHy stems
FormeTrelchyn DiicraelcM tiocrhC,ao eExll ectLrtodn ics
K Komada
J CH ausebBrSoco,k MPIhEDEC,,E n AgM, IOP GeneMraanla gTeors,hC iobrap
ServAircePeal anningI BSAe ction,
S J LCeEnntMg ,I EE
CK PClarke EngineReersienaDgre cpha rt,Bm BeCn t
SenEinogri nBeBeCr ,R esDeeapracrht ment
SL owe
P CAr ozier-Cole ManaIgnetre rnTaetcihonniacla lA mTpreLaxti dn ing,
HeaodfT elemaentAdru yt omaSteicotIniB oAn ,
R GM antBoSnc (EPnhgDC),E, n MgI, EE
K Davison TransmEinsgsiinoenDe erpianrgtB mBeCn t,
ManaCgoemrm unicTahtaimToeensls e,v ision
CA MarshmBaTne cChE,n MgI,E F
C DawkiBnA(s C antab) YorEkl ectCreonntiUrcnesi, v eorfYs oirtky
BriTteilsehRc eosme aLracbho ratories
J DM illwBaSrcCd,E nMgI, EE
C Debnam
HeaodfR ese,aR racnChki nLttedl
QualAistsyu rMaanncaegP eArGL, t d
R Elen PLM otherFsEonlge, FCIEEnEg ,
VGE lectLrtodn ics
Creative ATsescohcnioaltoegsy
SRE lyPh DC,E nMgI, EE KC QuinMtBoEnB, S c, FFIEnEFgER,,T S
Heaodf CaSryrsitSeeermc st BiBoCRn e,s eaDrecpha rtmeFnotr meDrielrcyto ofRr e searchC,a bSBlereri vtLiitcsdeh s
BF lowMeRrTsS A RFe ekAiMeI EE
HeaodfE urovisioCne nC,tEo runertorpBoerlao na dcastFionrgm eSrelnEyin ogri nEeuerro,pB eraona dcUansitoinn g
UQion
F RMe mlJeryF SMPTMEB,K STS
DHardy TechnDiiecrcatlBo rro adcSaesrtviUinncgie vse,or fs ity
DesiMgann agPeArGL, t d Michigan
SH irata RSR obertCEsn FgI,E SEe,n MIEEE
SenSipoerc iTaolsihCsiotbr,ap ConsuEllteacnttEr nogniincese r
xii
JT RPo binson L WT urnFeIrE E
MVCCroLwtd ConsuElntgainnte er
JG SawdByS c, CMEInEgE, N Wassiczek
IndepeBnrdoeandtcA austthionrgi ty EuropBeraona dcUansitoinn g
BLS mith GT Waters
ChiTeefc hnWirciatTleh ro,m son-CSF EuropBeraona dcUansitoinn g
PS proxton IMW ateCrEsn MgI. EE
AlpIhmaag Let d ProdMuacnta Tgrearn smittTeVrTLs t,d Varian
RS tevBeSncs, CMEInEgE, R WatsCoEnn Mg,I EEM,RT SM,B KS
EnginePerjroeiScnutgp erTvhiasmoTeres,l evision Consultant
LS trasMhSucCn,E nMgI, EEM,B KSM,R TS PWW ayne
SenMiaonra gSeornB,yr oadLctads t FormeMralryk eDtiirnegcV tionrte,n BLrtoda dcast
JS ummers LE WeavBeSrc , CMEInEgE,
FormeLrilgyhD tiirnegcB tBoCr , FormeHrelaoydfM easureLmaebnotrsaB tBoCDr eys,i gns
Department
M Talbot-BSSmcCi,Pt hhyM sl,n stP
FormeBrBlCEy n gineeriDnegp Tarratimneinnt g JP W hitMiSncgC, E nFgI,E E
HeadP oowfSe yrs tIeBmAs ,
D GT hompsBoSnc
PhiCloimppso nents R WilsBoSnc
Continental Microwave
ECT homson
Mullard Application LaboratoGr yWW iskBiSncC ,E ngM,I CEM,It SructE
ArchitaencCdti uvErinalgl i neDeerpianrngttB m,Be C
A Todorovic
DireTcetlore,vB iegoigjraa d D Wood
EuropBeraona dcUansitoinn g
G PTozBeSrc
PrinLceicptaulSro enry, BraonaCddo cmamsutn icatioJnMWs o odgBaStce( Eng)M,I ECEME,An EgS,M, ln stSCE
ElectDreosniCigocnns s ultant
ET rundMSlEeR MTR,T SM,I TSC
ChiEenfg inReNeFSr e,r vLitcde s
Par1t
BasiRce ference
Material
el sin Standaradn:dBi r oadcasStipnegc trum 3.4B ooleaalng ebra
Sect1i oTino
e1• S.R obertCso,n sul/Eal/eIc/tn riocEsn gineer 3.5K arnaugmha ps
R.
11. Scannianngda spercatt io
12. Still and moving pictures SectioEnn gineerMiantgh ematiFcosr,m ulaans d
l.T3e lveisipoinc tufrrqeeu ency Ca/c4 ulatio11s
14. Thev idesoi gnal J.B arroUn1,i1 l-erosfiC taym bridge
15. Channbealn dwidth
16. Syncrhonisbme tweecna nning systems 41. Mathematisciagnls saynmdb ols
1.7P orches 42. Trignoometrifco rmulas
DSB.s sba,s ba ndv sb 4.3T rigonomevtarliuce s
Nationsatla nddasr 4.4A pproximatfioosrnm sa laln gle.
1I9..8
11.0 Bandasn dc hannels 4.5S olutiofot nr iangles
l1.1A ddincgo lotuora m onochrosmyes tem 46. Spherical triangle
4.7 Exponentfioarml
48. DeM oivret'hse orem
Section andU nits 4.9 Eulerr'esl ation
Quantities
n t Engineer 4.10I ly perbofulnicct ions
2 TumeCro.l
sumrl 4.11C omplevxa riable
L.W .
21. Internatiuonnisatyl s tem 4.12C aucyh-Riemaenqnu ations
2.2U nivercsoanls tainnt Isu nits 41.3 Cauchyt'hse orem
2.3M etrtioci mpercioanlv ersion factors 4.41 Zerosp.o leasn dr esidues
24. Symboalnsd a bbreviations 4.51 Some standard forms
4.16C oordinsaytset ems
4.17T ran-.formaotfii noetng rab
Secti3oA nn alogauned D igiwCli rcuTihte ory 4.18L aplea'cesq uation
P.Sp roxto11,I mAalgpLeht ad 4.19S olutioofen q uation
4.20M ethoodf l eassqtu ares
3.1A nalogcuier ctuhietro y 4.12 Relatiboentsw eedenc ibeclusr,rn eta ndv oltargaet io.
3.2A lternactuirnrge nt circuits andp owerra tio
3.3D igitcailr ctuhieto ry 4.2C2a lculus
1/1
R SR obertCsE nFgI,ES eEMn,I EEE
ConsuEellcttnacrinsEot n ngeier
Telveision
Standadrsa nd
Broadacsting
Spectrmu
Evecroyl otuerl evcihsainonne l ofc otnmhsoirdseutels a tseidg anradlees m odualnaudts eetddov artyhbe e acmu rrent(s)
carriers: ofad isptluabtyeh ,e bwehaimic ssohw f e eipsniyn ngc hronism
witthht er ansmittbeera ms.c anning
•T hev isiionnmf oartidoenr,if vreoadmc ameorroa t her A constorfta hien te lseccatnrsnoyinsnitigctes hm ne e ed to
sigsnoaul,ri cuses etdoa mplimtoudduela ca atrewr iitetrhh e puatf armer outnhdfie e lodfv ietwo tbrea nsmIintt htee d.
electerqiuciavolaf lt ehbneat ss'i bcl aancwdkh ite' vahruimaatsnie oenipsnr go ctehses iesqy uei utner estirnii tcst ed
that are deunrctiornuagnn tsemroiefsd sst ecihnoeen . movemeannitdrts o ,a fmrse oevleayv r e ry awnigdurela anrg e
•A subcasrirtiuewarit,te thdhi bena ndwoiftd htvehi siownh iwciht,h ahnbedao ddm yo vemepnrtosva,in du ensl imited
modulcaatreridiis et rsm,eo ldfu lwaititenhdf ormraetliaotnfie edl ofdv ieIwnt. h eel ectronaifi cn ipltrieom cietmsausts,it o n
tot hceo lionurf ormiatnth sieco enn e. bei mpobsyme eda onfasf reamw,i twhhiintc hhpe i cture can
•A sepaardajtaecc aernrtii smeo rd ulwaittehds otuhned b ea nallyisbneyled i ne.
informcaotnitoainitn nh seecd e ne. Thcei neimnad uhsatbsre yei nnt hbeu sionfpe rsess enting
pictausvr iessiu naflo rmfaovtrei romyna nyye aarnshd,a s
Thee yea,sa v iscuoamlm uniscyaestmti',os nea el sa'r gee staball iasrnhgueemd b oefbr a spirci ncTihpel ense.w comers
amoundte tsoaifim lu ltabnyve ioruotsftul hefye a, c ti htta hsa ttot haera trt eh tee leveinsgiionwneh edori nsdo ' tr e-itnhvee nt
sevemriallcl oimomnu nicchaatnionopenel rsai tpnia nrgaa ltl ewlh eel' but,a dvoepmrtayen dy w iospfer litynh,cae in pdl es
aniyn stTahneet l.e ctsriigcntaahllaa srtg e e nerbayt etdh set andtahrhadatsv e ev olivfinel dpm r esenOtnaet tiohofen s.e
milloifso ennssi otnrh esey e paarrpetr loyc eistnsh reeed t incao nctehrsenh sao pfte h fer aImtneh. fie l imn duass ttrayn,d ard
att hbea ck oefy eatn,fhd ue r tphreorc eisnts hebedr ation rectasnhgauwpliaetar hn a spreactt( iaoor f4)( hortiazlo)n:3
provtihdfeea mihluimaaernx perineonrcmeva ilos fTi hoen .( verittsih cea ln)o rsmt.a niTdsshat iriisdgnl e ln eursfaeolt r h e
masosfd etfaoirlm tihnvegi ssucaelcn oen soifvs atrsi aitni omnasip nr odoufc tfitslh imen dudsetsrpyti,hut ese oe fv arious
ligahntds hadceo,l oaunrdb ,e cawuesh ea vtew oe yes,' wisdcer eaenondt' h reart Iiafos sy.s theaamss tanadsapredc t
perspective. ratio att rbaontsham nitdtth htreeee rc epiivcetrsu,ir izese
Pictturraen smiusssienilgoe nc,t mreoanntisocc onveyi rrelTehvreae nltad.ti imveen osfoi bojneisctn th se wfiieblleld
informoafast cieocnnae n,bn eoct a rroiuaetsad s imultanceoorurse ct.
proceemsbsr atchiteno gtfi aelol fdv ieAwn.ty e lecommunTihcefia r­stte levisiocno necnegwriinntteehhde e r stn oe ed
tisoyns tceapmnr ocoenslassy i nigtleoemfi nformaatat ieosnt asbtlainsdhha arnddo rs e astoodn e pafrrottm h 4e: a3r ,
timaen,hd e ntchede a trae latainnvygi sstucoae lmn uesb te partiacsuiw ltaa rsre laylt ihzfiaeltdwm o uclodn stali atrugtee
analyisnse udca h w ayt hatth ceo mplsecteecn aenb e propoorfpt rioognr ammamtee Trhieaeslne.g inweeertrehs e
transamsis tetpeaidrt aetomefs eleicnotfrrmiac.tAa itlto hne team thatth sect raenadftaoetrrdhd w eso rlfidr'rsset g ular
recreti,hv ieen divbiidotufisa n lf ormaarrteei coonv aenrde db roadcastt esleervviiscmiemo enois fnI p 9r3oT6gh.rir asa tio
procesdsiesdp lfaoyr. habse eand opbtyea dlt lh sey sttehmfasot l l,oa wnedd only
recehnatascl hya nbgeeec no nsiidtneh r4ee: rd3a tio.
Earleixepre rismyesnttbeayBml as i srcda ntnhefedr ame
1.S1c anninagn da spectr atio vertiwciatahlna l syp reacttoi fo
I: 2.
Thvei ssucaelin esex plboyre exda mitnhisenm gaa lrleo afs
dettahiaalrt ce o ntaiinin tae,p d r ockensoswa nss cannin1g2.. S tialnld m ovinpgi ctures
Whewner eatdhpe a goefab oooku,r secyiaelntsi bnyle i ne to
extrtahcet v tiostiuanalfl ao trimEolne.c tsrcoannicncai rnrgi Aev sa rioepft iyc tturraen smmiestshihooadnvbs ee enu sfieon r
ouats imillianrel isbncyeap nr octehsdese ,te aniclo untemraendyy e arSst.ip lilc thuarvebese ecno mmuniocvaetre d
beitnrga nsilnatvtooel dtv aagrei atthiacotanb nse u setdo telecommulniinbckymas et aionofasnf a csim(fiaxl)se y stem.
modulatet raa nrsamAditit ottr eherec. e tivhreeer c,e ivTehdpe i cttuor tebr ea nsmiwisrt atperpdoe udan d dr uamn,d
TeleSvtiasniadonanBdr r dosa dScpaescttirnugm
1/2
scanlniebndyel ianste h der uims roatnaaddt veadnw cietdh T hirsa itsheiedn terrfurpetqiutoeo4nn 8 ac,ny id n cretahsee d
eacthu rAntt. h ree ceaip vheort,o -speanpsweirrta,ip vpee sdo und trac5k0 clpeeennrtg .t h by
rouans di midlraurim ss, y nchrornootuapstalesydtl igah t
beawmh iicsmh o dulbaytt ehdre e cesiivgendAa hlisg.h ­
qual2i5t02 y0 m0m p ictcuabrneet ransomvietart evdo ic1e3. Television fpriecqtuuernec y
x
communicciarticinauo binot 1u 2mt i nu(tS�osmm.oe d efranx
scannuesrels i neflaarts cannsiinmgi,tl oaa rno fficeT heen gineheartdsh ew hotoefa s stka bsltiasnhdiantrghd es for
dupli.c)a tor fibrrsota dscyasstte m A(,ss eyTesa tbelme a dopttheed
1.1)
Thdei ffebreetnwsceece ann annitdnr ga nsmoiafss tsoiirlo lna spreacttoi f4o : b3u,t were bcyto hnec epfirrjlnoemec dt ion
movipnigc tiousnr oeeft imTer.a nsmoifas sspitioicnltc lua rne r aotfe2f 4ra meosn/dIsw.tea fcse atrheawdti a,t5 h 0 pHozw er
takaesl onagsw ew isbhu,atm ovifineglo dfv iew bmeu sstu pfprleyq uaennryce ys,i5 d0u aoHlr1z 00 H zp owseurp ply
totsaclalnyin naet di mteh iavste rsyh ocrotm pawriettdhh e ripipntlh ere e cemiivgemhrot d ultahbteee a cmu rroefn tt he
tibmeei tnagkb eyan n myo vemietnnh tfiese olfvd i eIwon.t herd isptluabye aw siutbh- haramt2o 5Hn ziw ch iwcohu ld
worcdosm,p slceatneon fti hneg movimnugs btpes i ofc atsutpr reo dauv cies i'bblaaerc 'r tohspesi ctIuffirl ewm.a bse ing
thwaeta rceo ncewrintehd iwsvh,ia rtt uas atlpililycl,.t urteransamti tfittlhesmedt anrdaaotrfe2d 4 f ramensd/ts,he ec o
Oneo ft hper opeerxthiiebsbi ytt hehedu maeny ei s diffefrreenqcuoeef nH cz1wy o urleds iutnlh tbe a srw eeping
persisotfv einoscnieW. h en theo fi smata pigilecl t ured owitnsh e poinccpteeus rre ec ond.
impreosnts heeedy ree,m oovfta hlve i ssutailm duolenusos t Itwa dse citdhetadht pe i cturweo urblaed t pe2i 5c tures/
resiunal nti mmedcieastseao tfti hoen spiagsnstaeotld hs e secoinnds toefta hfidel rma otf2e 4 I.wt a cso nsidetrheed that
braAinne x.p onleantgta ikpaellsa cear ewlitahlt oitnvige mleye ffoensc otu wnodu nlodbt es eriIowtua fssu. r tchoenrs idered
foart otdaelco afty h iem aTghece.i neemxap ltohieiftsfs be yc tt haitn, etvheeon fit n terfferrotemhn peco ew er ys,au ppl
presentthien gae ytseou ccession( oofrarf m esst)is ltla tpibioacanrtca urrrtoyehs psesi ctwuorubele ld e osfsf entshiavne a
onaef ttehoret heearcf,hr admief fferroitmnhp ger evoinoeu sb asrw eepintgh pedi ocwtanut r 'etb heefa rte'q uoef1np ceyr
onblyyt hceh anignpeo sitainomyno voiofnb gj eicnt fiste hled s econd.
of vTihepewr .e senotfa tfoirnoaenm ea naofttmheuersnr to t
allow fottrih mieem agdee ctaoyb ecoombev iaonuds,
Cl
provtihdaetdp rtehsee nitssau tfifiocrnia epnaitndnld oy tt o o
bTrhieg hipstlit,lci utoalasfucrlni roe oen nstp irminoosnujvu oeecucmcstiee mesonsad ntsi ta isno oct nra. ei enAne d. ·c:cc"' .. 0..- ''I
fraimdser aiwnnpt oos iwtiitlohin gc huottf bfy meoafan s
(,) a. I
rotasthiuntAgts e rst.hh uet otpeertn hsfe,r aimsset ationary (/) "' 3
antdh per ojeicmtaeigdle l umtihnseac treeTseh nes. h utter
cuotfstf hl ei gthhntee, fx rta imdser awnp oisni,ttt ohil eoi nght
isr e-extphorsoetudhg fehr a,ma ensdo o ni nac ontinuous
sequeAng creed.ae toa fel a rwloyrw ki tfihls mh owtehda t, for
l
mospte o,p plarej oectriaaotslne o aws1 0-f-r1a2m es/isse cond
t t
adequaptree sate onc to mipllleuotsfemi oovne ment. A E
Howevaettr hp,ir so jercatatineoo ntp hreorp oeftr hteeyy e
becomseisg niTfhiece ayniest e .x tresmeenlsyti ott ihvee
interrouflp itgaihttot hnr i asta ent,dh vei ewwoeurbl edv ery QlCl
awaorffel icAksae c ro.n useenqtchee, straanatddeao rpdt ed White
foprr ojewcat1si6f or na mseesc/ownedal,bl o tvhena etc essary
fotrhp er esenotfca otnitoinn uous mwoivttehhome we ­nt and� ,
I 0>
le vei llumoifnt ahnodtsasey s, atdome iqnuiamtaien zye
I
awareonffle iscsk er. 5..c... Black
The seeynes ittofli ivciikastef yru ncotpfii ocntb urirgeh tness ::i Tmie
anidn terrruaptttehri,eao ntnee e dtiobn ehg i gihfe rb rightne0s s
iisn creWaistiehmd p.r oveimnpe rnotjsel catmoprs over the
FigurIe. IA six-slciaonnfae fielsdh,o waipnegr dtiusrteo rtion
years,b eflciaacmp kere ormb .lR eaistihnpegr ojection rate
wourledd uflciec kbeuwrto, u rleds uall ta riqgnue arn otfi tyF giur1e.s 1h oaws si m4sp:il3xe -p liicnteu re ocfbo lnasa icskt ing
expenfislibmve eir negq uired. An ionftg heinsib oaourns wash oibltauect kigoranon utdnh vdeo ltoaugtepf urtot mh e
probbleecma am set andfaeradto ufr efia llmpl r ojectsicoann snyisntge ma o dnuer-islncigaTn nhes.e c annihnagas spot
systTehmfiesl .im ds r awnp oisnitwtoii ttohhnle i cguhottfb fy diameeqtueartl h weti odo tfoh n lei naensd,w eeapcsrt ohses
thseh utatspe rre,v ieoxupsllayTi hnseeh du.te txeprot shees p ictfurrome troi agllheotfln tig1 n r,ee turintssst atrpoto iinngt
ligthhtr otuhgfiehl , mc uitotsf rfe,- extpholesi egtshho tru gh displvaecretdbi cyoa nlleli yn e, lsi2wn,ee e sapoons nd d own
thsea mfer a,cm ueitotsf a fn odn tlhye tnh neie sfx rta dmrea wnt hfiee ldv ioetfwol i6n.Ie t t hiersne tutrotn hetedo opft he
intpoo siftoitroh nne e xdto ubelxep o.sT uhrele igihst pictfuotrrhe se e copnidc tsucr,aae nn sdo Tohnev. o ltage
projeacntcdeu odtf tfw idcuer ienagcf hr a.mF eoarp icturoeu tmpaubyte sahso wwintm ahx imum voltpaegaek indicating
projercatotif1eo 6f nr amseesc/otnhiden, t errfurpetqiuoennw chyi atnemd,i nimvuoml tcaogrer esptoobn ldaitcnekgr, m ed
irsa itso3e 2dp esre condt,h ea nvdio sffli ibciiklvseie rtr yy p ositiveo nmI.ona sd uylsatteipmo,l atmrhaiebyt e iy n verted,
much reducdeodu bwtlihilteneh gno oguffitt lh m . sot hmaitn imvuoml teaqguewa hlist em aaxnidmi ubsml ack.
Ast impea ssbeedti,tl elru mcianmiaenn ttso uflsiec,k eaTrnh di s wboenu elgda tmiovdeu l,aa tsie oxnempliintfi heed
reaepapreTdh.i s prwoabssl oelmva eldow nigt ahn othecru rrUeKsn yts It( esmTe abel 1e. T1h)mi.es thoosfd c anning is
concewrinttehhds e o utnrda tchkfia ltm nso wr equiFrieldmt. e rmseeqdu esnctaina,nal in nrdge siuanlv tesor byv ious flicker
wanso t passitnhgpe r tohjresocyutsgothree mn ofuafgsohtr becatuhsfieee lradat nepd i ctfurreeq uaertnehc seya mie.,e .
goosdo uqnuda lTihtseyt .a nwdaacsrh da ntgote hdia ntu se 25p esre cond.
todTahyfe.r armaewt aers a ifsreod1m 6t o2 4f ramseesc/ond.A s cansnyisnwtgae ssmt andawrhdipicrzhoe vdai s diemdi lar
effteotc htde o uble-suhsueitdfint l epmrr jioencgt Iinosnt.e ad
Thvei dseiog1 n/3a l
ofs cantnhileni gni esnse quetnhpceie c,tfi uerilsedsc anbnye dv oltgaegneesr baytt hesedc anonfib nlgaw chki,t eg raenyd
onfiee ulsdi lnign1 3e,a s n 5d,a nads ecosncfida lntl hse gapism abgye st hdleuir nien Ag sp coasnss.ic baolnue t ipssuht o iwnn
re-scatnhnei unfisgei llndig n2 e4,sa n6dT .h iisis n terlaFciuegrdIe . 2.
sacnnianngdc, onsttiwtous tweeseo pfes a cfihe lfdo ar Twoi mporctoannctl uasriifosrneocs mo nsidoefrt ahtiiso n
complpeitcetfi uerlTedh .ih sa tsh sea meef faescd to ublet­ypofev oltwaagveer fm:o
shuttoeffir li,man ngrd a itsheflesi cfkreerq uteo5n 0pc ye r
secdo.n •V oltvaagrei awtiigloelnn se rcaolnlsoyif s t' step' changes
Thien terrruapittmeip ooansl eisam tiitoonn btrhieg htnfersoosmn vea ltuoae n otShmeoro.tt rha nsfirtowimho inttsoe
levaetwl h itchhde i sptluabcyeab ne o perbaetfeofldri ec kebrl aocrfk r,ob ml atcowk h iwtiel,l be rare.
becovmiessi Tbhlreee .l ationsflhiicpak nebbdrer tiwgehe•tn­A Cv oltvaagrei aatreiexo tnrse umnelliyak nedl yrt,ah reei r
neisessx prebsys eFtdeh rer y-lPaowr:t er appearanacreif srmeoai sm gc haatnc rroesgsu lasru cabhsa rs,
fc= F + 12l.o106g B thbel aacnkd wbhaiortnsaet ecsatr d.
wherfce i st he criticbaell owfwhr iecflqhiu cekinescr y
obserFvsie da, consttaovn ite wcrioennlgda itatenidBdo si n s,F iugrIe. 3i llusatnroatithmeepsro rfteaantttuh raaert i ses
thleu minoafn cpeih citguhrlei ghts. frotmh tiyspo efw avefTohrtemw .lo i sncea enascs hh otwh e
Tesotnts h vei ewcionngd iotfi otnesl evishiavoen spaimsceit gvunoraleltsv a agrei aItn(i aao)w n h.i teis shb oaowrnn a
suggeavs taelodufa e b o3u7fto Fra ndw,i t=h 5 0(a isna ll grey obuancadkn,gid rn( bt)h sea moeu tvpoultt vaagrei ation
Europaensadon m oet hseyersm tsap) i,c tfucr e highlsihgohwatgs rvebayal ru eao bnol fab cakc kngdrT.ohu ed ifference
abo1uf0to -oJtambioesbr ttasi ned. betwtehetenw i od enstiigcvnaaalrl i aidtsui teoot n hseb reei ng,
Televsitsainodinant r hUdeSs A adtohpseta emgdee nerailne acahn,a verdaegv eo ltage cTohmedp eo·ln eevnetl.
princTihpepl iecst.ru artweea rse lattoae p do wesru ppldye terpmiicntbeursri eg h.t ness
frequoef6n 0Hc zyr, e suilantp iincgt uorfe3 0pre saret ceo nd
anadl ight-inrtaeotrf6er 0pu epsrte icdoo.Tnnh iisn croefa sWe hite
interrfeurqputeicnoocnmy p,a retdhU eKw r iattrhee ,s ults in a
permiisnscirbelhaeis geh vliainlgb uhy6et . t 8im es.
Thsei x-slyisntieelt mlr uasitFnei dugr Ie. I wouvledr yh aDvCe
--------- ---------------
poopri ctquuraelT ihtpeyi .c thuaarss e h atrrpa nsaitt itohne
edgoefts h bel abcakbr u,t vtohleto augtedp ouetns o t change
(a)
instfarnotmlw yht ihtee t otv habell uaveca kl Autpe o.s iAt ion
(FigIu.rtIeh) se c ansnpion'etgse pse'a wkh iAtset .hs ep ot
reaches attB h ie't s ebheaasrl' f awnhhdia tblelf atchke,
Black Time
outputa h baoelftif hn eg vpaelaauksse h ,o .wT nhoeu topnulty
reacthhevesa luet obd luaeac tpk o siCt.i oDAn,tt h hea lf
valiudsee riavsseh do, wa nntdh ree maionftd hseecr ga inv ae s
whiotuet pTuhtre.e suelffteiicnstg taeperrmtedudir seit oo;nr tWhite
iptr events daentiyan ti hslpem i acltblue rirene gp roduced
acceurlayt.
Ina npyr actteilceavlsi ytsseimto,hnp e i ctquuraelw iitlyl
depeonntd h e aobfti hsleyi stttyeor m e proadttu hcdeei splay
tubaelt lh seh aerdpg aensfid n ed etaTihlir.se qutihree s (b)
scansnpiontgt obs eir zeed uwcieatdc h,o nsequenitn increase
thneu mboeflr i nneesce sfsoaarc r oym pslceoatften h e ofife ld
vieIwit.ss h oiwnns ectIi.to5hn ta htce h anbnaenld wiisd th
deterbmyi nstechdae n snpisonitg z e. Thtehs eps ,otm thael ler Time
morlei ntehasar tre e qufiorarce odm plsectaaenn ,cd h annel
Figu1r.eS3 i mivliadoreu ot spiugtan raselh so iw(nna a)n( db b)u,t with
spaicaseat p remiTuhmim.se a tnhsaa ' tts andsaprsodit'hz aes
diffedreel netv els
tob ec oam probmeitswteeh eaenb iolfti htseyy sttope rmo vide
ap ictquuraelt ihitaasytc pcteabalntedh, me i nimduemm and Thvei dseiog rneaslusf lrtoitmnhs gec anonpienrga tion are
focrh ansnpealSc uec.sh t andaarqreud ost ientd e romfts h e proceasnsudes det doa mplimtoudduelt ahtteer ansmitter
numboeflr i ntehasar tre e quiitnrh eed vdeirmteincfsaoilro onu tpustt.a nAbdlralor add tcraasnts muisatemt, be urftsmi s
complsectaeno nfi netgnh tefii erolefdv iew. emplofyocered r tlaiinankn sfd,o s ra teslylsitteem s.
Thper incoifap mlpelsim toudduel aartweie oklnnl o ,wb nut
14. Thev idesoi ngal
thearrseeo miem pordtiafnfteb reetnwcseeoesun an ndvd i deo
Thvei dseiogd nearlib vyte hcdea meorroa t hsecra ndneivnigc aes m odulastiignnFgai ulgrsIe. .( 4as)h owasna lternating
foarp racbtliacacankld wshyisttweei cmlo ln soifrs atn domc urrveanrti tahtmaiitog nbh emt e asuirtneh aden tesnynsat em
ofs oau tnrda nsmIintittteihrace.la lryri,nis oe mtro dulated,
White theonn e coyfac nal ued miood ulattoinineasg p plTiheed .
famifleiaatoruft r hepisrs o caerses:
•T he unmoduliarsta eddi ,aac tnaiedrtd mrsei aelnre viesl
conswtiaotnrhwt i thout mboedipunrlgea steinotn.
•T he cpaerarlkie evivresa l r aitteh dme o dulfarteiqnuge ncy.
Thaeu dviaor iiacnta iroprnei aevkra lduuersmi ondgu liast ion
termteheden vpeel.o
Time •A no bviloiumesix ti stthsme o idnu lpartoicnweghs esr eby
thcea rpreiaemkru snto t excteehuden mtowdiuclleea vitefel d
Figu1r.e2A possviibdloeeuo t fpruotacm a medruar aio nnge -slcianne d itsortdiutoeocn p l piiintsgob ea voided.
1/T4 eleSvtinasddiasaor nnBd r oadScpaescttirnugm
+
i
Time
----.. IHl-+-1-++++-1,..+-1-++++-1-+.1-+-t+++-Hf+-t++++-1-r1-+1-+++-+1H-t-+11-++++-l'+-H-t+��__.�
Q
/
-r- - - - - - - (a)
l Unmdoluactaerd-r iIer
I
' -"'j -; : :I
+ _,' --�: II I 'III - --I
','- -- ' , -' c_J
-III
1
o-- Time
-I, ,I- -,I
j- ------'I... , I ' I III I I� -, (b)
-I ' ' ,'_
FigureA c1a.r4ri sishe oraw mnp limtoudduel atbeyad na u(dai)o t(obnb)yea v iadnsedio g nal
Fgiurle4. (bs)h owas s imisliatru aittii sao mnp;l ituhdeeie gqhutta otl hs ec ansnpiontg diTahtmeoe ttaelr .n umber of
modulabtyai voind seiog sniamli tloFa irugr e1 .T2h.e squairane 4:sa3 fr rawmiel (l6 6 b)e4= /438I.fe tw ran2s5m it
x
enveilnosop owef ar andcohma raacnttdeh rei,rns eo m ean complpeitcetp uersree sc otnhdse,q uawrielsls cbaeni nne d
carorfci oenrs lteavdneutlr m iondgu laWthienonomn o.d ula1t1­s2s 5ot h4a8t 25= 1200s quawrieblsels caninnoe nde
x
insgi ginpsar le sneotn rta,n somuittiptrsuea trd iated. second.
Sacnning
15. Channbealn dwidth spot
,r-,F,=Ft:::::f-t­ (a)
Iafc arirasim eprl imtoudduelw aittehd, foar k1eH xza mple,
tonteh,rf eree quaernpecr ioedsu tchceead r:r aif reerq,u ency
lowtehrat nhc ea rbryi1k e Hr(z alo wseirfd ereq uye)na,cn ad
frequheingchye trh ceta hrarbniy1 e k rH zI.tf h meo dulating
siginasab la nodff requseunccahisv e osi,m c uesoirvc i dae o,
� White I I I
fbtreaernoqmdsffue ti redbode nal eqnciaudymd ees iiexn,sttgtc eeeirnnebomedsynirtiee nahnahaetegcicssde hghii d hf dd ooereefftste hthqcec ueia ae tnrrnh rrceiiy ee rr, ��ci Bla...Kc k�£'\.-. I .'' /,'" 1 ",Ti1 m• ( eb)
ranogfme o dulfaertqiunegn cies. Figutr.eT5 h sem aldleetstathi aclna b ner esoaltfv uealdml p litude
Theraerse e vewraayilsn w hich thfer ehqiugehnecsyt
compoinneam n otd ulvaitdiseniogg mnaaybl ed eterminTehdre,e sualcct yicnclgoe r restpoto hnsedc sa no nobefl ack
antdh ertehcbehy a nbnaenld hwO.in diets inidFnigi cuartee adn odn weh istqeu aTrheut.shh ei ghmeosdtu lfarteiqnuige sn cy
1.i5wn h i(caih)ts h teol pe ftc-ohrannaedp r i cotcfuo rnes ist1i002/n2g= 60H0z a,n tdh tew soi debandrse qwuaoinur led
ofar eguplaatrto efar lnt ernaatnewd h bisltqaeuc akTr hees .o verrcafh laln nel obf2a n6d00w i1d2t00Hh z .
x
sidoefts h seq uaarreeesq uianll e ntgott hhs ec ansnpiontg We hsaeveetn h tahtpe i ctquura=e lw iotubyle dp ooarn,d
diameatncedor n,s eqtuheoenu ttslpiyugt n al gebnee rsaetveedlr aewclikiylint lnh rgee soloufet digoaenns d dfienteWa ei l.
as ine-,tw hafevr eequbeenicnyg thteh awhtii blgelh eksnto twh attoi, m prroevseo lwuemt uisortne ,d tuhcseec anning
generaatft uealdml p liAtnuyd ed.oe fst maaildlli emre nsisopnodsti ameatnedir nr ceatshene u mboefrs canning lines
winlolgt e nemraaxtiem ouumt put. appprroiaFtoeerlx ya.m pwleeh ,a litvfhes edp odti amoeft er
Consindoewtr hs ei x-pliicnteu re idnsi escct1ui.so3sn,eo du Frgi ur1e.m 1o dewlew, o uhladvt eod oubtlhneeu mber of
whetrhepi isc tiuosrf e ptahtet sehroniw nnFi ugr1e. i5.,e .l ineasc ofmoprpl iecttesu craaenn ,td h etnht eo tnaulm ber of
alternatoefb lsaqacunkwad hr ieesta ec,wh i tawh i datnhd squawroeubsle 1d 2 12 19a2n tdh neu mbesrq uoafr es
x x 41,
=