STUDIES ON ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS ALONG THE CENTRAL ...

448 Pages·2013·14.71 MB·English

STUDIES ON ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE
COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS ALONG
THE CENTRAL WEST COAST OF INDIA
Thesis submitted for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
in
BOTANY
to the
GOA UNIVERSITY
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,
by
Nazima Bi-Shaikh
National Institute of Oceanography
Dona-Paula, GOA- 403004
INDIA
July 2002
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled 'STUDIES ON ECOLOGICALLY
SENSITIVE COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS ALONG THE CENTRAL WEST
COAST OF INDIA' submitted by Nazima Bi Shaikh for the award of the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Botany is based on original studies carried out
by her under my supervision.
The thesis or any part thereof has not been previously submitted for any other
degree or diploma in any Universities or Institutions.
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Place: Dona Paula Dr.ARVIND G. UNTAWALE
Date : 100 7/0,2, Research Guide
DECLARATION
As required under the Univesity Ordinance 0.19.8 (iv), I hereby state that the
present thesis entitled 'STUDIES ON ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE
COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS ALONG THE CENTRAL WEST COAST OF
INDIA' is my original contribution and the same has not been submitted on any
previous occasion. To the best of my knowledge, the present study is the first
comprehensive work of its kind from the area mentioned
The literature related to the problem investigated has been cited. Due
acknowledgements have been made wherever facilities and suggestions have
been availed of
NAZINIA BI SHAIKH
(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)
CONTENTS
Page No.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF PLATES
Chapter I (cid:9) GENERAL INTRODUCTION (cid:9) 1-25
Chapter if REVIEW OF LITERATURE (cid:9) 26-61
Chapter Ill SOME STUDIES ON BIODIVERSITY OF (cid:9) 62-136
CEN'TRAL WEST COAST OF INDIA
3.0 (cid:9) Introduction
3.1 (cid:9) Materials and methods
3.2 (cid:9) Description of the study area
3.3 (cid:9) Geological features of Central West Coast
Of India
3.3.1 Maharashtra coast
3.3.2 Goa coast
3.3.3 Karnataka coast
3.4 (cid:9) Oceanographic features
3.5 (cid:9) Results
3.5.1 Maharashtra coast
3.5.2 Goa coast
3.5.3 Karnataka coast
3.6 (cid:9) Discussion
3.7 (cid:9) Conclusion
Chapter IV SENSITIVE COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS OF 137-180
MALVAN: A SPECIAL CASE STUDY
4.0 (cid:9) Description of the study area
4.1 (cid:9) Location and brief history
4,2 (cid:9) Physiography
4.2.1 Physical features
4.2.2 Geoclimatic features
4.2.3 Topography
4.3 (cid:9) Materials and Methods
4.3.1 Environmental parameters
4.3.2 Hydrographical parameters
4.3.3 Biological parameters
(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)
4.4 (cid:9) Results
4.4.1 Environmental parameters
4A.2 Hydrographical parameters
4.4.3 Nutrients
4.4.4 Sediment
4.4.5 Phytoplankton
4.4.6 Zooplankton
4.4.7 Copepod species
4.4.8 Macrobenthos
4.4.8 Distribution of Corals
4.4.9 Distribution of algae
4.4.10 Mangroves
4A.11 Fishery resources
4.5 (cid:9) Discussion
4.6 (cid:9) Conclusion
Chapter V SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDIES AND 181-227
SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION OF MARINE
RESOURCES
5.0 (cid:9) Introduction
5.1 (cid:9) Materials and Methods
5.2 (cid:9) Description of study area
5.2.1 Location and Brief history
5.2.2 Physiography
5.2.3 Fishing resources of Chorao
5.2.4 Mangroves of the study area
5.3 (cid:9) Results
5.3.1 Demographic features
5.3.1.1 Decadal population growth
5.3.1.2 Age—Sex Structure
5.3.2 Social characteristics
5.3.2.1 Health
5.3.2.2 Literacy and Education
5.3.2.3 Shelter Quality
5.3.3 Land utilization paftern
5.3.3.1 Land Use Pattern
5,3A Coastal area
5.3.5 Economic engagements
5.3.5.1 Employment paftern
5.3.5.2 Women's participation in the economy
5.3.5.3 Dependency ratio
5.3.5.4 Sources of livelihood
5.3.6 Poverty estimates
5.3.6.1 Consumption expenditure pattern
5.3.6.2 Ultra poor and depth of poverty
5.3.7 Productive asset holdings
5.3.8 Fisheries
5.3.8.1 Equipments used for fishing
5.3.8.2 Investment on fishing
5.3.8.3 Techniques of fishing
5.3.8.4 Fish production
5.3.8.5 Marketing
5.3.8.6 Fish curing
5.3.8.7 Regulatory measures
5.3.8.8 Support from institution for fishing
activity
5.3.8.9 Fishing Co-operatives
5.3.8.10 Banks
5.3.8.11 Government schemes for fisheries
development
5.3.8.12 Fisheries Training Centres
5.4 (cid:9) Discussion
5.5 (cid:9) Conclusion
Chapter 'VI CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF (cid:9) 228-251
ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE ECOSYSTEMS
6.0 (cid:9) Introduction
6.1 (cid:9) Conservation efforts
6.2 (cid:9) Conservation efforts with legal protection
6.3 (cid:9) Management
6.4 (cid:9) Recommendations
6.5 (cid:9) Laws and regulation for management
6.6 (cid:9) National policies and programmes
6.7 (cid:9) Conclusion
Chapter VII SUMMARY (cid:9) 252-258
APPENDIX I (cid:9) 259-268
BIBLIOGRAPHY (cid:9) 269-310
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I express my sincere and deep gratitude to my research guide, Dr. Arvind
Untawale, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona-Paula, Goa, for his patient
teaching, constant encouragement, suggestions, discussions and close
supervision of my work. .
I am grateful to Dr.Ehrlich Desa, Director, National Institute of Oceanography,
Goa, for his constant encouragement and providing me with requisite facilities
during the entire research period.
My special thanks to Dr. V.K.Dhargalkar and Dr. Sayeeda Wafar for their
continious support during the progress of my research work.
I also thank Dr. M.V.M. Wafar, Dr. T.G.Jagtap, Dr.Baban Ingole, Dr. X. N.
Verlecar (all National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa), Dr.
Geetanjali Deshmukhe, Centre Institute for Fisheries Education, Mumbai,
Prof. S. Ftamachandran, Institute for Ocean Management, Anna
University,Chennai, Tamil-Nadu, Prof. Victor Rajamanickam, Tamil
University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu for their kind support and encouragement.
I am extremely thankful to Prof. D.J.Bhat, Professor and Head, Department of
Botany, Goa University who tremendously helped me in completing various
formalities with University for the Ph.D course.
I am extremely thankful to all my friends from National Institute of
Oceanography, Goa and histitute of Ocean Management, Anna University,
Chennai, Tamil Nadu for their constant assistance and support during the entire
research period.
I also thank Mr. Mahambre, Headmaster, Govt. High School, Madel, Goa for
his help in collecting the socio-economic data of Chorao, Goa.
The part of this work was carried out under the Maharashtra project entitled "
marine Protected Areas along the Maharashtra coast" sponsored by Forest
Department, Nagpur and " Development of GIS based information for
identification of Marine critical Habitats", Sponsored by Department of Ocean
Development, Chennai. I am greatful to them.
Thanks are also due to Dr. Venkatesan, and Shri G. Janakiraman, National
Institute of Ocean Technology, Chermai, and Mr. M.S. Tajudeen, Seaport
Logistics, Chennai.
I warmly thank Pratima, Ravi, Kishan and Santosh for their time and support
during the course of my thesis work. I also thank Mr. Devanand Kavlekar for
his guidance while taking the final print outs.
I am especially indebted to my husband Abdul Salam for his continuous support
and encouragement due to which the completion of this thesis was possible.
Thanks are also due to my loving son Master Muhib, my parents, family
members and my in-laws for their support at every stage of my work.
(NAZIMA BI SHAIKH)
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Table Title
1.1 Mangrove biodiversity of India.
2.1 State-wise mangrove cover (Area in sq.km).
2.2 Seaweed resources along Central West Coast of India.
3.1 Average tidal amplitude along Central West Coast of India.
3.2 Sites surveyed along the Maharashtra coast and their importance.
3.3 Systematic list of mangroves recorded along the Central West
Coast of India.
3.4 Systematic list of marine algae recorded along the Central West
Coast of India.
3.5 List of sand dune vegetation recorded along the Maharashtra coast.
3.6 Stations identified as ecologically sensitive areas for further
studies.
3.7 Commonly occurring macrofaunal species in the intertidal zones of
Colaba, Mumbai, Maharashtra.
3.8 Range of environmental parameters (1997-1998) at Ratnagiri and
Colaba (Maharashtra). (cid:9) -
3.9 Abundance of demersal fish species (mean of three trawling hauls-
Nos per haul) in the coastal waters off Ratnagiri, Maharashtra.
3.10 Abundance of Zooplankton (numbers 100 in.3) in coastal waters
off Ratnagiri, Maharashtra.
3.11 Benthic macrofaunal population density (Nos. ni2) and biomass
-2
(gm m wet weight) from the sub-tidal waters off Ratnagiri.
3.12 Meiofaunal abundance (Nos) and biomass (mg 10 cm-2) in the
subtidal waters off Ratnagiri.
3.13 List of marine algae recorded at few stations along the
Maharashtra coast and their ecological status.
3.14 List of mangroves recorded at few stations along the Maharashtra
coast and their ecological status.
3.15 Sites surveyed along the Goa coast and their importance.
3.16 List of sand dune vegetation recorded along the Goa coast
3.17 List of marine benthic algae recorded and their ecological status at
Chorao island, Goa.
3.18 List of Avifauna recorded with common names from Chorao
island, Goa.
3.19 List of marine fungi and its ecological status from Chorao island,
Goa.
3.20 List of other faunal species and their ecological status from Chorao
island, Goa and their ecological status.
3.21 List of Fishes with common name and their ecological status from
Chorao island.
3.22 List of marine algae recorded at few stations along the Goa coast
and their ecological status.