Table Of ContentSurveying
volume 1
Fourth edition
About the Author
S K Duggal is currently Professor in the Department of Civil
Engineering at Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology
(MNNIT), Allahabad. He obtained his BE, ME and PhD degrees
from Allahabad University. He has an experience of more than
36 years of teaching at both undergraduate and postgraduate
levels. Prof. Duggal has published numerous research papers
in various international and national journals/conferences
and is also the author of Design of Steel Structures, 3e
and Limit State Design of Steel Structures, 1e published by
McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited.
Surveying
volume 1
Fourth edition
S K Duggal
Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology
Allahabad
McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited
New Delhi
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Surveying, Volume 1, 4e
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Contents
Preface xv
Visual Walkthrough xviii
Introduction 1
1.1 Definitions 2
1.2 Surveying 4
1.3 Classification of Survey 5
1.4 Practice of Surveying 9
1.5 Surveying—Character of Work 10
1.6 Field Work 10
1.7 Office Work 13
1.8 Errors 19
1.9 Distinction Between Mistake and Error 20
1.10 Distinction between Precision and Accuracy 21
1.11 Principles of Surveying 22
1.12 Units of Measure 23
Summary 24
Exercises 24
Objective-type Questions 25
Answer to Objective-type Questions 28
Introduction 29
2.1 Chain Surveying 30
2.2 Chain 31
2.3 Tape 34
2.4 Accessories for Chaining 34
2.5 Line Ranger 36
2.6 Cross-Staff 37
2.7 Optical Square 38
2.8 Prism Square 40
2.9 Running Survey Lines 40
2.10 Linear Measurement with Chain 43
2.11 Errors in Chaining 48
2.12 Errors in Measurement with Incorrect Chain Length 49
2.13 Linear Measurements with Tape 51
2.14 Tape Corrections 53
2.15 Offsets 58
vii i Contents
2.16 Field Book 62
2.17 Obstacles to Chaining 64
2.18 Electromagnetic Distance Measurement (EDM) 69
Summary 79
Exercises 79
Objective-type Questions 82
Answer to Objective-type Questions 87
Introduction 88
3.1 Definitions 89
3.2 Types of Compass 91
3.3 Temporary Adjustments of Compass 95
3.4 Designation of Bearings 96
3.5 Reduced Bearing 97
3.6 Fore Bearing and Back Bearing 97
3.7 Calculation of Included Angles from Bearings 98
3.8 Calculation of Bearings from Included Angles 101
3.9 Magnetic Declination 104
3.10 Dip 107
3.11 Local Attraction 108
3.12 Determining True Meridian 119
3.13 Chain Surveying Versus Compass Surveying 120
Summary 120
Exercises 121
Objective-type Questions 122
Answer to Objective-type Questions 125
Introduction 126
4.1 Classification 127
4.2 Construction Details 128
4.3 Taking out Theodolite From the Box 131
4.4 Placing Theodolite in the Box 131
4.5 Reading a Theodolite 131
4.6 Definitions 132
4.7 Changing Face 133
4.8 Temporary Adjustments 134
4.9 Permanent Adjustments 136
4.10 Plate Level Test 137
4.11 Cross-Hair Ring Test 138
4.12 Collimation in Azimuth Test 138
4.13 Spire Test 139
4.14 Vertical Circle Index Test 140
4.15 Vertical Arc Test 141
4.16 Measurement of Horizontal Angle 141
4.17 Measurement of Vertical Angle 144
Contents ix
4.18 Measurement of Direct Angle 145
4.19 Measurement of Deflection Angle 145
4.20 Measurement of Magnetic Bearing 146
4.21 Prolonging a Straight Line 146
4.22 Theodolite as a Level 147
4.23 Care of Theodolite 147
4.24 Errors 148
4.25 Micrometer Microscope 152
4.26 Optical Theodolite 153
4.27 Electronic Theodolite 156
Summary 163
Exercises 163
Objective-type Questions 165
Answer to Objective-type Questions 170
Introduction 171
5.1 Methods of Traversing 172
5.2 Plotting Traverse Survey 173
5.3 Checks 190
5.4 Closing Error 191
5.5 Balancing a Traverse 192
5.6 Distribution of Angular Error 202
5.7 Adjustment of Bearings 202
5.8 Computation of Area of a Closed Traverse by Coordinates 202
5.9 Omitted Measurements 203
Summary 208
Exercises 208
Objective-type Questions 211
Answer to Objective-type Questions 213
Introduction 214
6.1 Definitions 215
6.2 Level 218
6.3 Types of Level 224
6.4 Levelling Staff 231
6.5 Temporary Adjustments 234
6.6 Permanent Adjustments 236
6.7 Principle of Levelling 239
6.8 Balancing Backsight and Foresight Distances 241
6.9 Optimum Distance from Level to Staff 242
6.10 Field Procedure in Levelling 243
6.11 Use of Inverted Staff 252
6.12 Spot Levels 253
6.13 Curvature and Refraction 253
6.14 Checks in Levelling 257
x Contents
6.15 Levelling for Grading a Plot of Land 258
6.16 Levelling a Borrow Pit 259
6.17 Longitudinal or Profile Levelling 259
6.18 Cross sectioning 260
6.19 Reciprocal Levelling 261
6.20 Precise Levelling 265
6.21 Fly Levelling 267
6.22 Check Levelling 268
6.23 Trigonometric Levelling 269
6.24 Barometric Levelling 278
6.25 Hypsometry 281
6.26 Levelling Difficulties 282
6.27 Errors in Levelling 284
Summary 286
Exercises 286
Objective-type Questions 293
Answer to Objective-type Questions 297
Introduction 298
7.1 Instruments Used 298
7.2 Methods of Tacheometry 301
7.3 Fixed Hair Method 302
7.4 Anallactic Lens 309
7.5 Movable Hair Method or Subtense Method 322
7.6 Tangential Method 326
7.7 Range Finding 329
7.8 Special Instruments 333
7.9 Omnimeter 339
7.10 Sources of Error 340
7.11 Mistakes 340
7.12 Accuracy 340
Summary 341
Exercises 342
Objective-type Questions 344
Answer to Objective-type Questions 347
Introduction 348
8.1 Description of Plane Table 349
8.2 Temporary Adjustments 353
8.3 Setting up the Plane Table 353
8.4 Methods of Plane Table Surveying 354
8.5 Radiation 355
8.6 Traversing 355
8.7 Intersection 356
8.8 Resection 357
