Suppressing the Mind: Anesthetic Modulation of Memory and Consciousness

256 Pages·2010·5.692 MB·English

by  Anthony Hudetz, Robert Pearce (auth.), Anthony Hudetz, Robert Pearce (eds.)

Suppressing
the Mind
Anesthetic Modulation of Memory and Consciousness
Edited by
A H
NTHONY UDETZ
R P
OBERT EARCE
Suppressing the Mind
Forfurthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/7678
·
Anthony Hudetz Robert Pearce
Editors
Suppressing the Mind
Anesthetic Modulation of Memory
and Consciousness
Editors
AnthonyHudetz RobertPearce
DepartmentofAnesthesiology DepartmentofAnesthesiology
MedicalCollegeofWisconsin UniversityofWisconsin,Madison
B6/319ClinicalScienceCenter
8701WatertownPlankRoad
600HighlandAvenue
MilwaukeeWI53226
MadisonWI53792
USA USA
[email protected] [email protected]
ISBN978-1-60761-463-0 e-ISBN978-1-60761-462-3
DOI10.1007/978-1-60761-462-3
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009938710
©HumanaPress,apartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2010
Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewritten
permissionofthepublisher(HumanaPress,c/oSpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC,233Spring
Street,NewYork,NY10013,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarly
analysis.Useinconnectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,
computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is
forbidden.
Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyare
notidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubject
toproprietaryrights.
Whiletheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofgoing
topress,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityforany
errorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,withrespect
tothematerialcontainedherein.
Printedonacid-freepaper
springer.com
Foreword
Anestheticsproduceareversiblestateofunconsciousnessaccompaniedbyantero-
gradeamnesia.Thisremarkablephenomenonbringsgreatrelieftosurgicalpatients
and wonder to clinicians and scientists. To date, we do not fully understand the
mechanismsbywhichanestheticsablateconscioussensationandmemory.Weare,
however,makingprogress.
This book presents original results as well as overviews of the current state
of knowledge of the problem. It is authored by investigators who know the field
well; their research at a number of levels has contributed substantially to our cur-
rent understanding of anesthetic modulation of memory and consciousness. Most
of the contributors were presenters at two workshops organized by Dr. Pearce
and Dr. Hudetz at the 40th Annual Winter Conference on Brain Research, held
at Snowmass Village, Colorado, from January 27 through February 2, 2007. One
workshopfocusedonanestheticmodulationofconsciousnessandanotheronanes-
theticmodulationofmemory.Sevenofthechaptersarebasedonmaterialpresented
atthesesymposia–appropriatelyupdatedwithnewrelevantfindings.Thisinforma-
tionissupplementedbychaptersonanesthesiaandsleep,computationalanalysisof
the state of anesthesia, and the clinical phenomenon of “anesthesia awareness,” a
topic that has recently received much public attention. With these three additional
contributions,thebookthusincludes10chapters.
Several excellent books on consciousness and memory have been published in
recent years, but none of these has presented a systematic compilation of studies
onanestheticmodulationofmemoryandconsciousness–atleastinaunifiedview
of the subject matter. Likewise, several texts have been written about fundamen-
tal anesthetic mechanisms, focusing on pharmacological, cellular, and molecular
changes. However, no volume has bridged molecular, cellular, integrative, and
systems-level effects, as we believe will be necessary to address the core issues
ofanestheticmechanisms.Thisbookisintendedtofillthisneed.Wehopethatby
buildingthesebridgesbetweenbenchandclinicalresearch,newideasandtestable
hypotheses will emerge, so that future work will ultimately lead to an integrative
theoryofanesthetic-inducedunconsciousnessandamnesia.
There is a long history of interest in unraveling the mechanisms of anesthesia.
Withtherecentintroductionofseveralnewinvestigativemethodologies,andasnew
hypotheses have emerged, there has been a surge in interest from the traditional,
v
vi Foreword
pharmacological, and clinical neurosciences, as well as newer fields, such as cog-
nitiveandcomputationalneurosciences.Consideringtheincrediblesignificanceof
understanding the neurobiological basis of consciousness and memory, we expect
that this interest will continue to grow. This book should appeal to anesthesiolo-
gists, neurologists, psychologists, scientists, and anyone interested in anesthesia,
consciousness, or memory. We hope that it serves as a reference for the scientific
community and provides a useful perspective for future treatments of the subject.
As a summary of the current state of knowledge, it should serve as a useful text
for graduate students and researchers who wish to engage in anesthesia research.
Althoughasignificantpartoftheinformationincludedhereistechnical,itiswrit-
ten in a style that we hope makes it accessible to a wider audience than simply
scientistswhoarecurrentlyengagedinresearchinthefield.
The editors would like to express their sincere thanks to all contributors for
their outstanding work. They appreciate the reviewers’ suggestions for the inclu-
sion of additional specific topics. Special thanks are due to Patrick J. Marton and
MatthewGiampoalaatSpringerUSfortheinvitationtopreparethisbook,andfor
theeditorialassistanceofMarnieFilstein.
MilwaukeeandMadison,WI AnthonyHudetz,DBM,PhDand
RobertPearce,MD,PhD
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
AnthonyHudetzandRobertPearce
2 Molecular Targets of General Anesthetics
intheNervousSystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
HughC.Hemmings,Jr.
3 A Neurochemical Perspective on States
ofConsciousness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
ChristopherJ.Watson,HelenA.Baghdoyan,andRalphLydic
4 AnestheticModulationofAuditoryPerception:Linking
Cellular,Circuit,andBehavioralEffects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
MatthewI.Banks
5 Cortical Disintegration Mechanism
ofAnesthetic-InducedUnconsciousness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
AnthonyHudetz
6 AnesthesiaandtheThalamocorticalSystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
MichaelT.Alkire
7 Anesthesia-Induced State Transitions
inNeuronalPopulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
JamieSleigh,MoiraSteyn-Ross,AlistairSteyn-Ross,
LoganVoss,andMarcusWilson
8 Anesthesia Awareness: When the Mind
IsNotSuppressed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
GeorgeA.Mashour
9 Loss of Recall and the Hippocampal Circuit Effects
ProducedbyAnesthetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
M.BruceMacIver
vii
viii Contents
10 ModulationoftheHippocampalθ-RhythmasaMechanism
forAnesthetic-InducedAmnesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
MishaPerouanskyandRobertPearce
11 PropofolAmnesia–WhatisGoingonintheBrain?. . . . . . . . . 215
RobertA.VeselisandKaneO.Pryor
SubjectIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Contributors
MichaelT.Alkire DepartmentofAnesthesiologyandPerioperativeCare,
UniversityofCalifornia,IrvineMedicalCenter,Orange,CA,USA
HelenA.Baghdoyan DepartmentofAnesthesiology,UniversityofMichigan,
AnnArbor,MI,USA
MatthewI.Banks DepartmentofAnesthesiology,UniversityofWisconsin,
Madison,WI,USA
HughC.Hemmings,Jr. DepartmentofAnesthesiology,WeillCornellMedical
College,NewYork,NY,USA
AnthonyHudetz DepartmentofAnesthesiology,MedicalCollegeofWisconsin,
Milwaukee,WI,USA
RalphLydic DepartmentofAnesthesiology,UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,
MI,USA
M.BruceMacIver DepartmentofAnesthesia,StanfordUniversitySchoolof
Medicine,Stanford,CA,USA
GeorgeA.Mashour DepartmentsofAnesthesiologyandNeurosurgery,
UniversityofMichiganMedicalSchool;AnnArbor,MI,USA
RobertPearce DepartmentofAnesthesiology,UniversityofWisconsin,Madison,
WI,USA
MishaPerouansky DepartmentofAnesthesiology,UniversityofWisconsin,
Madison,WI,USA
KaneO.Pryor DepartmentofAnesthesiologyandCriticalCareMedicine,
MemorialSloan-KetteringCancerCenter,NewYork,NY,USA;Departmentof
Anesthesiology,WeillCornellMedicalCollege,NewYork,NY,USA
JamieSleigh DepartmentofAnaesthesiology,UniversityofAuckland,Hamilton,
NewZealand
AlistairSteyn-Ross UniversityofWaikato,Hamilton,NewZealand
ix
x Contributors
MoiraSteyn-Ross UniversityofWaikato,Hamilton,NewZealand
RobertA.Veselis DepartmentofAnesthesiologyandCriticalCareMedicine,
MemorialSloan-KetteringCancerCenter,NewYork,NY,USA;Departmentof
Anesthesiology,WeillCornellMedicalCollege,NewYork,NY,USA
LoganVoss DepartmentofAnaesthesiology,UniversityofAuckland,Hamilton,
NewZealand
ChristopherJ.Watson DepartmentofAnesthesiology,UniversityofMichigan,
AnnArbor,MI,USA
MarcusWilson UniversityofWaikato,Hamilton,NewZealand