Teach Yourself Borland C++ 4 - Angelfire

942 Pages·1996·6.04 MB·English

by  Sams Publishing

Teach Yourself
Borland(cid:226) C++ 4
in 21 Days

Namir Clement Shammas
Craig Arnush
Edward Mulroy

A Division of Macmillan Computer Publishing
201 West 103rd Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46290
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21
Teach Yourself Borland C++ 4 in 21 Days
To my nephew, Julian Aziz—Namir Clement Shammas
To Bzrblt, who kept me company—Craig Arnush
To Marie—Edward Mulroy
Copyright © 1994 by Sams Publishing
FIRST EDITION
FIRST PRINTING—1994
All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent
liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein.
Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the
publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Neither is
any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information
contained herein. For information, address Sams Publishing, a division of
Macmillan Computer Publishing, 201 W. 103rd St., Indianapolis, IN 46290.
International Standard Book Number: 0-672-30483-X
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 94-65309
97 96 95 94 4 3 2 1
Interpretation of the printing code: the rightmost double-digit number is the year
of the book’s printing; the rightmost single-digit, the number of the book’s
printing. For example, a printing code of 94-1 shows that the first printing of the
book occurred in 1994.
Composed in AGaramond and MCPdigital by Macmillan Computer Publishing
Printed in the United States of America
Trademarks
All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service
marks have been appropriately capitalized. Sams Publishing cannot attest to the
accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as
affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Borland C++ is a registered
trademark of Borland International, Inc.
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Publisher
Richard K. Swadley
Associate Publisher Technical Reviewer Dennis Sheehan
Jordan Gold Bob Arnson Sue VandeWalle
Acquisitions Marketing Manager Production
Manager Gregg Bushyeager Steve Adams
Stacy Hiquet Nick Anderson
Cover Designer Carol Bowers
Managing Editor Dan Armstrong Ayrika Bryant
Kim Cofer
Cindy Morrow
Terri Edwards
Book Designer
Greg Kemp
Acquisitions Editor Michele Laseau Betty Kish
Grace Buechlein Jamie Milazzo
Director of Wendy Ott
Development Editor Production and Shelly Palma
Dean Miller Manufacturing Chad Poore
Jeff Valler Beth Rago
Production Editor Michelle Self
Deborah Frisby Imprint Manager Susan Shepard
S A Springer
Juli Cook
Rebecca Tapley
Copy Editor
Joe Williams Manufacturing
Indexers
Coordinator
Editorial and Paul Gilchrist
Graphics
Coordinator Production Analysts
Bill Whitmer Dennis Clay Hager
Mary Beth Wakefield
Editorial Assistants
Carol Ackerman Graphics Image
Sharon Cox Specialists
Lynette Quinn Tim Montgomery
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About This Book
This book is designed to help you teach yourself the new and necessary aspects of programming
with Borland C++ 4. In 21 days, you’ll learn about such fundamentals as the Borland C++ 4
environment, managing I/O, loops and arrays, object-oriented programming, and creating
basic OWL applications—all in well-structured and easy-to-follow lessons. Each lesson
provides a sample listing—complete with sample output and an analysis of the code—to
illustrate the topics of the day. Syntax examples are clearly marked for handy reference.
To help you become more proficient, each lesson ends with a set of common questions and
answers, exercises, and a quiz. You can check your progress by examining the quiz answers
provided in the book’s appendix.
Who Should Read This Book
You don’t need any previous experience in programming to learn Borland C++ with this book.
You’ll find the numerous examples of syntax and detailed analysis of code an excellent guide
as you begin your journey into this rewarding environment. If you have programmed before
or have some familiarity with C++, you will see that this book treats many important new
features of the Borland product. Whether you are just beginning or need only to learn the latest
about Borland C++ 4, this book’s clear organization makes doing so fast and easy.
Conventions
Note: These boxes highlight information that can make your Borland C++ 4
programming more efficient and effective.

Warning: These boxes focus your attention on problems or side effects that can
occur in specific situations.

New Term: These boxes provide clear definitions of essential terms.
DO DO use the “Do/Don’t” boxes to find a quick summary of a fundamental
DON’T principle in a lesson.
DON’T overlook the useful information offered in these boxes.

This book uses various typefaces to help you distinguish C++ code from regular English .
Actual C++ code is typeset is a special monospace font. Placeholders—words or characters
used to represent the real words or characters you would type in code—are typeset in italic
monospace. New or important terms are typeset in italic.
In the listings in this book, each real code line is numbered. If you see an unnumbered line
in a listing, you’ll know that the unnumbered line is really a continuation of the preceding
numbered code line (some code lines are too long for the width of the book).
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Teach Yourself Borland C++ 4 in 21 Days
Charlotte Clapp
Jennifer Eberhardt
Overview
Introduction xxv
Week 1 at a Glance 1
Day 1 Getting Started 3

2 C++ Program Components 53
3 Operators and Expressions 83

4 Managing I/O 117
5 The Decision-Making Constructs 131
6 Loops 153
7 Arrays 175

Week 1 in Review 213

Week 2 at a Glance 217
Day 8 User-Defined Types and Pointers 219

9 Strings 253
10 Advanced Function Parameters 285

11 Object-Oriented Programming and C++ Classes 319
12 Basic Stream File I/O 357
13 The C++ string Class 391
14 Programming Windows with OWL 2.0 419
Week 2 in Review 447
Week 3 at a Glance 451
Day 15 Basic Windows 453
16 OWL Controls 473
17 Grouped Controls 505
18 List Box Controls 521
19 Scroll Bars and Combo Boxes 553
20 Dialog Boxes 581
21 MDI Windows 601
Week 3 in Review 631
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Extra Credit Bonus Section
Bonus 1 Debugging 633
2 Visual Programming 649
3 Using the Application Expert 715
4 Generating MDI Applications with AppExpert 769
5 Using the ClassExpert 817
6 Common Dialog Boxes 865
Appendix
Appendix A Answers 913
Index 949
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Contents
Introduction xxv
Week 1 at a Glance 1
Day 1 Getting Started 3
The Basics of C++ Programs.......................................................................4
Loading the Borland C++ IDE...................................................................5
An Overview of the Borland C++ IDE .......................................................5
The File Menu.......................................................................................7
The Edit Menu....................................................................................11
The Search Menu................................................................................14
The View Menu ..................................................................................19
The Project Menu ...............................................................................28
The Debug Menu................................................................................34
The Tool Menu...................................................................................35
The Options Menu..............................................................................36
The Window Menu.............................................................................41
The Help Menu...................................................................................42
The EasyWin Applications .......................................................................43
Your First C++ Program...........................................................................44
Exiting the IDE........................................................................................48
Summary..................................................................................................48
Q&A........................................................................................................49
Workshop ................................................................................................50
Quiz ....................................................................................................50
Exercise................................................................................................51
2 C++ Program Components 53
Predefined Data Types in Borland C++ 4.0..............................................54
Naming Items in Borland C++ 4.0...........................................................56
The #include Directive..............................................................................56
Declaring Variables...................................................................................57
Declaring Constants.................................................................................59
Using Macro-Based Constants.............................................................61
Using Formal Constants......................................................................62
Declaring and Prototyping Functions.......................................................64
Local Variables in Functions.....................................................................67
Static Variables in Functions ....................................................................68
Inline Functions .......................................................................................70
Exiting Functions.....................................................................................72
Default Arguments...................................................................................72
Function Overloading ..............................................................................75
Summary..................................................................................................78
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Teach Yourself Borland C++ 4 in 21 Days
Q&A........................................................................................................79
Workshop ................................................................................................80
Quiz ....................................................................................................80
Exercise................................................................................................82
3 Operators and Expressions 83
Arithmetic Operators................................................................................84
Arithmetic Expressions .............................................................................87
Increment Operators ................................................................................88
Assignment Operators ..............................................................................91
The sizeof Operator ..................................................................................94
Typecasting ..............................................................................................96
Relational and Logical Operators............................................................100
Boolean Expressions ...............................................................................102
Bit-Manipulation Operators...................................................................106
The Comma Operator............................................................................108
Operator Precedence and Evaluation Direction......................................109
Summary................................................................................................112
Q&A......................................................................................................112
Workshop ..............................................................................................113
Quiz ..................................................................................................113
Exercises ............................................................................................115
4 Managing I/O 117
Formatted Stream Output......................................................................118
Stream Input ..........................................................................................120
The printf Function................................................................................123
Summary................................................................................................128
Q&A......................................................................................................129
Workshop ..............................................................................................129
Quiz ..................................................................................................129
Exercises ............................................................................................130
5 The Decision-Making Constructs 131
The Single-Alternative if Statement.......................................................132
The Dual-Alternative if-else Statement....................................................134
Potential Problems with the if Statement...........................................136
The Multiple-Alternative if-else Statement..............................................137
The switch Statement..............................................................................141
Nested Decision-Making Constructs......................................................145
Summary................................................................................................147
Q&A......................................................................................................148
Workshop ..............................................................................................150
Quiz ..................................................................................................150
Exercises ............................................................................................151
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6 Loops 153
The for Loop ..........................................................................................154
Open Loops Using the for Loops .......................................................158
The do-while Loop..................................................................................160
The while Loop ......................................................................................163
Skipping Loop Iterations........................................................................164
Exiting Loops .........................................................................................167
Nested Loops..........................................................................................168
Summary................................................................................................170
Q&A......................................................................................................171
Workshop ..............................................................................................172
Quiz ..................................................................................................172
Exercises ............................................................................................174
7 Arrays 175
Declaring Single-Dimensional Arrays .....................................................176
Using Single-Dimensional Arrays ...........................................................177
Initializing Single-Dimensional Arrays....................................................180
Array Parameters in Functions................................................................184
Sorting Arrays.........................................................................................187
Searching Arrays.....................................................................................192
Multidimensional Arrays ........................................................................199
Initializing Multidimensional Arrays ......................................................203
Multidimensional Array Parameters........................................................205
Summary................................................................................................208
Q&A......................................................................................................210
Workshop ..............................................................................................211
Quiz ..................................................................................................211
Exercise..............................................................................................212
Week 1 in Review 213
Week 2 at a Glance 217
Day 8 User-Defined Types and Pointers 219
Type Definition in C++..........................................................................220
Enumerated Data Types.........................................................................221
Structures ...............................................................................................225
Unions ...................................................................................................230
Reference Variables.................................................................................230
Overview of Pointers ..............................................................................233
Pointers to Existing Variables .................................................................233
Pointers to Arrays...................................................................................236
The Pointer Increment/Decrement Method...........................................239
Pointers to Structures .............................................................................241
Pointers and Dynamic Memory..............................................................244
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Teach Yourself Borland C++ 4 in 21 Days
Far Pointers............................................................................................248
Summary................................................................................................249
Q&A......................................................................................................250
Workshop ..............................................................................................251
Quiz ..................................................................................................251
Exercises ............................................................................................252
9 Strings 253
C++ Strings: An Overview......................................................................254
String Input............................................................................................255
Using the STRING.H Library................................................................256
Assigning Strings ....................................................................................256
The Length of a String ...........................................................................259
Concatenating Strings ............................................................................259
String Comparison.................................................................................263
Converting Strings..................................................................................268
Reversing Strings....................................................................................270
Locating Characters................................................................................273
Locating Strings......................................................................................275
Summary................................................................................................280
Q&A......................................................................................................281
Workshop ..............................................................................................283
Quiz ..................................................................................................283
Exercises ............................................................................................284
10 Advanced Function Parameters 285
Passing Arrays as Arguments...................................................................286
Using Strings as Arguments....................................................................289
Using Structures as Arguments...............................................................291
Passing Arguments by Reference.............................................................293
Passing Structures by Reference..............................................................293
Passing Structures by Pointers ................................................................295
Recursive Functions................................................................................297
Passing Pointers to Dynamic Structures..................................................300
Pointers to Functions .............................................................................304
Summary................................................................................................314
Q&A......................................................................................................315
Workshop ..............................................................................................316
Quiz ..................................................................................................316
Exercise..............................................................................................318
11 Object-Oriented Programming and C++ Classes 319
Basics of Object-Oriented Programming................................................320
Classes and Objects............................................................................321
Messages and Methods ......................................................................321
Inheritance ........................................................................................321
Polymorphism...................................................................................322
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