Surfactants Europe: a directory of surface active agents available in Europe

479 Pages·1997·33.95 MB·English

by  G.L. Hollis

Surfactants Europa
L
A Directory of Surface Active Agents
available in Europe
THIRD EDITION
EDITED BY
GORDON L. HOLLIS MScPhD
@-
&&
THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the
accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal
responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
0T he Royal Society of Chemistry 1995
ISBN 0-85 404-804-9
All Rights Reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means
- graphic, electronic, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information
storage and retrieval systems - without written permission from The Royal Society
of Chemistry.
Published by The Royal Society of Chemistry,
Thomas Graham House, The Science Park, Cambridge, CB4 4WF
Typeset by Datix International Ltd, Bungay, Suffolk
Printed by Staples Printers Ltd, Rochester
Production team
Nichole Gibson (Staff Editor)
Julie Hetherington
Sally Hawes
Angela Nicholls
Helen Thomas
Doug Hartley
Cheryl Beynon
James Butler (Design)
Alan Skull
Andrew Nightingale
Acknowledgements
The Editor is grateful to all the companies who have willingly
supplied data for use in this directory and in particular for the many
conversations with members of their staff which have helped in the
presentation of their data in the various parts of the book. He is also
appreciative of the work and enthusiasm of the many members of the
production team, at Cambridge, who have combined to ensure
publication in the minimum time.

Contents
Preface ix
Introduction and notes on the we of this directory X
Glossary xv
Definitions xviii
Abbreviations xix
1 Amphoterics 1
Acetates 1
Be taines 1
G1 ycinates 7
Imidazolines 8
Propionates 11
Miscellaneous amphoterics 14
2 Anionics 19
Alkyl sulfates 19
Alkylaryl sulfonates 29
Alkylarylether carboxylates 41
A1 ky lary le t her sulfates 41
Alkylether carboxylates 43
Alkylether sulfates 4.5
Lignin products 54
Olefine sulfonates 57
Paraffin sulfonates 57
Phosphate esters 58
Sarcosinates 72
Sulfosuccinates/sulfosuccinmates 74
Tauratedisethiona tes 83
Miscellaneous anionics 84
3 Cationics 99
Amides 99
Amidoamines 100
Amine salts 101
Amines 103
Diamines 110
Imidazolines 112
Quaternaries 114
Miscellaneous cationics 133
4 Nonionics 139
Alkoxylates 139
Alcohol ethoxylates 139
Alkylphenol ethoxylates 181
hidee thoxylates 200
Amine ethoxylates 201
Block polymers 210
Ester ethoxylates 217
Fatty acid ethoxylates 226
Glyceride ethoxylates 23 1
Miscellaneous ethoxylates 24 1
Other alkoxylates 245
Alkylolamides 2.56
Amine oxides 268
Esters 2 72
Miscellaneous nonionics 317
vi Contents
5 Miscellaneous surfadants 333
Fluorochemicals 333
Glucosides 335
Lanolin and wool wax derivatives 336
Polymer-based products 34 3
Protein-based surfactants 348
Silicon-based products 350
Other surfactants including blends 355
Indexes 389
Index of company addresses 389
Index of companies 415
Index of trade names 417
A unique monthly newsletter
Focus on Surfactants provides data on surfactant intermediates and raw materials, associated
products, detergent formulations, process and plant news, biodegradability and product safety and more
every month. It is edited by Dr Gordon Hollis, an established consultant in detergents, surface
active agents, their raw materials, markets and applications. Previously he was for many years employed
by an important manufacturer in the development of detergent chemicals and intermediates.
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Preface
The existence of soap, the original cleansing agent, has been known on a large scale and most of international dimension. Subsequent
for many centuries and the active ingredient, the fatty acid carboxylate rationalisation of product ranges has resulted in the disappearance of
salt in various forms can rightly claim to represent the first category some long-familiar names both of companies and products.
of surface active agents in regular use. The situation is reflected in the contents of this directory, the fifth
The name of turkey red oil has had a place in organic chemistry in a series first published in 1976 with a second edition in 1979
journals and text books for over a century in the context of mordant listing surfactants available in the UK. In 1982 this was extended to
dyeing, while products such as alkyl sulfates, alkyl sulfonates and include products of other European countries and further so extended
secondary olefme sulfonates achieved commercial significance in a in 1989.
number of industrial fields in the inter-war years. During World War This edition is the third under the title SURFACTANTS EUROPA.
11, ethoxylates, mostly derived from aromatic bases, contributed to As in previous editions, listing is by over 40 surfactant classes
alleviation of the shortage of naturally-derived soap. together with an appreciable number of products of unspecified
Serious growth began in the 1940s in line with the introduction of constitution. Properties of a product of a particular class and its trade
synthetic detergents and continued rapidly both in quantities used name can be easily identified together with address details of
and in chemical categories of products available as applications grew companies marketing it across the continent of Europe.
in other industries. By the 1960s, the industry as we know it today Minor changes in presentation occur in particular with esters in
had become established. Subsequently the rate of increase of new which so-called food esters are no longer separately listed to avoid
surfactant types began to slow down but the number of manufacturers confusion where a given product can be used for food and other
steadily increased on a me-too basis and also as producers increasingly outlets, though probably with different levels of purity.
established positions in countries outside their home-base. This Readers are strongly advised to familiarise themselves with the
inevitably led to re-organisation in and since the 1980s as companies introductory section and various cross-reference indexes as an
began to recognise the need to concentrate on core activities and in essential background to studying the product lists.
appreciation of opportunities in the rapidly developing countries
outside the traditionally so-called western world. The last few years G.L . Hollis
in particular have witnessed changes in company ownership, many
Introduction
and notes on the use of this directory
1. Nature of surfactants Each of the above types finds application in industry though
anionic and nonionic types are used in much greater quantities than
The term SURFACTANTS is the contemporary name for surface
cationic and amphoteric.
active agents, the class of chemical products whose molecules are
Depending on the conditions prevailing, cationic, anionic or
able to modify the properties of an interface, e.g. liquid/air or
nonionic type properties may be exhibited. The following, however,
liquid/liquid by lowering the surface or interfacial tension, with
should be noted:
associated changes occurring in other properties, e.g. wetting.
Depending on the precise chemical nature of the product, the (9 Long chain amines are not strictly cationic in neutral solution but
properties of, for example, emulsification, detergency and foaming do exhibit that property in the form of salts, e.g. acetates.
may be exhibited in varying degrees. Amines are nevertheless listed under the heading ‘cationics’ for
Every surfactant possesses the fundamental characteristic of having convenient reference.
two essential portions, one being water repellent, usually called (ii) Amine ethoxylates are listed in this directory under ethoxylates
hydrophobic (or lipophilic), the other being water attractive, usually (i.e. nonionics) even though relatively short chain ethoxylates
called hydrophilic (lipophobic). The hydrophobic portion comprises a exhibit cationic properties.
collection of hydrocarbon groups, some at least of which form a (iii) Amine oxides in neutral or alkaline solution are essentially
linear chain which may or may not be substituted to varying extents. nonionics but weakly cationic below about pH 3. They are listed
The hydrophilic portion comprises a solubilising group such as under nonionics.
sulfate, sulfonate or ethoxylate, for example.
The number and arrangement of the hydrocarbon groups together Anionics and nonionics form the organic active constituent of
with the nature and position of the hydrophilic groups combine to detergents and also find widespread usage in wetting, spreading,
determine the surface active properties of the molecule. C,, to C,, is emulsification, dispersing, foaming and other applications in a whole
generally regarded as the range covering optimum detergency host of manufacturing industries including textiles, plastics, paints,
properties while optimum wetting and foaming properties usually paper, pharmaceuticals, disinfectants, agricultural preparations and
occur at somewhat shorter chain lengths. many more.
Surfactants fall into four categories depending on the distribution Cationics are mainly used for bactericidal and softening applications
of electrical charge on the molecule viz. but also find outlets in, for example, ore flotation and road making.
They are not of importance in providing detergency as such.
(i) Anionic in which the hydrophobic portion of the molecule
Amphoterics have many actual and potential applications including
carries a residual negative charge
detergency but hitherto have attracted relatively little commercial
e.g. sodium dodecyl sulfate:
interest on account of their high cost of manufacture. Their usage,
however, is now increasing, in part at least, because of their extra
C H3(CH2),&H20S03-Na+
mildness to the skin providing real advantages in cosmetic and
toiletry preparations.
(ii) Cationic in which the hydrophobic portion carries a residual
positive charge
e.g. cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide:
2. Scope
The technical criterion for inclusion of a product in this directory is
that it is considered to be a surfactant as described in section 1 of this
introduction.
There are however many definitions of ‘surfactant’ depending on
personal preference and field of usage, e.g. textiles. Some operators
(iii) Nonionic in which there is no residual electrical charge regard a dispersant, for example, as a surfactant while others would
e.g. dodecylalcohol ethoxylate:
not. Some chemicals which fall into this wider definition of surfactants
have been included for completeness.
Therefore, products listed in the directory should not necessarily
be regarded as surfactants under any of those definitions used in
(iv) Amphoteric in which both positive and negative centres are to section 1. This should be noted particularly in a litigation context.
be found in the molecule
The commercial criterion for inclusion is that the product listed
e.g. alkyldimethylbetaine:
should be on the product range of a company possessing a selling
organisation or an approved agent in a European country, irrespective
of where the product is manufactured. Data have, in all cases, been
provided by the supplier.
In theory, any product is potentially available worldwide regardless
of where it is manufactured. Imports are nevertheless an important
part of the surfactant scene. However, the majority of products used
Further examples of products in the above categories are to be found in a particular country, especially in the larger countries of the
in the product lists and in the glossary of chemical formulae. developed areas of the world, will normally be made in that country.