Table Of ContentStrain Hardening Cement Composites: Structural
Design and Performance
RILEM STATE-OF-THE-ART REPORTS
Volume6
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Keitetsu Rokugo • Tetsushi Kanda
Editors
Strain Hardening Cement
Composites: Structural
Design and Performance
State-of-the-Art Report of the RILEM
Technical Committee 208-HFC, SC3
123
Editors
KeitetsuRokugo TetsushiKanda
GifuUniversity KajimaTechnical
Gifu ResearchInstitute
Japan Tokyo
Japan
ISBN978-94-007-4835-4 ISBN978-94-007-4836-1(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-94-007-4836-1
SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergNewYorkLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012941160
©RILEM2013
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Contents
1 Introduction ................................................................... 1
2 StructuralBehaviorandDesignofR/SHCCElements................... 3
2.1 FlexuralCharacteristicsandDesign..................................... 3
2.1.1 FlexuralCapacityofSHCCMembers.......................... 3
2.1.2 FlexuralCrackingBehavior..................................... 9
2.1.3 SizeEffectonFlexuralBehavior................................ 12
2.2 ShearCharacteristicsandDesign ....................................... 14
2.2.1 Introduction...................................................... 14
2.2.2 ReviewofPreviousStudies ..................................... 15
2.2.3 EvaluationofShearCapacityofStructuralMembers.......... 28
2.2.4 ConcludingRemarks ............................................ 40
2.3 FiniteElementModeling ................................................ 41
2.3.1 Introduction...................................................... 41
2.3.2 ContinuumBasedModels....................................... 41
2.3.3 SmearedCrackandHomogenizationBasedModels........... 43
2.3.4 ModifiedConcreteModels...................................... 46
2.3.5 IndividualCrackBasedModel.................................. 47
2.4 DuctilityandAnti-seismicDesign ...................................... 49
2.4.1 ComparisonofStructuralBehaviorBetween
R/SHCCElementsandR/CElements.......................... 49
2.4.2 DesignConceptofRCElementsandAdvantage
ofSHCCUtilization............................................. 52
References...................................................................... 54
3 ApplicationofSHCC ......................................................... 59
3.1 Introduction .............................................................. 59
3.2 AConceptforUseofNewMaterials ................................... 60
3.2.1 PerformanceBasedDesignforSHCCApplication............ 60
3.2.2 PotentialApplication............................................ 61
3.3 SHCC’sMaterialCharacterizationforApplication.................... 63
v
vi Contents
3.4 ApplicationExamples ................................................... 66
3.4.1 AdvantagesforR/SHCCApplication........................... 66
3.4.2 UseofTensilePerformanceforTunnelLining................. 67
3.4.3 UseofTensileResistanceforSteelFloorDeck................ 69
3.4.4 UseofSteelProtectionCapabilityforSurface
ProtectionAgainstCarbonation................................. 70
3.4.5 Seismic Application of Coupled Tensile
ResistanceandSteelProtectionCapability..................... 73
3.4.6 JointandOverlayApplications ................................. 73
3.5 ConclusionsandFutureTasks........................................... 76
References...................................................................... 77
RILEMPublications.............................................................. 79
RILEMPublicationspublishedbySpringer................................... 87
Index................................................................................ 89
Chapter 1
Introduction
Strain Hardening Cement Composites, SHCC hereafter, demonstrate excellent
mechanicalbehaviorshowingtensilestrainhardeningandmultiplefinecracks.This
strainhardeningbehaviorimprovesthedurabilityofconcretestructuresemploying
SHCCandthemultiplefinecracksenhancestructuralperformance.Reliabletensile
performance of SHCC enables us to design structures explicitly accounting for
SHCC’s tensile properties. Reinforced SHCC elements (R/SHCC) indicate large
energyabsorbingperformanceunderlargeseismicexcitation.
Reinforcedconcretestructuresaresubjectedtovarioustypesofloading,suchas
deadload,liveload,andseismic load.Againstthoseloads,R/SHCC elementscan
bedesignedbysuperimposingre-barperformanceandSHCC’stensileperformance.
TheestimationofSHCC’sshearresistancecontributionindesign,whichisdeduced
from SHCC’s tensile property, requires various investigations since the shear
resistancemechanismisusuallycomplicated.
This State-of-the-Art Report is written collectively by members of Sub-
committeethreeoftheRILEMTC208-HFC.Thereportfocusesonflexuraldesign,
sheardesign,FEmodelingandanti-seismicdesignofR/SHCCelementsaswellas
applicationexamples.Establishingdesignmethodsfornewmaterialsusuallyleads
toexploringapplicationareasandthistrendshouldbedemonstratedbycollecting
actualapplicationexamplesofSHCCinstructures.
Exploring SHCC applications necessitates establishing structural design and
constructionpracticemanualsataveryearlyopportunity.Hence,theJapanSociety
ofCivilEngineerspublishedthe“Recommendationsfordesignandconstructionof
highperformancefiberreinforcedcementcompositewithmultiplecracks”in2007,
which contains technical knowledge accumulated in conjunction with the activity
of RILEM TC 208-HFC. This recommendation can be freely obtained from the
websiteofJSCE.TheRILEMTC208-HFCSubcommitteethreeactivitiesdescribed
inthisreportareintendedtodevelopmorereliableandpracticalrecommendations
byreflectingthelatestresearchresults.
(K.Rokugo)
K.RokugoandT.Kanda(eds.),StrainHardeningCementComposites: 1
StructuralDesignandPerformance,RILEMState-of-the-ArtReports6,
DOI10.1007/978-94-007-4836-1 1,©RILEM2013
Chapter 2
Structural Behavior and Design of R/SHCC
Elements
Abstract Structural behavior of steel reinforced SHCC (R/SHCC) elements are
discussedinthischapter.Basedonthediscussion,designapproachesforR/SHCC
arealsoinvestigated.First,inflexure,R/SHCCappearstoshowsimilarbehaviorto
regularR/CanditsdesigncanbeachievedinextensionofR/Cdesignbyconsidering
shortfibercontributionagainstflexuraltensilestress.Second,theshearbehaviorof
SHCC clarified by Finite Element analysis is reviewed. Then the state of the art
insheardesignapproachissummarized.Finally,structuralductilityunderseismic
loadingandseismicdesignconceptforbeamsandcolumnsarediscussed.
Keywords Flexural capacity • Shear capacity • Cracking • Ductility • Macro
model • Finiteelementanalysis
2.1 Flexural Characteristics andDesign
2.1.1 FlexuralCapacityofSHCCMembers
2.1.1.1 General
Due to its capability of bearing tensile forces after cracking by the bridging
effect of fibers, the design of SHCC flexural members can be streamlined by
directly incorporating this effect. In other words, design taking into account the
tensile capacity of SHCC becomes possible by assuming a perfect elasto-plastic
constitutivemodelasshowninFig.2.1.
To make the effect of SHCC’s tensile properties on the cross-sectional perfor-
manceofflexuralmemberseasytounderstand,Fig.2.2showstheconceptofstrain
and stress distributions of a flexural member cross-section having SHCC on the
tensionside incomparisonwiththose ofanordinaryreinforcedconcretemember.
When SHCC is used on the tensionside, the entirecross-sectionincludingSHCC
K.RokugoandT.Kanda(eds.),StrainHardeningCementComposites: 3
StructuralDesignandPerformance,RILEMState-of-the-ArtReports6,
DOI10.1007/978-94-007-4836-1 2,©RILEM2013
4 2 StructuralBehaviorandDesignofR/SHCCElements
Fig.2.1 Tensilestress–strain
curveofSHCC ftyk gc
s
s
e
str
e
sil
n
e
T
0 ftyk (Ec gc) etu
Tensile strain
a
(comp.)
Neutral
Plain concrete
axis
Steel
ECC
(tens.)
Strain distribution Stress distribution
SHCC is used on the tension side
b
(comp.)
Neutral
axis
Plain concrete
Steel
(tens.)
Strain distribution Stress distribution
Solid reinforced concrete
Fig.2.2 Distributionofstressandstrain
bears the tensile forces, reducing the tensile stress of tensile reinforcement even
under the action of a tensile strain exceeding the yield strain of reinforcement.
Underthesamebendingmoment,theneutralaxisofconcretehavingSHCConthe
tensionsideshiftstothetensionsiderelativetosolidreinforcedconcrete,increasing
the compression zone in the concrete. In other words, the use of SHCC on the
tensionsidehasthesameeffectasanincreaseinthecross-sectionalareaoftensile
reinforcement.
Thecompressivestress–straincurveshouldbeassumedtocalculatetheultimate
capacity of section failure for the members subjected to a bending moment or a
bendingmomentandaxialcompressiveforces.Anexampleofacompressivestress–
strainrelationship,whichisderivedfromtheresultsoftestsoncylinderspecimens
2.1 FlexuralCharacteristicsandDesign 5
Fig.2.3 Exampleof 50
Specimen 1
compressivestress–strain
curve a) Specimen 2
P40
M Specimen 3
s (
es30
str
e
v
si20
s
e
pr
m
10
o
C
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Compressive strain (%)
Fig.2.4 Compressive
stress–straincurveinJSCE
Recommendations
0.85 fc′d
σ′c
s
s
e
str
e
v
si
s
e
pr
m
Co σc′ = 0.85 fc′d εc′ 2− εc′
εm′ εm′
0 εm′
Compressive strainεc′
of100mmindiameterand200mminheight,isshowninFig.2.3.Asshowninthe
figure,thestrainvalueatthepeakstressis0.4%(0.004)approximately.Thisstrain
value is greater than 0.002, i.e. that of ordinary concrete. This shows one of the
characteristicsofSHCC;thestressdecreasesslowlywithincreasingstrainafterthe
maximumloadduetotheconfinementeffectoffiberbridging.
TotakeintoaccounttheseSHCCmaterialcharacteristicsinstructuraldesign,itis
necessarytodeterminethecompressivestress–strainrelationofSHCC.According
totheJSCERecommendations,thestress–strainrelationshowninFig.2.4maybe
usedforthecalculationoftheflexuralcapacityofthesectionwhenappropriatetest
data are notavailable [1].The strain "’ at the peakstress can be set equalto the
m
strain at reachingthe compressivestrength obtainedfromthe compressiontest on
thecylindricalspecimen.
The influence of the exact shape of the compressive stress–strain curve on the
flexuralcapacityofSHCCmembersismarginal,ifthecompressivestrengthandthe
