Technologies and Systems for Access and Transport Networks (Artech House Mobile Communications)

351 Pages·2007·1.93 MB·English

by  Jan A. Audestad

Technologies and Systems for Access
and Transport Networks
For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Mobile
Communications Series, turn to the back of this book.
Technologies and Systems for Access
and Transport Networks
Jan A. Audestad
artechhouse.com
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress.
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ISBN-13: 978-1-59693-299-9
Cover design by Igor Valdman
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To my wife Synnøve

Contents
Preface xv
CHAPTER 1
Introduction 1
1.1 Evolution of Telecommunications 1
1.2 What Is Important Knowledge: Generic Technologies or
Detailed System Overviews? 3
1.3 Composition of the Text 5
CHAPTER 2
Networks and Services 9
2.1 Access, Transport, and Platform 9
2.1.1 Transport of Bits 9
2.1.2 Routing 10
2.1.3 Mobility 10
2.2 Types of Networks 11
2.2.1 Transport (or Backbone) Network 11
2.2.2 Access Networks 11
2.3 Stupid and Intelligent Networks 13
2.3.1 Concept 13
2.3.2 A Note on the Protocol Structure of the Internet 14
2.3.3 The Line of Demarcation Between Network and
Application in the Internet 16
2.3.4 Network Neutrality 18
2.3.5 The Commercial Life Below the Demarcation Line 19
2.3.6 Is There Any Business for the Network Operator
Above the Demarcation Line? 22
2.4 Overlay Access 23
2.5 Domains and Interworking 24
2.6 Heterogeneity 25
2.7 Real-Time and Nonreal-Time Systems 27
2.8 Backward Compatibility 28
2.8.1 Commercial Reasons 29
2.8.2 Technological Reasons 30
2.8.3 Political Reasons 30
vii
viii Contents
2.9 Standards 30
2.10 Access to the Common: Regulation of the Utilization of
the Frequency Spectrum 33
CHAPTER 3
Synchronization 37
3.1 Definitions 37
3.1.1 Synchronous 37
3.1.2 Asynchronous 37
3.1.3 Plesiochronous 38
3.1.4 Isochronous 39
3.1.5 Anisochronous 39
3.2 Reality Is Not So Simple: Bits, Words, Envelopes, and Frames 39
3.3 How to Acquire Synchronism: Phase-Locked Loop 43
3.3.1 Description of the Loop 43
3.3.2 Applications 45
3.4 Synchronization in Synchronous Networks 50
3.4.1 What Type of Synchronization Is Required? 50
3.4.2 Clock Hierarchies 51
3.4.3 Master-Slave (Link-by-Link) Synchronization 52
3.4.4 Signal Restoration: Elastic Store 53
3.5 Interconnection of Plesiochronous Networks: Application of
Elastic Store 54
3.6 Synchronization of Envelopes of Constant Length 55
3.6.1 Direct Acquisition and Tracking of Envelopes 55
3.6.2 Acquisition and Tracking Using Error Detection:
ATM Synchronization 57
3.7 Synchronization of Radio Systems 60
3.7.1 General Synchronization Sequences in TDMA and
Random Access Systems 60
3.7.2 GSM: Timing Advance Procedure 62
3.7.3 Wireless LAN: Finding the Information in Sporadically
Transmitted Frames 66
3.7.4 Satellite Systems: Managing Long Delays 67
3.7.5 Application of Scrambling and Interleaving 71
CHAPTER 4
Multiplexing 73
4.1 Multiplex Structures 73
4.2 Static Multiplexing: Frequency Division Multiplexing 74
4.2.1 Principle 74
4.2.2 Translation of Channels 74
4.2.3 Multiplexers and Demultiplexers 77
4.2.4 Distortion in FDM and WDM Systems: Intermodulation 78
4.2.5 Frequency Division Multiplexing in ADSL 80
4.3 Static Multiplexing: Time Division Multiplexing 82
4.3.1 Principle 82
Contents ix
4.3.2 Interleaving Patterns 82
4.3.3 European First-Order Multiplex 83
4.3.4 Higher-Order Multiplex 85
4.3.5 TDM Frame Alignment in Higher-Order Systems 86
4.4 Static Multiplexing: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy 87
4.4.1 Background 87
4.4.2 Multiplexing Structure 88
4.4.3 Compromise: Large Overhead Versus Flexibility 89
4.4.4 Pointer Mechanisms and Floating Payloads 90
4.4.5 Rate Adjustment of Plesiochronous Signals 93
4.4.6 Control Headers 94
4.5 Statistical Multiplexing 94
4.5.1 Invariant Frame Structure 95
4.5.2 Delimitation by Frame-Length Indicators 96
4.5.3 Delimitation by Flags 99
CHAPTER 5
Multiple Access 101
5.1 Multiple Access Techniques 101
5.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access 102
5.3 Time Division Multiple Access 104
5.4 Slow Frequency Hopping Code Division Multiple Access 106
5.5 Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access 109
5.5.1 Coding Gain 109
5.5.2 Autocorrelation Properties 111
5.5.3 Composition of a DS-CDMA Transceiver 112
5.5.4 Interference and Channel Capacity 113
5.5.5 Power Control 114
5.5.6 Autocorrelation, Acquisition, and Tracking 115
5.5.7 Multipath Diversity 116
5.5.8 Application of DS-CDMA 116
5.6 Fast Frequency Hopping CDMA 116
5.7 Comparison of FDMA, TDMA, and DS-CDMA 117
5.8 Space Division Multiple Access 118
5.9 Random Access: Basic Theory and Applications 119
5.9.1 Aloha Techniques 119
5.9.2 Application of Simple Aloha Techniques: INMARSAT
and GSM 121
5.9.3 Application of Carrier Sense Multiple Access: Ethernet 124
5.9.4 Application of Carrier Sense Multiple Access: WLAN 125
5.10 Random Access: Stochastic Behavior and Dynamic
Control Procedures 127
5.10.1 Stochastic Behavior 127
5.10.2 Control Procedures 131
5.10.3 Application of the Control Procedures 132