Teeth (Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology)

388 Pages·2005·0.28 MB·English

by  Simon Hillson

TEETH
SecondEdition
Archaeological discoveries of teeth provide remarkable information on humans, ani-
malsandthehealth,hygieneanddietofancientcommunities.Inthisfullyrevisedand
updatededitionofhisseminaltextSimonHillsondrawstogetheramassofmaterialfrom
archaeology,anthropologyandrelateddisciplinestoprovideacomprehensivemanual
onthestudyofteeth.Therangeofmammalsexaminedhasbeenextendedtoinclude
descriptions and line drawings for 325 mammal genera from Europe, North Africa,
western,centralandnortheasternAsia,andNorthAmerica.Thebookalsointroduces
dentalanatomyandthemicroscopicstructureofdentaltissues,exploreshowtheage
orseasonofdeathisestimatedandlooksatvariationsintoothsizeandshape.Withits
detaileddescriptionsofthetechniquesandequipmentusedanditsprovisionoftables
andcharts,thisbookisessentialreadingforstudentsofarchaeology,zoologyanddental
science.
Simon Hillson is Professor of Bioarchaeology at the Institute of Archaeology,
UniversityCollegeLondon.HispreviouspublicationsincludeTeeth(Cambridge,1986),
MammalBonesandTeeth(1992),andDentalAnthropology(Cambridge,1996).
CAMBRIDGE MANUALS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
GeneralEditor
GraemeBarker,UniversityofCambridge
AdvisoryEditors
ElizabethSlater,UniversityofLiverpool
PeterBogucki,PrincetonUniversity
CambridgeManualsinArchaeologyisaseriesofreferencehandbooksdesignedforaninternational
audienceofupper-levelundergraduateandgraduatestudents,andprofessionalarchaeologistsand
archaeologicalscientistsinuniversities,museums,researchlaboratoriesandfieldunits.Eachbook
includesasurveyofcurrentarchaeologicalpracticealongsideessentialreferencematerialon
contemporarytechniquesandmethodology.
Booksintheseries
CliveOrton,PaulTyers,andAlanVince,pottery in archaeology
R.LeeLyman,vertebrate taphonomy
PeterG.Dorrell,photography in archaeology and conservation, 2nd edn
A.G.Brown,alluvial geoarchaeology
CherylClaasen,shells
ElizabethJ.ReitzandElizabethS.Wing,zooarchaeology
CliveOrton,sampling in archaeology
SteveRoskams,excavation
SimonHillson,teeth, 2nd edn
WilliamAndrefskeyJr.,lithics, 2nd edn
TEETH
SecondEdition
Simon Hillson
InstituteofArchaeology,UniversityCollegeLondon
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Cambridge University Press
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© Cambridge University Press 1986, 2005
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CONTENTS
Listoffigures page viii
Listoftables xii
Preface xiii
INTRODUCTION 1
1 TOOTH FORM IN MAMMALS 7
Whatisincluded 7
Generalstructure 8
Form,functionandidentification 13
SubclassesEutheria,PrototheriaandMetatheria 19
OrderMarsupialia 19
OrderInsectivora 20
OrderChiroptera 29
SuborderMicrochiroptera 29
SuborderMegachiroptera 40
OrderPrimates 42
OrderCarnivora 45
OrderPinnipedia 63
OrderCetacea 69
SuborderOdontoceti 69
OrderRodentia 73
OrderLagomorpha 110
OrderEdentataandOrderPholidota 111
OrderTubulidentata 117
OrderProboscidea 117
OrderSirenia 120
OrderHyracoidea 122
OrderPerissodactyla 122
OrderArtiodactyla 128
SuborderSuiformes 128
SuborderRuminantia(Pecora) 132
SuborderTragulina 143
SuborderTylopoda 143
Conclusions 145
v
vi Contents
2 DENTAL TISSUES 146
Theinorganiccomponentsofdentaltissues 146
Theorganiccomponentofdentaltissues 148
Chemistryandphysicsofdentaltissuesinarchaeology 150
Dentalenamel 155
Dentine 184
Cement 193
Resorptionofrootandcrown 198
Preparationtechniques 199
Camerasandlightmicroscopes 201
Scanningelectronmicroscopy 205
Conclusion 206
3 TEETH AND AGE 207
Growth 207
Toothwear 214
Microwear 219
Ageestimationfromdentaldevelopment,eruptionandwearin
differentordersofmammals 223
Circum-annuallayeringincementanddentine 245
Otherage-relatedhistologicalchanges 255
Conclusion 255
4 SIZE AND SHAPE 257
Size,shapeandpopulations 257
Measurablevariation 260
Non-metricalvariation 272
Occlusionandmalocclusion 281
Conclusion 284
5 DENTAL DISEASE 286
Dentalplaque 286
Dentalcalculus 288
Dentalcaries 290
Immunityandinflammation 303
Trauma 314
Anomaliesoferuption,resorptionsandabrasions 315
Cysts,odontomesandtumours 316
Conclusion–palaeoepidemiologyandrecording 317
Contents vii
APPENDIX A THE GRANT DENTAL
ATTRITION AGE ESTIMATION METHOD 319
References 323
Index 364
FIGURES
1.1. Toothandperiodontium. page9
1.2. Thedentalarcade,usingTalpaasanexample. 11
1.3. Tribosphenicmolarcrowns. 14
1.4. Variationsontribosphenicform. 16
1.5. Didelphispermanentdentitions. 21
1.6. Talpidae(excludingdesmans),upperpermanentdentitions. 22
1.7. Talpidae(excludingdesmans),lowerpermanentdentitions. 23
1.8. Talpidae(desmans),permanentdentitions. 24
1.9. Erinaceus,permanentdentitions. 26
1.10. Soricidae,permanentdentitions. 27
1.11. Soricidae,variationinunicuspids. 28
1.12. Elephantulus,permanentdentitions. 29
1.13. Vespertilionidae,upperpermanentdentitions. 31
1.14. Vespertilionidae,lowerpermanentdentitions. 32
1.15. MolossidaeandRhinopomatidae,permanentdentitions. 33
1.16. EmballonuridaeandMormoopidae,permanentdentitions. 35
1.17. NycteridaeandRhinolophidae,permanentdentitions. 36
1.18. Phyllostomatidae,NewWorldfruitbatspermanentdentitions. 38
1.19. Phyllostomatidae,nectarfeederspermanentdentitions. 39
1.20. Phyllostomatidae,Macrotuspermanentdentitions. 40
1.21. Desmodontidae,permanentdentitions. 41
1.22. Natalidae,permanentdentitions. 42
1.23. Pteropodidae,OldWorldfruitbatpermanentdentitions. 43
1.24. Cercopothecidae,permanentdentitions. 45
1.25. Hominidae,humanpermanentanddeciduousdentitions. 46
1.26. Carnivorecanines. 47
1.27. Canidae,Canispermanentanddeciduousdentitions. 48
1.28. Canidae,upperpermanentdentitions. 49
1.29. Canidae,lowerpermanentdentitions. 50
1.30. Viverridae,permanentdentitions. 52
1.31. Mustelidae,small-sized(weasels,stoats,polecatsandmartens)
permanentdentitions. 53
1.32. Mustelidae,skunkpermanentdentitions. 54
1.33. Mustelidae,medium-sized(badgersandotter)permanent
dentitions. 55
viii
Listoffigures ix
1.34. Mustelidae,large-sized(wolverine,badgersandseaotter)
permanentdentitions. 56
1.35. Hyaenidae,permanentdentitions. 58
1.36. Felidae,Felispermanentanddeciduousdentitions. 59
1.37. Felidae,bigcatpermanentdentitions. 60
1.38. Ursidae,upperpermanentdentitions. 61
1.39. Ursidae,lowerpermanentdentitions. 62
1.40. Ursidae,Ailuropodapermanentdentitions. 63
1.41. Procyonidae,permanentdentitions. 64
1.42. Pinnipedia,permanentanddeciduousdentitions 65
1.43. Otariidae,permanentdentitions. 66
1.44. Phocidae,permanentdentitions. 68
1.45. Odobenus,permanentdentitions. 69
1.46. Odontoceti,Ziphiidae,lowerteeth. 70
1.47. Odontoceti.Narwhaltusk,large,medium-sizedandsmall
whales,dolphinsandporpoises. 72
1.48. Muridae,Rattusupperandlowerpermanentdentitions. 73
1.49. Muridae,upperpermanentcheekteeth. 76
1.50. Muridae,lowerpermanentcheekteeth. 77
1.51. Cricetidae,isometricviewsofCricetuspermanentcheekteeth. 79
1.52. Cricetidae,occlusalviewsofpermanentcheekteeth. 80
1.53. Hesperomyidae,isometricviewsofpermanentcheekteeth. 81
1.54. Hesperomyidae,occlusalviewsofpermanentcheekteeth. 82
1.55. Gerbillinae,upperpermanentcheekteeth. 83
1.56. Gerbillinae,lowerpermanentcheekteeth. 84
1.57. Microtinae,isometricviewsofupperpermanentcheekteeth. 86
1.58. LargeMicrotinae,occlusalviewsofpermanentcheekteeth. 87
1.59. Medium-sizedMicrotinae,occlusalviewsofupperpermanent
cheekteeth. 88
1.60. Medium-sizedMicrotinae,occlusalviewsoflowerpermanent
cheekteeth. 89
1.61. SmallMicrotinae,occlusalviewsofpermanentcheekteeth. 90
1.62. Zapodidae,permanentcheekteeth. 92
1.63. Dipodidae,upperpermanentcheekteeth. 93
1.64. Dipodidae,lowerpermanentcheekteeth. 94
1.65. Heteromyidae,permanentcheekteeth. 96
1.66. CtenodactylidaeandGeomyidae,permanentcheekteeth. 97
1.67. Spalacidae,permanentcheekteeth. 99
1.68. Erethizon,permanentcheekteeth. 100
1.69. Erethezontidae,Castoridae,HystricidaeandAplodontidae,
permanentcheekteeth. 101
1.70. Sciuridae,small,lowercrownedgroundandtreesquirrels. 103
1.71. Sciuridae,large,highercrownedgroundandtreesquirrels. 104