Table Of Content\ 24 3 7
PURDUE UNIVERSITY
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION
Jack Warren Carter
by
STRESS CONCENTRATIONS BJ BUILT-UP STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
en titled
AND ITS EFFECT ON THEIR ENDURANCE LIMIT
COMPLIES WITH THE UNIVERSITY REGULATIONS ON GRADUATION THESES AND IS APPROVED
BY ME AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
Doctor of Philosophy
Professor in Charge of Thesis
Head of School or Department
May 15,_______ i9 51
TO THE LIBRARIAN:—
«5»
THIS THESIS IS NOT TO BE REGARDED AS CONFIDENTIAL.
/
Professor uvCharge
Registrar Form 10—2-39—1M
STRESS CONCENTRATIONS IN BUILT-UP STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
ITS EFFECT ON THEIR ENDURANCE LIMIT
A Thesis
Submitted to the Faculty
of
Purdue University
by
Jack Warren Carter
In P artial Fulfillm ent of the
Requirements for the Degree
of
Doctor of Philosophy
June, 1951
ProQuest Number: 27714217
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i
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The w riter is especially indebted to Professors L. T. Wyly and
E. 0. S titz with 1*1 am he was very closely associated in the actual
prosecution of the studies and investigations reported in this thesis.
They were helpful and patient at a ll times. Also, Professor Vlÿly was
directly responsible for arranging the financial aid which was re
ceived from the Association of American Railroads.
Professors H. F. 3. Jonah, R. G* Sturm, and R. B. Wiley gave
valuable aid and made many helpful suggestions in th eir capacity as
members of the w riter* s advisory committee.
Mr. E. J. Ruble, structural engineer. Association of American
Railroads, contributed helpful ideas regarding presentation of the
data.
Messrs. C. W. Lawton and R. E. Peterson were responsible for the
photographing of stress patterns and experimental equipment.
Mr. M. E. Beck and his staff of the C ivil Ehgineering and
Engineering Mechanics machine shop showed a hi$i order of competence
and imagination in the often painstaking work involved in machining
test specimens. This was especially true in the work on plastic
models used in photoelastic investigations.
The investigations on steel plates were sponsored financially
by the Association of American Railroads and the photoelastic
investigations by Purdue University.
ii
It seems appropriate to mention here that the Purdue fatigue tests,
to which frequent reference is made in the following pages, were run on
the Krouse-Purdue fatigue machine which was designed by Dr, R. G. Sturm
and Mr, G. N, Krouse,
il l
PREFACE
The investi gâtions reported here are part of the floorbeam hanger
research project being conducted at Purdue University under the auspices
and with the cooperation of the Association of American Railroads.
This particular portion of the investigation was instituted to
make a study of the elastic stress concentrations in and around rivet
and bolt holes and to provide a correlation between these studies and
laboratory and field failures at joints of structural members subjected
to a high range of repetitive, or cyclic,tenstle stress. It was in
tended that such studies should provide rational explanations for the
fatigue type failures in existing structures and information for use
in corrective measures and new designs.
The investigations on steel plates were performed under the general
supervisionof Professor L. T. Vfyly and those using the methods of
photoelasticity were performed under the supervision of Professor
E. 0. S titz.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................... i
PREFACE ........... ii
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................... v
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................. v iii
ABSTRACT ...................................................... ix
NOMENCLATURE ........................................................................................... x ii
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1
SUMMARY OF TESTS PERFORMED...................................................................... 9
TEST PROCEDURES AND EQUIPMENT ............................................................... 11
RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS............... 24
ACCURACY OF RESULTS .................................................................................... 50
CONCLUSIONS ............................. 51
APPENDIX ............................................................................................................ 54
BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................... 58
VITA ..................................................................................................................... 60
V
FIGURES
Figure Page
1 Fatigue Failures in Plates with Rivets and Pins
in Single S h ear................................................................... 3
2 Stress Concentration at Sides of Hole Due to
Rivet Bearing ........... 5
3 Single Shear Joints With and Without Secondary
Bending Due to D istortion ................................. 6
4 Fatigue Failures in Plates Connected by High
Clamping Bolts ........................... 8
5 Typical Curve for Stress at Side of Hole vs.
Average Stress on Gross Section of Plate ........... 12
6 Correlation between Stresses From Photoelasticity
and SR-4 Strain G ages........................... 13
7 Specimen with Pin Bearing in Single Shear Method
Used in Obtaining Stresses on Highly Stressed
Face .............................................................................. 16
8 Method for Obtaining Stress in Single Shear
Specimens.................................................... 17
9 Tank Used for ’’Freezing In" Stresses .............................. 20
10 Loading Jig Used for Specimens in Bearing in
Single S h ear ...................................................... 21
11 Loading Arrangement — Specimen Subjected to
Clamping Force of Washer Only .................................... 22
12 Clamping Device — Specimen Subjected to Axial
Tension Plus Clamping......................................................... 23
13 Stress Concentration — Open Holes in L in e ................ 26
14 Stress Concentration — Open Holes in L in e ................. 27
15 Stress Concentration — Two Open Holes in One
Row With Varying G age......................................................... 28
16 Stress Concentration Open Holes — Eccentric
Loading.................... 29
FIGURES (continued)
17 Stress Concentration Open Holes —
Staggered P itc h ...................................................................
IB Stress Concentration Open Holes —
Effect of Edge Dis ta n c e .......................................
19 Fatigue Failure — Five Open Holes in L in e .
20 Stress Concentration — Load Delivered by Pins
in Double Shear — No Clamping ..............................
21 Correlation of Stress Values and Directions with
Fatigue F a ilu re ...................................................................
22 Plate with Hole Subjected to Clamping Force of
Washers O nly..........................................................................
23 Clamping Specimen — Tangential Stress on Face of
Hole ..........................................................................................
24 Stress Fringe Photograph of Specimen With Clamping
Force of Washer Only .......................................................
25 Tension Specimen with Clamping Applied Through
Washer — Stresses at Sides of Hole and Edge
of Washer .............................................................................
26 Clamping Specimen — V ertical Stress on Face of
H ole...................................................................................
27 Stress Trajectories — Specimen Subjected to
Clamping Only ...................................................................
28 Specimen With Load Delivered by Clamping —
No Bearing ..........................................................................
29 Tension Specimen With High Clamping Force, No
Bearing of Pin — Axial Stress on Centerline
of Outside Surface of Side Plates .......................
30 Magnified Fringe Pattern at Edge of Washer —
Specimen with Axial Load Plus Clamping ............
Calibration Curve for Spring Used in Specimen
with Clamping Force of Washer Plus Axial
Tension ..................................................................................
