Survey Design and Analysis: Principles, Cases and Procedures

452 Pages·1955·41.279 MB·English

by  Herbert Hiram Hyman

SURVDEEYIS GN
ANDA NALYSIS
PRINCIPCLAESSE,AS N DP ROCEDURES
ByH erbeHrytm an
COLUMBIAUNIVEISITY
WitaFh o rebwPoaruFdl. Lo, zarsfeld
_y
THI: FREPER ESNSe,w Y ork
Collier-MLaicmmiitLleoldna,dn o n
ToH elen
Copyr©i g1h9t5b5yT heF rePer ess
A DIVISIOOFN T HEM ACMILLACNO MPANY
Prinitnte hdU en itSetda otfeA sm erica
Alrli grhetsse rNvoep da.ro tft hibso omka yb er eprodourtc readn smiinta tneyfd o romr b y
anym eanesl,e ctorrom neicch aniinccallu,pd hiontgo corpeycionrgdo,ir bn yag n,y i nformation
storaangrdee triseyvsatwlei mt,h poeurtm issiinwo rni tfirnogtm h e Publisher.
Collier-MCaocmmpialLnltyad,Tn. o ,r onOtnot,a rio
LibroafrC yon gressC aCraNdtu amlboe5gr5 :- 10996
pringnt uimnber
9I O
Preface
THIS BOOKi st hper oduocftt w elyveea orfss urvreeys earch
experiAesnt chewe.r itgerro pteoad p phliyts r aintiosn ugr voefym sa ntyy pes
ina numbeorfd ifferceonutn threif easc,me adn ypr oblfeomwrsh ichhed id
noth avteh ean swearnsdl earntehrdo uhgahr edx periseonmcoeef t hea na-
_l ytpirci nciwphliechshe h ash erper esenWtheadt.e vmeerr itth eb oomka y
haviest hep roduocftt h eyseea orfse xperiaenndoc fet hes timulaantdi on
guidaonfcc eol leaignau neusm beorfa gencMiye dse.b itsg retaott hPer o­
graSmu rvDeiyvsi soifto hnDe e partmofeA ngtr icualntdut rhMeeo raDliev i­
sioonfst hGee rmaann d JapSatnreasteBe ogmibci Snugr vewyist,hw ihni cIh
workeandd,t oR ensLiisk ehreta,od ft heasgee ncainedas m,o nogt hetross u ch
clofsrei eannddsc olleaigntu heesas gee ncaisRe isc haCrrdu tchfiDealndi,e l
Katazn dD aviKdr ecShi.m ilmayre lxyp,e riientn hcSeeu rvDeiyvsi soifto hne
Officeo fW arI nformahtaibsoe nei nn valutaomb ela en dI wistho s pecially
acknowlmeyd agses ociwaittiEhol nm oW ilsocnh,i oefft haDti visainodn,
agaiDna,n iKealt Mzy.l oncgo nnecwtiitothnh eNa tioOnpailn iRoens earch
Centoeftr h Uen iverosfCi htiyc ahgaosb e etnh seo urocfme u cho fm yp ro­
fessitornaailna inndIg e speciaaplplrye ctihaeat ses ociwaittiChol ny dWe.
HarDti,r ecatnodPr a,u Bl. S heatasnldeH eyr beSrtte mbmeyrc ,o -worikne rs
thaotr ganizOaptpioornt.u tnoip triaecstt ihtcere a odrep rofesosfai s ounr vey
analaylssctoa mmey w ayi nt hceo urosfoe t hreers eaurncdhe rtianNk oernw ay,
AustrtihUaen, i tSetda atnesdJ apaann dt ot hfer ieannddcs o lleaigntu heess e
undertaIk oiwneag sd ebotf g ratitTuodo et.h efrr ieannddsc olleaogfu es
thoyseea trosmo,a ntyo b en ameIda ,m a lsgor eaitnldye bted.
Myo bligattomi yot nesa chienPr ssy choalnodSg oyc iPasly choalrogegr ye at.
Morep articumlya trrlayi,n ingF .Su .nK deelrlO etrt,Ko l ineberg, Gardner
Murphayn dJ ohVno lkmamnunsb te a cknowledged.
sources
Thesceo nsttihtieun ttee llectufarlo wmh icthh iwso rskt emHso.w .
iv PREFACE
eveirtw, a Psa uFl.L azarswfheopl rdo vitdheiedn spirfaottrih oiansc tuwaolr k
andt hseu ppfoortrth uen dertaIknai dndgi.t hiiossne ,n sittoitv hiuetn ys olved
trainpirnogb loefms st udeanntdhs i ism aginaatsti oto nhd ei recat sioolnu ­
tiomnu stta kwea sa fruistofuurloc fge u idainnct eh wer itoifnt gh iwso rk.
Foarl tlh erseea sIoo nwseh, i ma s pecdieaboltf g ratiTtouP daet.r Kiecnidaa ll,
Ia lshoa vae s peciinadle bteAd nmeasnsu.s cwrhiipctsh h hea dp repaorne d
probloefsm usr vey awnaasml aydsaeiv asi ltaotb hlweer itaenrdw ast hbea sis
foar n umbeorfs ectinoonwis n corpoirnat theepd r esweonrtk , niont ably
ParItI aIn dA ppendDi.Hx e rc ontribtuott hiivoson l uimses oc onsiderable
thaitti ss peciaaclklnyo wliendt ghteeed x Wth.i lPea uLla zarsafnedPl adt ricia
Kendaalrtleh urse sponfsoimrbu lceih n t hivso lumtehw,er itmeursb te atrh e
solbeu rdfeonwr h atedveefre rcetmsa in.
Is houalldsa oc knowlaeifddrg oeHm e nrCyo operisntt ohceeka rplhya soefs
thweo rak,n dt hceo nscientiaonudas s sliasbotofaRr niscc eh aSr.Hd a lpearsn
a reseaarscshi satnadMn rts M.i chael MwchGoad rirdty h ete diwooursok f
typitnhgme a nuscIra ilpsbtoe. n efiftreodtm h cea rerfeuald ainndgc riticisms
ofv aridoruasf otfts h em anuscbryiC plty dWe. H artI,.L .K andeDla,n iel
KatCzh,a rWlreisg ahntdH anZse tterberg.
Thet exmta keesx tenussioevf ue n publissthuedfdir eostm h Nea tioOnpailn ­
ioRne seaCrecnht Celry.Wd .eH arwta sm osgte nerionmu ask ihnigcs o mplete
fileasv ailtaomb el,ea nda gaIim nu setx prmeysa sp precitaoht iimoI.na m
indebttoPe rdo feSsisRroo rn aAl.dF ishCearm,b riadngdet ,oM essOrlsi.v er
andB oyLdt dE.d inbufrogprhe ,r mistsoqi uoontf er otmh ebioro Tkh eD esign
ofE xperiments.
HERBERHTY MAN
June1,9 54
ColumbUinai versity
Foreword
BYP AUFL.L AZARSFELD
IN HISO WN introdpuactgPoerrsoy f eHsysmoarhn a csl early
descrtihboeer dg aniozfah tibisoo onuk s,et sow hicsht udeanndtt se acchaenrs
puitt a,n dt hper incbiypw lheisch hew asg uidienwd r itiitnT.gh eriesl eft
fomre t htea sokfe xplaitnhrieen lga tiooftn hsithsei xptt ot hlea rugneirot f
whicihti sa part-Ctohleu mbia Universitfyo ArPd lvaannnciendg Project
TrainiinnS go ciRaels eaTrhcehs .o csicaile tnocdefiasyn dt hemseilnav es
situawthiiocinhso ftcehna ractoefar r iasptiiddcel vye lospciinegAn tct eh.e
presteinmtte h eirsaew idgea pb etwweoenrb ke idnogn bey p ioneientr hse
fieladn dt hree souarvcaeislt aosb tlued eenvtetsnh, o osnet hger adulaetvee l,
whicwho ulhde ltph etmo k eeipnt ouwciht thh aed vanfcrionngt Oineeor f.
thmea itna sktsh Ceoo fl umbia iPstr oeo xjpeecrti ment wmietahnb sy various
whicthh igsa pc abne fi llAendd.t hpeu blicoafPt rioofne Hsysmoarnb 'oso k
offearw se lcoomcec atsois okne ttchhpi lsa inns omdee tail.
ThLea nguage
ofS ocRieasle arch
Thes uccoefas nssy c ienetnidfiecad veopre onndt sh reelee meanc tlse:ia dre n­
tificaotfti hooenb jetcobt esi nvestiagnia mtaegdi,n tahteiovaresty o h ow
thehya ntgo getahnerdc, l ear iinnttsohis egp hetc pirfiocb loefem vsi dence and
vi FOREWORD
promoofs atd equtaott hese u bjmeacttta ethr a nTdh.e C olumPbrioaj feocrt ,
thtei mbee inigsc, o ncemraniendwl iytt hh fier satn dt hteh iorfdt heeslee ­
mentasn,de vewni tthh eisnae r athsepre cwiafiyWc.e h avaes sudtm hetea sk
ofc lariffoyri nogu arnsdfe olorvt ehset rhfseo llosweiqnugeo nfpc reo blems:
(aH.o)w d ow er ecogannidcz lea scsoimfpyl seoxc ioablj eWchtast?i sc ommon
ina ne ffotroto rdweorr kebryts h dee groefte h eiinrd ustmroiraaalln edu nder­
develocpoeudn tbryit ehsde e groefte h eiinrd ustriaTlhiepz raotbilocenam?nb e
restaitnae v da rioefwt ayy Csa.n t hceo nceopftt hse ssocciieanblce te rsa nslated
intion diacmeesn atbole em pirriecsaela Orrc,mh o?r aep propirnita htepe r esent
contehxotwd, o eosn ef ortmh ev ariawbhliecsah r et heb uildbilnogc okfas n y
systemdaitsiccoo unrs soec iolsougbijcmeaacltt t ers?
(b.H)o wa rteh evsaer iarbelleastt oee da coht heornt heviarr iloeuvseo lfs
compleWxhiatdty o?w em eainf w ei nquwihreet her tperloegvrimasamiksofe no r
juvendiellei nquoerwn hceywn e d isctuhsrese latoifao p nesr soonp'isn itoohn i s
positiinto hnee c onosmyisct Heomw?d ot hcee ntursyp-eocludl aotnci aounssa lity
loowkh ent heayr ea ppliteocd o ncrdeatteaa b ouhtu mabne havainodrs ocial
evenWthsa?tc anw es aayb outth ree latbieotnw etehnge r ouapn dt hien dividual
whenb otahr ree presfeonurts ei dns etosfe mpiriacsaclelryt parionpeedr ties?
(cW.e) t hudse scrtihbese o ciwaolr lbdya seotf v ariaabnldwe ess tutdyh e
interrebleattwietoehnnes m B.u tt hseo ciwaorll ddo enso ts taaytr esatn dw ed o
notw anitt t od os oA.s a r esult, ocvhetarin mgee sb eac tohmiecr rdu cairaela
foirn vestiagnadct liaorni ficationw.e w Saontmtoe p triemdfeirsco ttm h pea stto
the fuattou trhee;r wteiw maenstt o k nowwh aetff eacs tp eciinfitce rfehraesn ce
had eitheirn diuvpiopdneu oapollr eu poan w hole ssoycsitFeaimln. a wlela yr e
interiesntt hewedh oldey namiinct eropflv aayr iawbhliecsh cohvaentrgi em e for
whaterveears Ionni .t bsr oadmeesatn itnhgii ssa questionh iwshtirocarhiy s es.
Withitnh er eacohft odaeym'psi rriceasle airtbc ehc omae qsu estoifos nh ort
rangseo ciaanldp sycholcohgaincIgatelm.s e thodolfooguincdaalit sti hoesnt udy
ofr epeaotbesde rvaotnit ohness a mien diviadnudac losl leuctniivtaels o nag
givesneo tf v ariables.
(d.T)h ec reatoifvo anr iatbhleeiisnr,t errealnadtt hieoiinnr t errcehlaantgeed
ovetri mfeo rtmh ceo roefw haotn em ighcta ltlh el anguoafge em pirsioccaila l
researBcuhti. ti• s n otc laimtehdat th ilsa ngucaagnee x praelstlsh ec oncerns
ofs ocisacli enIttir setqsu.ic roensc rientvee stitgoad teicoinedsve e,in n p rinciple,
whethweerc ane xprceesrst iadienoa fst otaolri" tgye stoarlw th,e"t hceerr tain
notioofns st ritvoiwnagrg dosao lrsp erforcmeirntgfa uinnc tciaonbn esp rofitably
studiines du cvha riable-Tlhaenw gauyta ogfi en.do uti st ot akteh wer itionfg s
social swchioeh natvuiess etads l esast omiasntdim co rqeu alitaaptpirvoea ch.
Dow eg aiinn c larbiytt yr ansltahtesi tnagt emienntato sv ariable-olra nguage
dow el osseo mees senatsipaeolcft t h ewiorr ikfw em akteh iesff orTth?eb order
lintehsec, o mmognr ouanndd t hep ossidbilset inrcetailovmfese mpirsioccaila l
reseaarncdth h meo rqeu alitwaatyiosvf ae n alyfsoniansn i mportpaanrottf t he
wholper oblem.
ProfeHsysmoarnt 'esxi tsm aindleyd ictaott hesede coinntd h siesot fp rob­
lemtsh,se t uodfyt hien terrebleattwievoeannr iaBbultie tis s.a lstoh fier st
exampolfte h wea yi nw hitchhCe o lumPbrioaj deecatwl ista hlo lft hteo pics
witwhh iicthi sc oncerannedtd h,e retfhocerh ea raocftt heibrso oaksa t rain­
inagn dt eachdienvgid cees esrovmepesr ogramcmoamtmiecAn stt .h aeu thor
himseexlpfl iaincn osn siddeertaaabgi lrlee, pa atro tfh idsi scuisscs einotne red
upoann umboefr" casHeesh .a"ss e lescotmeoedft hmeo srte presernet-ative
"Ar athdeert aoiulteldoi ftn hewi hso plreo grtaomg ewtihteahrl arnguem boefrr e search
exampclaebnse fo unidn t hfier smta jpourb licoaftt hiCeoo nl umPbrioaj Tehcet ,L anguagt,
ofS ociRnels eaerdcLsha,. z arasnfdRe olsde n(bGelregn TchoeFe r:e Psrse 1s9s5,5 ).
FOREWORD vii
sear pcuhb licaatni dho anscso m bea c tko t h e emv ertyi m h ee c ou luds tehem
t oillustraa ptoei nitnh issy stemparteisce ntTahtiitsoe nc.h nihqausbe e en
discuis nsaey eda r-lsmoeinnga hre lbdyt h setaoffft hPer joe,ca tndi twi lble
flolowienad l flu tuvorleu ms e.We arger atet ofPurfloe sHsyomra n fohra ving
caugthht se piorfith te commno inentta,n df oprr oviinudgs w itahfi neex ­
ampelt oe mualet .But thber aodecro tnexotft hiesf fdoerste rsvmoee asd di­
tional comments.
ReseaCrocmhm entaasrC iaesMsea terial
foArd vanTcreadi ning
TheC olumbPirao jieswc otr kionnge ducatdieosniafglon grsr adueadtuec a­
tioinnt hseo csicaile nTcheiisssl. i kteolb yew atchweidts hk eptibceicsamu se
its eemtsoc ontratdhisecp ti irniw th icghr aduwaotrewk a si ntrodiuncteod
Americuanni versTihtemi eensw .h ot,o watrhdee ndo ft he1 9tche ntury,
fougthoet s tabglriasdhu caetnet ienrt sh icso untry tshtargter sasdeusdat tue­
densthso uhladv ceo mplferteee dtoocm h oowshea tth ewya ntteodl eaarnnd
howt hewya ntteodl eairtnA. s a carry-forvotemhr e psieo needraiyntsgh e
acceonfmt a nya discusisssi toionln lt hed ifferebnectweesge rna duaantde
colleedguec atBiuottn h.ea yr beo tehd ucaatfitoaenlr Al n.d w herewveew ra nt
tot ransemxipte riaenndtc oed evelsokpii lnlt sh meo setffi ciewnatyt heirse
ac orrespnoenedfdio nergd ucatpirooncaeld Wuer sehso.u nlodlt e tth tee rmi­
noloogfy6 0y eaargsoo bsctuhrreee aloiftt hyep r eseAnttt h.a tti mteh ere
weraeb ou3t0 0g radusattued einntt hsee n ticroeu ntwrhye,r etaosd atyh ere
araep proxim3a0t,e0Il0ny01 .8 9o0n ec ouhlodp teh awti tahs maalnldh ighly
selegcrtoedue pa cohft hfee wgr adutaetaec hweoruslb dyi ntuihtiioton na n
efficiewnatyt ot ranshmiikstn owleTdogdea.ty h iisst oog reaa cth antcoe
takees,p ecsiianltclheyae m ounotfm aterwihailcs ht udemnitgsha tn,dp er­
haps shloeualhrdan,sv astly ibnoctrihen va osleudam en dc ompleCxaint y.
thebrees eridoouusbt th asto meel emeonfrt a tionalhiazsta obt eii onnt ro­
duceidng radueadtuec atEivoenan?f ttehreg enerparlin ciispc loen ceded,
thesrtei rlelm aitnhsep roblfeomer a cshp ecdiifiscc ipwlhianater :eo nt he
gradulaetvete hlae p proptroioatltosie m plemceonntc reittgesel nye erdaulc a·
tionparlo gram?
Them edicsaclh ohoalis t nsa tuerdaulc attiooonilant l h heo spiatnadil t s
patientss.c hoLfioanlwdst heiirncs o udretc isiBountws h.a•ot f t hes ocial
scienFtoiras wth?i lietw ast hought that field worsko ­lwuould provide the
tioFni.ri stwt a tsh seo cciaaslte y poeffi elwdo rk-1t8h9ec2 a taloofgC uoel um-
•Thesree fertehnrceeastt oee vno akneo tchoenrt rotvhederi ssyt:i nbcettiwoepner no fessions
andl ibearratolsnt hger adulaetveBe ultt. h iasg aiisanh angofvreoram n o ldpeerr iroadt her
thaan r eails siunet hceo ntempaocraadreypm oilci Ccoyn.s itdheeerc onomainsdtt hspe s y­
cholotgoidsaTtyhs.e h ya voeu tlienat b sr oavda rioefjt oyb rsa,n gfirnogtm e achainndbg a sic
researcthoc lin(iccoanls uplrtaicnatgni)dc s ee rviinpc rei vaantdpe u blbiucr eaucTrhaacti es.
wed onh'atv Sec hoooflE sc onomaincdPs s ychosliomg!ytl oao ru rL awa ndM edicSaclh ools
ism erealr ye suolfht i stocriirccaulm stthainenc setsi:t usttirouncoatfolu u rrue n iverbsei·t ies
cames eatta timweh esno moef t h"ep rofessions" awlhrieolatedh yew reesrnx eoi ftsu tleldy
develaopnedtd h esitru wdays t herefifrosdrtee p recainadtt heedin n,a compensmaotoodr,y
gloriafis"e ldi beral arts." Toadnadyl ibbeogrtrahal d upartoef essesudiffuoeecnqraaut lai lolny
fromt hilsab ge tweseonc fiuanlc tainodin n stitusttirouncatlu re.
viii FOREWORD
biUan iveresmipthya stihzaaet md a joard vanotfap guer susioncgsi tauld ies
inN ewY orwka ts hatth cei tcyo ntasionm eudcv hi caen dp overLtayto.en r
camteh dee velopomfre enste abrucrhe aluiskt,eh seo crieasle acrecnhta etr
thUen iverosfNi otrytC ha roltihnBeau ,r eoafuA ppliSeodc iRaels eaartc h
Columabnidta h Nea tioOnpailn iRoens eaCrecnhta ettr h Uen iveorfsC ihtiy­
cagBou.ti ts oobne cacmlee tahram te rpea rticiipnsa ttuidowinae sns o tth e
solutTihoiknsi. no dfe xperdieinndoc gtei vtehs et udaec nlteu anrd erstanding
oft hleo gwihci clhab ye hihnidws o rakn, dw ithsouuctuh n dersthaen ding
wausn abtlose e teh iem plicoafwt hiaohtnew s a dso inMgo.so tfa lmle,r pea r­
ticipiants itoundc ioeusnl odt h eltph set udent hcioesnm npeicrwtio crakl
witthh set oorfte h eoreatnidsc paelc ultahtiinvkweih nigcw ha sp resetnot ed
himi ns ystecmlaatsisclr eocotmu res.
Thes olutwiiotwnhh icthhC eo lumPbrioaj iesec xtp erimiestn topi rneg­
pardee taciolmemde ntoansr tiuedswi heishc ha vaec tubaelelcnya rroiueatdn d
araev ailianpb ulbel ifsohreTmdh. i issw hawte m eahne rbey" casoefss o"c ial
reseaSrocmhe.t itmheecsso em mentpaarypi aerst iactutleanrtt oit ohtnee ch­
niquwehsi crhe searhcahvueesr etsdo s olavp er oblAetom t.h teirm tehsel ya y
greaetmeprh aosnih so wa ni nvestiggeantecororan'lcs le ertdno t hsep ecific
problheeum n derttooso tku dIyns. t ioltlhi enrs taenmcpehsai,s spi lsa coend
thael ternwaatyiisnwv hei acnhi nvestmiiggahtto prhr aovcee eidnae ned ff,o rt
tow eitghhme e riatnsdd emeroifst uscd he cisions.
Sucahn alyctoimcmaeln taarrdeii effisct uopl rte paanrdee v emno rdei fficult
tod escrSiubbes.e qvuoelnutmf ersoo mu rP rojweiclstlh otwh ger evaatr iety
whicthh ecya tna kaen dw ililfp, o ssiobfflegere, n erruallfe osar g eneprraol­
gradmo cumentthileno gga incdp rocedoufsr oecsri easle aarnec ffho,wr hti ch
weu suarlelfyte oar s o ur" documenptraotgiroFanom tr.h "pe r esweens th all
publtihsehsm e parfaoterea lcoyhf t hper oblaermeo aust lianbeodvA est. h ey
comoeu wte s harleln oeuwer ff orttoes x pltahienmi art eranitda hle piurr pose.
Thef erwe majruksmsta d wei lwleh, o pien,d uocuecr o lletaogl uoeoasktt he
present nsoeotln elciytnt i eornomsfsi mmediuattielb iutatyl saosa fi rsetx ­
amploefa b aspiocs ition.
Butfr omt hbee ginanp ionsgs miibsluen dershtaatsno bd emi entgT .h ese
socrieasle acracssheh so unlodbt e c onfuwsietadhn otkhienrod fe ducational
idewah ichhal so nbge edne scraistb heceda sset umdeyt hiondp rofessional
trainIinin tges.x trefmoeri mtw ast op rovai dkei nodfe ducatsieolnfa­l
servfircoetm:h cea stehsse t udceonutgl edwt h atehvene ere dbeydh imself,
andg uidaonric nes trubcyat t ieoanc whoeurln do bt er equiTrheidis.sn ot
ata ltlh ep hilosboephhiyon udrw orkT.h es tudoyfc asmea terainadl s
systetmeaatcihcci annbg ec ombiinnea dn yn umboefrw ayFso.re xample,
onec anc onceoifav see roifef so rmlaelc tourrgeasn airzoeudcn odm men­
taroifet sh kei nedx empliinfiP erdo feHsysmoarnb 'oso Cke.r taoinnt lhye,
basoifso ure xperiienpn rceel imtirniaawrleyws o,u lbdet emptteodd e ­
emphatshinezo et ioofsn e lf-saenrdtv oai scsei,tg hnte e acah veerr syt rong
rolAesa. m attoeffr a ctto,w atrhdfie n aslt aogfes su cthr aintihnpegr ,e para­
tiounn,d eprr opgeuri daonfcn ee,wa nalydtoiccuamle mnitgshi tt sbeel f
ani mporteadnutc atdieovniaaclne d,a, t t hes amtei mae t,e satst ot he
succoefts hswe h olper ogram.
Witsho mhee sitwaetm iiognhs tu ggaensa td ditiuosnoeaf tl h ecsoem ­
mentaornis eosc rieasle acracsAhen sa .d vangcreadd usattuedm eunstrt e view
a gredaeta olfl iterhaetu usruea;rl elaywd ist hha sttoeo btatihnge e neral
flavoofrt hwer itweirtwshh omh ei se xpecttobe edf amilMiaanrgy.r aduate