Table Of ContentМинистерство образования и науки Российской Федерации
Сибирский федеральный университет
ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК
TECHNICAL ENGLISH
Учебно-методическое пособие
Электронное издание
Красноярск
СФУ
2015
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УДК 811.111:62(07)
ББК 81.432.1я73
И683
Составители: Ступина Татьяна Владимировна
Арямнова Марина Анатольевна
И683 Иностранный язык. Technical English : учеб.-метод. пособие [Элек-
тронный ресурс] / сост. : Т. В. Ступина, М. А. Арямнова. – Электрон.
дан. – Красноярск : Сиб. федер. ун-т, 2015. – Систем. требования : PC не
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Предназначено для студентов бакалавриата, обучающихся по направлениям:
15.03.01 Машиностроение, 15.03.03 Прикладная механика, 15.03.05 Конструктор-
ско-технологическое обеспечение машиностроительных производств.
УДК 811.111:62(07)
ББК 81.432.1я73
© Сибирский федеральный
университет, 2015
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CONTENTS
PART 1............................................................................................................................................. 4
1. DRAWING TYPES AND SCALES ....................................................................................... 4
2. INITIAL DESIGN PHRASE .................................................................................................. 6
3. DESIGN OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................... 9
4. LINEAR DIMENSIONS ....................................................................................................... 12
5. CENTERLINES AND OFFSETS ......................................................................................... 14
6. KEY DIMENSIONS OF CIRCLES ..................................................................................... 16
7. PRECISION AND TOLERANCE ....................................................................................... 18
8. DECIMALS AND FRACTIONS .......................................................................................... 20
PART 2. SUPPLEMENTARY TEXTS ........................................................................................ 23
1. TESTING ENGINEER ......................................................................................................... 23
2. METHODS OF DEFORMATION ....................................................................................... 24
3. SOLID AND FLUID STATES – PLASTICITY AND VISCOSITY ................................... 24
4. BEHAVIOR OF MATTER UNDER HIGH PRESSURE .................................................... 25
5. VISCOSITY (PART 1) ......................................................................................................... 26
6. VISCOSITY (PART 2) ......................................................................................................... 26
7. LIMITING STATES OF STRESS ........................................................................................ 27
8. PROBLEM OF PLASTIC TORSION. EXPERIMENTAL REPRESENTATION
OF STRESS DISTRIBUTION .................................................................................................. 28
APPENDIX .................................................................................................................................... 29
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PART 1
1. DRAWING TYPES AND SCALES
In engineering, most design information is shown on drawings. Today,
drawings are generally not drawn by hand. They are produced on computer, using
CAD (computer-aided design) system.
A key factor on a drawing is the scale – that is, the size of items on the draw-
ing in relation to their real size. When all the items on a drawing are shown relative
to their real size, the drawing is drawn to scale, and can be called a scale drawing.
An example of a scale is 1:10 (one to ten). At 1:10, an object with a length of 100
mm in real life would measure 10 mm on the drawing.
Most engineering designs consist of a set of drawings (a number of related
drawings):
– General arrangement (GA) drawings show whole devices or structures,
using a small scale. This means objects on the drawing are small, relative to their
real size (for example, a 1:100 drawing of an entire building).
– Detail drawings show parts in detail, using a large scale, such as 1:5 or
1:2. Small parts are sometimes shown in a detail as actual size (1:1), or can be en-
larged to bigger than actual size (for example, 2:1).
For electrical circuits, and pipe and duct networks, it is helpful to show de-
signs in a simplified form. In this case, schematic drawings (often referred to as
schematics) are used. An everyday example is the map of a train network.
Note: When written, drawing is often abbreviated to dwg.
CAD is pronounced as a word: [kæd].
Types of views used on drawings
Technicians are discussing different views shown on drawings (looking at
components from above, from the side, etc.), as they search for the information
they require.
We need a view from above showing the general arrangement of all of
the root panels – a plan of the whole area.
According to this list, there are elevations of all four sides of the machine
on drawing 28. So one of those should show the front of the machine.
There should be a section through We need an exploded view of the mecha-
the pipe, showing the valve inside, nism, showing the components spaced out.
on drawing 36.
It’s hard to visualize this assembly, based on two-dimensional elevations and sections.
It would be clearer if we had a three-dimensional view, as either an oblique projection
or an isometric projection.
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In non-technical, everyday English, engineering drawings are often called
plans. Section is the short form of cross-section, and is commonly used in tech-
nical contexts. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional are often shortened to 2D
and 3D.
Three-dimensional drawings
An oblique projection shows an object with one of its faces at the front. The
3D shape of the object is shown by lines at 45 degrees from the horizontal.
An isometric projection shows an object with one of its corners at the front.
The 3D shape of the object is shown by lines at 30 degrees from the horizontal.
An exploded view shows an assembly with its components spaced out, to
show out, to show how the components fit together.
Exercises
1. Complete the sentences.
1. Enlarged drawings show components larger than their ………. .
2. For engineering drawings, 1:5 is a commonly used ………. .
3. Whole machines or structures are shown on ………. .
4. Electrical drawings don’t usually show sizes. They are shown as ………. .
5. A ………. of drawings for a large project can consist of hundreds of pages.
6. Most drawings are produced on computers, using ………. software.
2. Match the descriptions (1-6) with the name of views used on drawings (a-f).
1. a 2D view of the side of an object a. a plan
2. a 2D view inside an object, as if it is cut through b. a section
3. a 2D view, looking down on top of an object c. an isometric projection
4. a 3D view, showing an assembly taken to pieces d. an oblique projection
5. a 3D view, with the 2D face of the object at the front e. an exploded view
6. a 3D view, with a corner of the object at the front f. an elevation
3. Complete the sentences, taken from conversations about drawings using
the words and abbreviations in the box.
3D detail elevation GA plan scale schematic section
1. We need a ………. through the bridge, showing the profile of the desk.
2. The only drawing we have is the ………. , which is 1: 100, so it obviously
doesn’t show things in detail.
3. On drawing 12, there is large ………. of the entire top deck of the ship.
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4. This is the ………. showing the front face of the tower.
5. Modern CAD systems can produce ………. drawings that look almost as
Realistic as photographs.
6. We don’t need dimensions and positions at this stage. We just need
a………. showing how many branches come off main supply pipe.
7. We don’t have a proper drawing. We have just got a rough sketch, which
is not to ………. .
8. The fixings aren’t shown on the 1:50 general arrangement. But there is a
………. , at 1:5, on drawing 42.
GET REAL
Imagine you are in a meeting at the start of a project. You and your colleagues are
about to begin work on the design of a device, installation or structure you are fa-
miliar with. What types of drawing will be needed to communicate the design?
2. INITIAL DESIGN PHRASE
A structural engineer from a firm of consulting engineers has sent an email to
a more senior colleague, with an update on a project a new airport terminal.
Stefan,
We had our first design meeting with the airport authority and the archi-
tect yesterday. As you know, the client just gave the architect a short list of es-
sential requirements for the terminal, so the design brief was pretty open. As a
result, the ideas he is come up with form quite an adventurous concept.
However, things are still at an early stage – there are no scale drawings
yet, just eight sketches showing roughly what he wants the building to look
like. So it wasn’t possible to assess the design in detail. The next step is for the
architect to develop the sketches into preliminary drawings. These are due at
the end of April.
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Collaborative development
When a design team consists of engineers and consultant from different or-
ganizations, the design development process needs to be carefully co-ordinated.
Before the first draft (version) of a drawing is sent to members of the team, a
decision is made about who needs a copy. Sometimes, a drawing will only be is-
sued to certain specialists in the team. Sometimes, it will be circulated to all the
team members.
After team members have received a drawing, they can comment on it, and
may ask for the design to be changed. Following these comments, the drawing will
be revised – that is, drawn again with the requested changes made to it. Every
drawing is numbered, and each time a drawing amended (revised), the letter next
to the drawing number is changed. Therefore drawing 110 A, after a revision, be-
come 110B. When revision B is issued, it becomes the current drawing, and A is
superseded. With each new revision, written notes are added to the drawing. These
describe the amendments that have been made.
When engineers revise drawings during the early stages of the design pro-
cess, they may have to go back to the drawing board (start again), and redesign
concepts completely. For later revisions, the design should only need to be refined
slightly.
After a preliminary drawing has been finally approved (accepted), a senior
engineer can sign off (authorize) the drawing as a working drawing – that is, one
that the production or construction team can work to. However, this does not al-
ways mean the drawing will be final. Often, working drawings go through more re-
visions to resolve problems during production.
Pre – production phase
Design brief Rough Preliminary Working
sketches drawings drawings
1. Find words in the text opposite with the following meanings.
1. A description of design objectives
2. A rough, hand-drawn illustration
3. An initial diagram, requiring further development
4. An overall design idea
2. Put the words in the box into the table to make groups of verbs with simi-
lar meanings.
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amend circulate redesign revise supersede
approve issue refine sign off
1 2 3 4
change send out accept replace
improve distribute agree
Exercises
1. Choose the correct words from the brackets to complete the sentences
about drawings.
1. Has the drawing been revised, or is this the first (draft/refine)?
2. This has been superseded. It is not the (current/preliminary) drawing.
3. Has this drawing been signed off? Can they (circulate/work) to it in the
factory?
4. I still need to (comment/note) on the latest set of drawings.
5. Construction can not start until the first (current/working) drawings have
been issued.
2. Complete the email using the correct forms of the words in the box.
amendment current draft issue note revision supersede work
There seems to be a problem with dwg 1120, which you (1) ..……. yesterday.
The drawing is marked as (2) ..……. C, but there are no (3) ..……. in the
right-hand column detailing the (4) ..……. made. And on the actual drawing,
there are no visible differences from the first (5) ..……. . Has the (6)
..……. version (1120) been sent accidently, incorrectly labelled as 1120C, in-
stead of the new drawing? Please advise asap, as we are assuming this is not
the (7) ..……. drawing, and I have therefore told the fabrication team not to (8)
..……. to it until we receive clarification.
GET REAL
Think about design development on a project you have worked on, or no a type of
project you know about. Describe the key stages from the design brief to the issue
and ongoing revision of working drawings. Say how designers, consultants and
production teams are involved at each stage of the process, and explain what proce-
dures are used.
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3. DESIGN OBJECTIVES
The web page below is from a manufacturing company’s intranet.
Company design procedure – the design brief
A design brief for the proposed product should be drawn up by the project
engineer. This should consist of a detailed list of technical objectives which the
design team must work to, in order to produce a design solution.
Key elements of the brief are:
Function – the product is intended use (what it is designed to do), in-
cluding performance targets (strength, power, durability, etc.).
Constraints – limits on the design (for example, it must not exceed a
maximum size or weight limit).
Comparative targets – how well the product should perform, compared
with existing models (competing products already on the market, or the current
model that the new product will replace).
Design features – specific things the new design must have (for exam-
ple, rechargeable batteries, or a lid with a lock).
Budget – the cost limits that must not be exceeded, in order to make the
design cost – effective.
Design calculations
Design information is shown on drawings, and written is specifications –
documents which describe the materials, sizes and technical requirements of com-
ponents. In order to specify this detailed information, an engineer must evaluate
– that is, identify and calculate – the loads (forces) that key components will have
to carry. To do this, the engineer needs to determine (identify) the different loads,
then quantify them – that is, calculate them in number form. Usually, each load is
quantified based on a worst – case scenario – in other words, the engineer will al-
low for the maximum load, such as an aircraft making a very hard landing, or a
bridge being hit by extremely high winds.
After maximum loads have been quantified, an engineer will apply a factor
of safety. This is extra margin to make the component strong enough to carry loads
that are higher than the worst – case scenario. For example, a factor of 1.5 increases
the load a component can carry by 50%. After this has been factored in, the engi-
neer will then size the components – that is, calculate their required size.
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Engineers are sometimes criticized because they overdesign things
(add excessive factors of safety), which increases costs. However, according to
Murphy’s Law, ‘Anything that can go wrong will.’ This suggests that belt and
braces – an expression often used in engineering, based on the safest method of
holding up trousers – is a sensible approach.
Exercises
1. Complete the sentences from technical conversations using the words in
the box.
budget cost – effective exceed feature proposed
constraint designed existing function
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Of course, money is limited. Cost limitations are always a ……………… .
But some finance is available. A ……………… has been allocated for the
preliminary design phase – a total of $ 35,000. But we mustn’t
……………… that amount.
2
Obviously, if we have to spend €80 on components for each appli‐
ance, and the appliances are sold for €70, that’s not a ………………
design solution.
3
The ……………… of this detector is to locate underground cables by
giving audio feedback. Since it is ……………… to be used is noisy envi‐
ronment, the earphone is an important ……………… .
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Are these already on the market – are they ……………… products?
Or are we talking about ……………… products that are still under de‐
velopment?
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