Table Of ContentSTONEHENGE
in its landscape
TwcTttieth -century excavatious
Rosan1und ~·1 .I Ch~al, K E \'X1alker, and R \lontagUJ.:-
with m::tjor contt·ihut1ons by
\ lichacl J All en_, Alex B:1yli~s~ C .Hronk Ramscy, Linda Colcman,
Julic (iardiner, P A I larding, Rupt:rt Houslcy. Andrew J L'lwson,
Ci~rry J\ 1cCm·mac~ J~cquelinc- I I\ le Kinky, And:rcn· Paync,
Robc:rt G Scaitc: Dale Scrjean1son, and Gl:otT \'\.'ain\\Tight
F >..! G L 1 S H l l E R r T :\ (1 E
1995
ARCH.t\EOLOG l C.-\L REPORT 10
Preface
Stonehenge and the cuhunl landscape within ,o,>hi,h 11 dc~plte y~~O. o( ~'"XC;I\';&UOit thiS CCntUr)' Ill whiCh :tlmO'it
1t:'lnd~ 111 umque; there is no other monumccH or J:utd· hair the area or the monument h:LS been m\·estiJ::ttcd
'IC:!ipe like •t :mywhc~ else in the world W1ilhin ~n a~:a there h.:~.~ rw;:\•er be<n published 2 de:fi1,itl\'c acc:~)unt of
of J(j:~ than two llqu;~.re kJiomctrts :1~ hundttd~ of Stmu:hi.·n~e ba-ced on the primary archacolog,c-:~1 tt·
prehistoric monument.; bmlt betw~cn 5000 :and 3000 <.:Ords. For ::t monument of such impona11ce the l:lck of
ye:tN :ago. At the centre of thiS landscape stand the 2 full report on the mvesug:~t•onscarriedout th1scemury
rcn\:au'l'\ of the ~tone c•rc-lc •tsdf, wuh us huge upright~ 1S totally \m!lc:ceptllble. h was dear to us at an early <lt:lge
:and lmtch of IOC:;\I ll3ru,htonc :md the smaller Blucstones m the dcnlopment of a new management Slr:ttegy fOe
- tnn,.portcd from the Pre\ch I hlls m Pcmbrokcshire, the monument :tnd tu l:.md~capc that the ordenngofthe
some 38ikm di,t:lnt. On accO\Int of•ts pankular imcr· an:hi,•e of the nm.'"'iUJZ;&Uons wh1ch had been underuken
n:uionalunport;tntt, Su:mch~·nge and ns landscape arc a"d the prcp.1r..auon of a report on the result..; were
fXlrt ofa UNESCO approved \'\'orld lleritagc Site withi1l 1:'>\CnU:II elements m the ovcr.tll plan. ln 1993 Engli~h
which over '50 :tr<.:h:acological monumcms of nation:tl llcnl.1JtC therefore commissioned such a '>tUd)' from
importance c:tn be 1dcnuficd. Wc,sex Arc:h;u,:olog)' w1th a dear brief to organ~ the
In hindtit:ht, for ~m.:h :m 1mponam monument, "-itc :trc.:tuve and produce such a rcpon.
Stonchcn~;e hall not re..:c•vcd the sympathetic manage Th1' V()lumc 1s the fira comprehensiv-e acrown of
ment ·~ ~0 nchly dc,en·cs. Concepu of management Stonchen~e and presents in det:ul the c.-vidence for 1tS
h:we changed and wh.1t w~s pre-t'"iousl)' considered to~ '>1ructunl h1~t<>q'. The prcsentauon of the evidence i\ of
:tPI)topri:tte 1s n(lw demonstrabl)' madcqu:ue to IUtt't fund.:unent:tl Importance- to anyone who wishes to u,,.
modem need~. \'{'luht n IS the most \'lSitcd prehi.:;toric del"'t:md the monument or w1shes to :td\·ance a new
monument 111 8ru:;un, the I'Ubhc Ae<:oum.s Committee theory. New que~uons about the me h.:we been raiied
of the Hou\C of Commons has ti.ghd)' condemned its 3!00 a rc,uft of this work and wtll be addressed in 2 carcfull)'
tn.:tdequate and mappropriate visnor faciliucs "' :t na dl""li:ncd rc!O>earch prOJCCl that will approoch the iiiu~
tional d•~gt':\ce. Engb"lh Hcntage .:md the Nation.al Trust w1th the b;mcry of ~1cnufic techniques which arc now
agrt-e wholeheartedly th.1t somctlun.g must be done to 3\-:'lil:tblc. That re<.e~rc:h programme wdl proceed 21ong:
unprovc the con~n"":luon and the \'isitor facditic.:; of ~ide the nnpltrnl-ntabon of our management initi.:Ui\'d
Swnehe1'gc and ll\ land<.<:apc Cenu-.1 to the implemen a.nd mll enhance our undc~tandmJ! and ;~ppreciauon of
tation of this progmmmc is the rcloc.:-:ttton of 1hc ex1(tmg wh.at is truly our g:reate~t prchl'itonc monument.
n~lt()T faCihllCS tO a Site funher aW3)' fro1n the Sl<ltl\e!Oi :md
the I"CWllflc~uon of Stonehenge and its l:lnd(Clpe by the: JO<".!)'IJ $,1)#11S
~rnO\":ll of the roads which run close to the monument Ch:tnm:tn, t!ngft«h llcntagc
:lnd t»~ect the landscape. 1t is als.o remarkable th:n M:trch 1 j>C)5
Contents
n,.,...
lllustr.JU•,nos ............................ ....... .. .............. ax ;; Th~ rnnmm1~nt. phU'tt: 1 b\• Rl1S.llllflli(l
I .asl ofTa bies ••.... ........................ .. xi 11 M j r:tral
l..&'i\ (o( colour pi lites................ .... •. ..................X I\' .Sum m, r)': l:mti~cap<: and IIWnumcnt ....................... 61
.-\,knu\\icd •emcnts ..••... ............... •. . _ . .. .. .... X\ 'l'he cm'lwnrnc:m ldnllscarc and l:wcbl<c by
:S1unm:J.r)' ............................ - ...... .. ............ :\'\'1 .\h. had J i1/!ctl ................................................ nj
l(c.s.~•me ..... . ................................................. ....... ]1;\'ii '11H: L('111p<mcnt p;~rt~ nl the monumctu ................... h'i
'"n,e
%.~1S:tml11Cili::J<;'iUng .................... , .... - ............ XIX f)itc·h ..••• . ............... ~······ ...... . , ....• ,. ... ,,,,.,IJ5
T~hc B:mk :md Cnuntc1 caq' R:111k ...................... Q.l
The t.'Ut :ln I pnmnry fitlt•fthc Auhrcy 11(11~
b\' ;.: IJ •r·alk.rJ' ............................................ Q l
lntrnduc:tiun bv}ul!t t;arJm{'r ................ 11)7
lntroductJon ............................................ . .. ....... I
l~:u~k,gro\lnd tu the proJect· aints ::Jnd obJcCU\'CS ......... I u A ch~m~c nf l"nlph::t ... b., ph a .. ~ 1 bl' l(.;~s.:.~mcmd
l..llyout and con\'cntion...................... ...... .. .. ; Af)Ckal
I >itch ;~nd fe3ture fill" by J\J cl•o.~.l J ,1/!m ............. 4 ."umm:u-y; l:and~c::~pc and monumccm .................. 11 o
H.;.d1 c~rbon d:ncs b\• ,\ rur..ul] Al1m T~hc Ci1nronmt'nt; ,J;m,hl'iC' ;md land L':lpc
aud tUtx 1111\'[UJ .. .. ... •. ............................ (; b,, .\ lul1ad J ,4/lo: ...... . ................................. J I !)
11tt t:<I111J'IUnCnt p;arts 4lflhc ffi•lOUIIlCtU ................ 11#
! ••rt:\iUtl"' work anrJ 01~1hud" l>y" I! ll alk,r Upper fill m~ ~·I \hi:' I)Jl\. h ................................ 11 S
me
I ""l•lf}' ,1nd mcth·xl~ t•f prinup:tii!XC';l\~\1tlfl'l;.. • q 1\,sthc,lc~ on,und the nn11h-ca ... tcrn cnu~\\':1:!1 ... I•H•
J\r'Chl\'CS "'''"" .. , ... .. '""' ..................... "''"''".. 17 1\>;;.tholcs :u 't\' ....... ...................................... l•lu
P41~t-'CXC~\':ll1Pl1 r:Uitmale I!)• 1..: J:" Jr.1/.l:u ~11.1 1'•">-tholc~ in 1hc intenor, ............................. 1•1(>
J:r!rt (;..,,.Iura ............................................ , :!1) The sou them p:Jss:~~:o:w::l)' ................................ I '50
.SeOi•nL.bt)' u":- ufthe ,\tJ\'lrcy Hole
{ "Eh e n"lnnunll."nt t••da\' lt\1 K E IFalka by K £ Lr''a!k. r .......................................... I S.:!
StCHichen};e 111 U!t modem 'etun 1 by f.: E n'"alkrr 'l11c )J;lJi ...: .dc DitCh, h\' J...: 1~· UYaUcroud
tl"d j,Ju (;a,.dJ~:o .... ...... .. ......................... 23 I~ .\Pi'nr.lg.rt' .......................................... 15l
l'hysical ticscriptio·n ... ........ ............ • ...................... - I IJiscu~ion .............................................. •. ....•••• lol
l'rclustonc can.'lngs b..,. Amlrr.~· J I. .:Jr. . o"
.:~nd " li ara'k.:r ........................................ 30 7 'i he stunt' "t:ttin~..,, pha"'l' .~ by Rot.;IItiHIW
(~e. .g r.~rhlcnl and wpogr:IJ'hacal :.cUm~t J'l J Gk.Jl
b\• 1\ heir,;: !} Alkr1 ........................................... 34 .Sunt1n;\f}': bndwarx: nnd n1(•numcnt ..................... l oS
"I' he q~ual crwd"pc lt\• l~lHt.tmzmcl C/u,J .-.. uh Ardt:acolo~r :md cnvuunmcm ln• ,\ hd1ad J 11llm ... I b8
1Huht2d J 'fl.'cn ............................................. 3•1 Cuuii}(JOcnt p:trto; of th1: mnnumem: iHU•KIUC\lQn .. l61l
"Ill<: scqua:net: m the 111\Cnnr ............................... 16rt
P;trl !: Stunchcn~c, thoe-n1ununn.:n\ in il"'o .. cuing Phase 31: Q :uul I( llf•l~ :tnd rciJtcd fc3turc~ ....... 11Jt1
l'ha:.c 3ii: S:m•en <: 1rd~· ~nJ Trilnh1on ..................... IS.
.a Rd'urc Slnnt-lwn~c fl:\•, Utclr,.ul :1 .4/lm l'na.s.c Jiu: pn:-Biucst(,•nc Circle ll(•t~iho;e
·me
ea 11)' pO.\l-"·1~~:1 :JI I;Ju~ls!7~pc :mJ (c~tures............................... •. ........................ ~Oil
cn,·iaonine·nt ...................................................... •11 l'ha~ }1\'; the llluc!ltOIIC Gir..lc nnd ~),·:tl .. .. ....... ~I~
lkfor.: StonchC"nge the Mt~>i}J11hic l;'lndSQpc: l'ha~e (1\': tht• Bluc.;tonc Ciadc :~nd Horsc,hut~... .~31
:iml cn,·n•Jnment: b:u::t~tound .............. ... .. ..... ll TheY :~nd% tl.llc" b\· /:-.: B lt'aii.:.:r ................... .. 2;1)
n
Mc~·:d1thic lc~\\IU~" in the C:ll p!itk ....................... Unph:~seJ lc.:at\lrt:'. m the tntcri<.•r ........................... 2t:Jj
Burcal and s~1h-!)orc:ll Cf\\'lf0111llt'lll! cv1dt'n~'C 'llte scqtteucc :u the [l('nphcry C\·l~os..w,uud JH J Gk,;:!
frtt:n pns IJ5HO.... ....................................... r; o111d K E ll'"all.:t"r ............................................... ~11~
lk•rc-al :md Atlamic c.:hllk l;1n~t~pc: m(lllta-ca11 lfbasc 3a ............................................................... ~t:JS
C\ldC1\CC ... .. ......................................... , 1S l'hasc 3b. .............................................................. ~':'·l
IU.rc~l :an"l A tlant1c chalk land~;lJ)C: rlOikn Phase 1c. .. ......................................................... .;:: ~ I
t:'\'Jdcncc by R G ~carft .................................. "i I Phas~ 3 :.1Cla,·it\' 3nound thr! nitdl ~:in.:u•t ............... ~S~
'fhc c:ntacr i:'\c•1hthac ............................................ '5b l npha~blc fo:arun:-.. ar lh~ pcnr'lhcrr ..................... ~<"3
The nrch:u:ologi~ll:.·md<t.":.\pe, lot• /-l(I.SoJ/1 ,md l'h:a e 3 pcnphef)': di~eu .." 'ion ................................ 289
,U J t:Jtul.md }ulrt c; ,m1',u.r •. . ................... ':ii C,m.,lrucrinn :mJ uo;c llf Chc 1\\'C:OUC
'llle iamn(:<h:llC rrc-moOW11Cnl C'l\\'ltOIIIIICill ........... 110 ,... R J\~LIFl~IJ!i:ltC •••• lllllllt.la.to••··········· .. ··-···············~Ql
l'411l en I rom 'he Ncc•ti thk wil b\• R (; St.orj.: ...... t•l F1•JtU :tnd l\lrll.;l1nn c)flhe .r\H~nue
I
~l111lll\:lr)' ,,,, .••• ,, ................................. , ,,,, ..•••••• 62 f.v Jul1c t_i;1rd tJ(Y ....................................... 327
Da,CU,"'Jon ....................................................... 320
S The nssimilntion of the monument nnd post• 1'hc pn:•Stonc:hcn~~:c, Nl·ohtlm:, land,t:aP=:
Bronze Age \ISC nnd nbuse l>\' ]:1.'1( {;<)nlm" tammg: Clf1hc wtldm>Od ........................... 473
Summary: l:.md~c;lpe ;md monmnenl ................ 332 The fit'lt monumctH. dC\~Iopmems m the
l.3ndieapc and l:lndu~ by Muh<)tl] 111/m ............ 332 ,\hddle and Late Neoluht<: .......... ...... ..... 4i0
'fh.e monu.ment. .. ......................... 331 t\ change: of empha~~~· pha\C 2 (2900 2550
[.3ter Bronze Age fe;1ture' ............................ 331 c:~l BC) ..... .. .. 4i~
The Stonehenge l.:lyer.... .. ......................... 331 'l'be ume of th~ stone seum.gs: ph::t~e 3
Further CXC:l\':ltiOrb in the c-:'lr p::.rk (2550 1000 c;al BC) . .. .. IS I
by K E IY41ktr.. .. .................................. 33o Later use: awar from Stonehenge: and b:ld:. ...... tQI
Iron Age :lnd l:ncr. .. ................................ 33i Future d•rect•ons l>y G J lt'I',Jrm::ntllt, Andrew J
Oi'i.c:uhion ....................................................... 33<> l..Jt.'fQn, .JII,l Jull~ GJr,lmu. ............................ IQ2
Utcr Rron1.c Age ........................................... 33<> Conclud•ng rcm:~rk-s (>,·V J 111<)/Jii~'l"'.flll ............ 193
Iron Age to Roman .................................... 3·12
Mcdievlll :lnd posHneJ.ie\':11 ........... ...... .. ... 3<13 Appendix I
The twentieth century (>,· 1l'1drrt.. J L.lu.•sM 3<15 (.icophp.u;~l ,\U"I'C)"' at StCinehengc 1Q ~3
b\' AnJr,·u. PJWif ........................................... 195
Part}: Artefacts and c:c:ofhc:ts: the finds
n.ssc1nblagcs Appendix 1
'lbc radtoc:lrb~n datmg progr:unmc
9 Finds nssemblagc:~ by iUt!h.ulJ Allm <)ml 11/ot. B.-ly/UJ ................... 511
'llle collecuons b,· Juh< GJrJm". ......................... H8 Aun' ............................................................. 511
!'~historic pottCI)' b\' RoUlmumJ <:h.J. .................. )W Sc:lection procedure~ ...................................... 512
Flint l>J• I' A I /,uJmJ:. .. ........ . ........................... )(JS RadJOC:arbon :anal~"''~ b)• Gcrr:o· t\ fcCon'!a.;
Stone l>_\' R Mom.t.(u~ ......... .. ........................... 375 <.~nd R~1('Crt Howk_\' ............................. . .. 515
\X1orkcd blue,tooe ............................. 37S L:lborn.tOf)' imeroomjXlrabtlity and the
\X1ork~-d !i;J.Nen ............................................. 380 ..:alibr:uion of ~suits b_\' Ah'x 8J\'liu,
Other stone,l>y R J\ lcmt<)_flu .mdJ ulu G.mlmcr. . )QO Rupm Hl)tdl~,\-. Jml G<n~: McC0"''1ol4.'..... .. .. 51()
Chalk obtcc;t'l l>v R MQ#ItiiK/t( ............................... 39~ A rea~~cssme1tt of the ~isti.ng dc-tcrmin:ations ..• 518
l~one and antler 'm::.ll ob,cch by R :U.mta.l>tt< ........ 107 The radioc~rbon dates for Stonehenge-'a
Antler •mplentents 3.1\d ox sen.puln.c .. hovels rcli:tble <~ri~-.· ........................................... 521
I>\· D.Ui S.·f']<Jtlt$(111 omd Jw'll' Ci<Jrdllll'' ............... 11 1 An..,lpt\ of the r:lduxatbon Jatcs and thci.r
The copper aliO)' bC'ad and awl :m;h:lcOI()tvcal '•grrufit::ml'C by C 8ronJt
/>\· A ndr~"U.. J l,..;r:,.,_.,, .... ,, ............ , ..... ,. .. . .. . .. . 130 R<.~mu_\' .wd ,\ lult<).d J .tr!lm ....................... 520
Other finds
<.:om.; b\' ](!}us A I'Mt '~s.. .. ........................... t 31 Appendix)
Metalwork b\• R ,\lcm..uol« ............................. 132 Summ:'lr)' h't oftwCJuieth-ecmury i.nter\'tntlons .... 536
(>ottC'I)' b\• E/am( L Moms, RJclr..l<l SN£cr Smulr,
and L 1\' M.-pl-..m ; ...... .. ........................... t3 t AJJpcndlx 4
<;LJ~, l>y R.xhad Si<t.l(« Sm1th ......................... 13S Summal)' of H:awtcr's Ditch cxc:l\·ations ......... 5)Q
Cl:l)' PI!X by R t\I(IIOI(<),l'flt ............................. 135
En,·tronment31 rJ.:lt:l, <dltf.l by J\lu:h<.~d J A/lm ........ 130 Appendix 5
Introduction ................. ............... ....... .. .... -130 01mcn~ions ofpo~thole' and ,tone.; ...................... S·ll
Animal bone b\• D.Jft S..·I]<.JJJUQ#r. ...... .. . -137
Human bone b\• ]a<qlt.(lm< I Md(m/(\'. ............ 151 Appendix 6
Rotamc:;al rcm:un" by Ro-•-•; ~·ri.J (;.J~. AlanJ Origul:lll"'ltUng.; :tt~d mi.;..:cllancous plans......... .. HQ
C/.;pi!,JJn, .snd Rckrt (I Sr;<.~J/< ..................... 1(1 I
Other 1.'1\\'ttc)nment:ll rn:ucnal ...... ...... .. ... 1(12 AJJpcmtlx 7
EIC"V3tiotu of the stones_ ............................ .. 566
AJJI)Cndix S
10 Stonehenge in its ltmdl!IC;Ipc M· RPI.t!mmd Oetail~ of the ph:l,ing ........................................ 572
t\1 J Ckill <Jnd M U:h.ul J Alien
Introduction ....................................................... -10 t Appendix?
Rt\'t~iot~ of the pha~i*'S by Rvt<.~llllllul t\f J Cl~.U ..... 10 I Index to archl\'e ~nd user's guide .. 580
Stonehenge tn tts l::tnJ.>.(:lpc: ~.hn)r~ology and
de\'dopmcnt .............................................. 170 R1bliography ....................................................... 589
8e(o~ Stonehenge: 1\lesoluh.tc: hum.m :n:tt\'11)' m lndcx l>y R..rri>llr.J H1rJ ........................................... 598
a mldwood landscape P\' /tlr(/I.Jd] Allm .. 170
Illustrations
F1g I Locauon map . fa(;m,tt page I £!1.jZ I~ Datch, ph:a..e I, ScJtmCnt~ 11 -13 ................ C) I
Fig2 Con,·cnuons used m lhc r-cpon , 5 ra,~.: 17 l)ltch, ph:a\e I, S~·JtmCnt, 1 1 28 :and ('AQ.,Q)
Fig3 )Jrofcssor \'<'•Uiam Gowl:md C) ra~ 18 I'C;ank 'ICCUOn~ ...... ............................... QS
Fig4 Exca,·:at•ons around Stone 5() m ICJOI 10 £!1,1.! 1() Aub~)·lfole 32 under exc::w:luOn ............. Q()
Fig 5 Stones2Q 2m1QJC) 12 ra.IZ 50 Aubrey llole 31 :~fter exewatu'ln ............... QO
Fig6 Lt·Col \\\I ham Hawk)' ... 13 Fa~ 51 Aubre)· Jlole~: All 50, I 5 ....................... 9-:
Fig 7 H:twlcy and workmen in I<HQ.,.... 13 F1~ 52 Aubre)· Jlole~: Alf 0 10... ....... ...... .. ... 98
FigS Plan of Hawk)'"s gcncr:~l utnctung rag 53 Aubrer llole~: All 11 13, I'S 1': ............ 103
(Cuttmg 7) ...... 11 ra,~.: 5l Aubre)' Hole,: AH 10-20 ........................ I 0 I
F•gQ S l)•ggott, I{ J C Atkmson, and J F S Stone I') F'aj: 'jolj Aubrey Hob: AH 31 :a.nd 32 .... . ..... ... IOU
Fig 10 Str.ughtcnmg ofTnhthon 53 5·1 m )C)() I , I 0 F'aj.! 'SO C-11 Po-.thblc~ 111 the R:1nk ..................... 108
Fig 11 Amal \'tew o£ Stonehenge m I Q23 I R raj: ';7 1-1te Ncolulue ~ue~ m the Stbnehenge
Fig 12 Stone-henge from the A303 2J :tre;t ........................................ .. ....... 117
F•g 13 The m:.&)or <.:(lmpc.mcnt'l of the m<mumcnt . :!'5 01t~.:h. ph:'l\e 1. Scgme1H 98, pl:a.n :a."d
(:'•g 11 f'l:l.n of the ~wnc ~cnms;::-; ~h<nvmg ~tttlOI\~ ....... ...... ...... ...... .. ....... 123
materials ~1-u:d and n1.1mbenng ... ..... . 27 01tch. ph..1~e 1. Scg,mc•H 98, '<ecuon ....... 11·1
fig 15 Com.po(lllon ofthe Rluc:-w.mc~.... , 2R 01tch. plu'e 2, Scg,ment~ 9<) 100. pbn
Fig 16 Vu::w of Stonehenge (rQm the A\·cnue :lnd 'ccti()n\ ....................................... 115
tenntn:ll ....... ""'" ..... ........ . ... 2Q Fig ~I 01tch. ph:l'e 2. Scgmel\h 1-3, pbn :a."d
f>O~UOil-~ of the \Uppn..cd prehl.\tOnC ~~"':tton~ .......................................... 127
c.arnng~.... ....... ....... ....... ...... .. . 30 Fig t~2 D1tch. ph:l~e 1, Scg_~nc1H 13, pbn :a.nd
f•g 18 Ulr\"lng'i on Stone 3 .......................... 31 \C\:tl011\ ...... ....... .. ....................... 132
l"!'•g )C) C~r\"lng, on Stone I ........................ 31 Fig t13 D1t<:h, ph:l~e 1, Scg_~nc1n 11. pl:m :md
P'•g20 c~rnn~, on SU'IIU! ';) ............................. 31 ~C\:U()I\~ ........................................... 133
l'•g 21 The \'1\U:ll crwchme .......... ................. ... lb Fig (ll Datch, plusc 1, Scg.mem 15, pbn and
F•g22 The \"ICW out from Stcmeheng:e, n6r1h :md (C<:ti()l\~ ............................................. 13·1
(':l\1 ....................................................... 38 F•g 65 GrOO\'td \'\':'Ire Q\erd~ from the Ditch ..... 135
Fig23 The \'iew out from Stonehenge, south and F1g 66 J)lan or "'11 VO"thole' 111 the monument .... I ll
west .......................... ...... ....... .. . }Q r:-1g 01 T1mbcr sctun~, on the <.::mieW:l)' ............. I 12
os
Fig 21 PI :m of Mesolithic and other (eaturcs m the l::lg Tambcr ..etung" on the cau..ew:~y,
car park ..................... ......... , ... 42 P<>''(•blc ;alap1m~·tw. ............................. I I)
Fig25 l'l:ms :md sections of Mesohthic fe.aturcs 10 Tambcr ..eumg:" m the centre, wnh
the c.ar r:~rk ..... .... 11 dcpl.h" ................................................... 1 IQ
r:·.g
26 flit A :~ft« cxc.~\'3UOn ..... ....... . 1'; Fig 70 TunbC!r "enmg..,, g~.-·ner:au:d urdc. ............. 1S 1
F1g 27 Plan of 'trc.-eholc-' 1n the c:'lr p:~rk ............... ·1' Fig 7 I Pali~:1de Oit<:h m the undcrpa~~
,F-1:,g, 2zq8 Plan :~nd \ott.:UQn of pll Q'SRO ................ .... ·1b cxt:a\·:lticm. pl:ln ... ...... ...... .. ... 15b
Pu, 4'SSO :lftcr c:xc.~\':tUOn ......................... ·18 Fisn Pali~:1de Oitt:h, ott:<:tioll~. ............... .. ... 157
F•it 30 Mollu~c:m :1.\..,cmbbge from p1t Q-;So ...... -;o Fig 73 Pali~:1de Ditch ott:cticuK. .. .... 158
Fig 31 Pollen diagr'3m f()( pit 9580 .............. .. .. 53 Fig 74 Palisade 1Atch photo..... ...159
Fig 32 Summ:al')' pollen mollusc:a.n diagram , 5 I F1g 75 (l;ahsa<k rnu:h photo..... . ... 15C)
Fig 33 Early Ncolnhic sues m the StonehenJc F1g 70 l,ah~~d~ J)nc:h· l.he 'Gate' Ouch, CQ7 ...... 100
are.a '5fl P11t 17 ffic\-:ltcd ~hot m·e r Stone' :'!Q • 2 ............... 100
Au~cr protllc ~homnJ: th<.: NcQolu.tuc: buncd F1g 78 E:~rlr Rronze Age ~•tc~ 111 the Stbnehengc
,oil ...................................................... 61.1 ::trea ........ ....................................... 1()8
Middle Neolithic \it«::S m the Stonehen.gt: Fig 7() Ch:a.ng:c or axis ........................................ 170
:ll'e3 ......................................................... ()-.1 Fig 80 Phase 3i: Q .1nd R l-loles, plan ................. J 7 J
Fajt 36 Pl:m of Ditch cuninlt" :lnd "egmentc. ....... b6 Fig SI Ptu~c 3i Re-construction of the Q and R
Ftg 37 01tch, ph:t..c 1, Se~tm.cnt 98 ..................... 73 Ho-le\ ..................................................... 172
F1g 38 01tdl, ph:...c 1, Segment~ QC) :~nd 100 ...... 7"; Fig: R2 Ph:~.-.c )t: north ~ttt(lr p1:m ...................... 17·l
J:'tg )Q D•tdl, ph:t« J, Segments 1 and 2 ...... , 7i Fag: R) C 12: R Hole~...... . ...... . ...... .. ............. I 75
Fig 10 Ditch, phase 1, Segments 3 and 4 ............. 7Q hg84 Cl2: it Hole 38 1';'5
Fig 11 Oitc.-h, ph:a.ott: 1. Scgmenb 5 11 . ...... .. .. 81 Ftg 85 l'lusc 3i: east s«tor plan ......................... l?O
Fag 12 Oatch, ph:lY: I, Se~:ment 13 ............... .. .. 83 Fig 8t1 Ph:t~e 3i: wc .. t :uul wuth 'lector pbn ....... 178
F'iJE 4) l)atch, ph:a..c: 1, Segmcnh 14 :~nd IS ......... SS F1g Si Fr:tg_~nent~ of o;,t()ne 10~ m mu............. . I ~9
F~.g 4·1 Dnch, ph:l\e I, Segment~ I~ :~nd I 7 H7 F11: SR \'\'A )) I~ w1th antler m utlt .................... ISO
F•g45 O•tch,ph:~sc J, Segments IS 20. se~ fig 8() Stone axe fngrncnt m Wit u1 \'('A )(I)C) .... 181
1-=-•g QO Cl5: th.: Gr~c~nuc F~turc . ....... ....... I I Fan 11•1 CS.::. SCL.ll(llh .................................... ..... :!Ill
.~.£ 91 C'i:!; ~~one 6Q nnd \\'Tr\ 3';0o ... I S2 F•s 145 t:'i I' SCl.ll(tflS. ... ... ...... ....... ... .... ..... :50
F•s 92 C4S Stone 3 :.1ml Q I Jc,le-•I .... •. . I 3 Fi~ h16 C55; SCCll(!nS ................ ........ ........ ......... ~_5.,l_
Fig 9:3 Ph.:a~e 3u: .S:11'S.Cn Can: le and 'l.tolitholes ... I S9 F1s; I li ?-?
:q .............. .. ...
Frg Q-1 !'~Jr!>.CU Ci rdc Stones ~ 19fl F11-: I 18 ( :'iM; l'cctaon", ....... ... .. .. .... . ... 253
Fu~ 95 .Stones 2i-'5 with l'luc!\tones ,,f rhe Cucl~ hj; •.~ f,l Cb I; (~owl~m'-t pl:tn ...... .. .. .. ..... 25 1
rn fnlnt ...... •. ..................................... 1 Ct(a F1s ISO C61: Gowl:md !ICC:Cnms .......... . ..... 255
Frg96 l~l::J.se 31i: north ~cd• u pl:.an ..................... I ll I Fig I 'i I l'h;1"'c :h•a; Y :lnd% •tolcl'i .............. .. ..... 25-;-
Flg97 l)h::J.~C iii; C':J<it SCCt•ll pl:m ....................... ILl~ F•!; I ;2 '\' t~ml Z ••~'lcs, phm" t~ml ~c..-twno; ........... 258
Flg9~ Antler une \:mlx-Jtlcd 1n ~..1\aU~ ................ 1L t 1 Figl'iJ \' :;~nJ Z llol~:.;. pl:un ::md sed L(m~ ... • .. , 259
,~,g Qll )•base ~ij; Si•Uth sectOl' J"l:m ..................... Jll5 F1g 151 YH I u un.:kr c.xC:l\':ltllln ................. .. ... 261
,:,g 100 Phase 3d: west ·secwr plan ............. ...... 19o Fa_gt'5'i ZH I;_, under ~XL:l\"iltion .. ...................... 261
,:,g 101 ·rnlilhon51 "i2 ....................................... 19 Fag 156 Cuttillh"' ~ b, mtl.,tct pl:.lu ........................ Z6(,
,:,g 102 Stone 5o...................................... .. .. .. 19 Fa1; I '57 Hcch.tone Datch and Stoncholc 97 ........ Z70
,:,g 103 Tnlithon 57 58 \\1Lh muC'Stoncs oQ and F1g 15~ Hccls.Lo>z1e :md 'lh Datch With the
7(• an front .................. .. ...... ZtiO monument in the bJd:grounJ ................ :270
l:ag Hll l'ackmg 111 stonchlllr:s 57 5 ................... 24.10 Hcclstonc, Clo, pJ .. n :tnd sc'uon and
Fig 105 Cl7; :mtl~:r m sec-taon .............. ::!0.'! C!Sl pl:ln :md sectaon ............................. ::!71
11:tg 106 ~tone h11'1e 57 :md rcl:Jted features ........... 203 Fag 1{10 ~t:J.uun ~tuale Qt .................................... ::!7.Z
l:ig IOi l'h:J!IC: 3ua: ::~11 features plan ...... ...... . ::!Oo Fig lbl Stauon .Stone Q t, scC'tion of C30 ............. ~73
1:i~ lOS vli L.1ntd 3fJ.. ..... .............. .. ...... 20'i' ,~.g 162 C3o Hed'itonc Dnch .... ............... ...... ~';'l_i
1:1S 1011 l'h:~sc: ;,ia: wc:-t sector pbn ..................... .-:!08 t~ig 1u 3 Nonh BatTO\\' ........................................ :.::7o
Fig I HI C)5· ~cnernl shnt ..... ..... ...... ..... .. 200 F1g IM !'iumnn StllllC ().,, CrJ3, :md C'5U rl:m
c;::
Fig Ill St<II1C: []C) "1th 57 :'lnd ; ' ........... .. :ZQII a.nd SCCU•ll1 ............................................ :;::77
Fig • 12 IHuc:~tt•nc Cudc .SINLL"< ·16 11. ) I ............ ::13 l:il-! 165 South l~:un)w, Cl, pbn :.nd rrofilc~ ........ :.-::78
Frg l 13 EUuciWI\e Card!: s1ui"Jr.l •11 ). oJ ~ ........... 213 1:i~: 1( m !'mtth lbrHJ\\' ~· n.;kr e~ ..~ \·;Ha•m ............... ~(')
Frg ll I mucsttmC Hnrsc~\1)1: ~~~)11C!i. tJ) and o:.:: .. 21•1 Fil: 167 Sbught;.~r St•mc wath li«"l"l••nc ,in the
Frg lJ 5 Blucstfta\e HL•rsnlt•Jc St•uic-s 71.) \lS .. -... 21 I h:'1Lk.gru~tnd •••••• ~ •••••••••••••••••••••••••••..•••••. 285
Frg 11u LrJ;asc 3i': the: Flluc-,tatu: 4.-.l\':ll :md F•I: I o~ C): sc~.;lu•n' through the Sl;na~hter Stone
profiles ........................... . ..•• ...21') 31hl s~(liU:hok E .................................... 2Sb
Fe.(: lli P'lt>llo.C Ji\. . Blue:o.tonc ~)\';11 nnd Car'k .... 2Jo l•rg l ()I) The ;\venue :11 \X•e<;t Am~bury.. ...... .. 29~
Fag llo 11\a,.,c ;,,., m•rth '~CtM pl:m .. . ...217 Frg 170 Exca.v~~ion of CSo .................................. 293
Fat: 119 Fc;lt\Jrc.s ol the (h·;t I m C 12 .. . ... 2) l:"ig 171 A\'cnuc: CQO ~ lOo, sections.... .. 296
Fa,g t:O 11\asc ;,,., C.:l'lt ~ctor pl;m .... .. .. 219 Fag l 7 2 A \'cnuc: CS7 duch sections ..................... 2Q7
Fag 1:1 Phase 3 i\'! :..uuth M:C:tOr pl:~n ............ .. .. 220 Fag 17 3 A ,·enuc: CSQ ditch sel1ions ..................... :!•lS
Fig '122 Phase )I\. wnt "'ector pl:m. ""-- ••• .. 22 I t:•g I i~l A"cn\ae: C86 dllrn scct1on ..................... 2•19
F1~ ~ ~3 Stolle {Jb ............................................... 222 Fat: I 75 A\'~ mac: Cto dllrn s«tions ..................... lll2
Fl I ] 21 ~(I}JlC' (lS ......... ••••• - • •••• ...... 22~ Fag 17(t t\\'11:11\1<:; G6::! dndl s«tiOfl', ................... 305
Fi~ 125 C35: mucSH•nc- in fillcJ·an h,.lc ............. 223 Fa~ 177 t\\-cn\1<:; CQh Jnch lO~ion................ ...J{I~,
1:1g 12o Cl '3: ~C'ncul shm t•t -c.\C:l\ :Jtt:d fc::nun:~ ... ~27 Fa~ 17/l A\·.;nuc; CIS da~dl ~cclion.,. ............... 3{19
Fig 127 C.l7: g.:ncnl .;h,)t ot CXC:l\'atcd fc!lluaes ... :!2:S Fa.s I j(l ,•\\'ti1UC hctw~c 11 s~c'>n~hc n~c :md f.: inp:
Fa~ 12t! l'h;~se ,\. the Jnucst<.tnC llcH'SC"h"c and Raa'rtt\\' Rad~~: .......................................... 3 I ;
S,r~cn .. J'nli1hC•Il!oi , , ...................... 23: F1_g I "I) :\\'eJiue: CS3 Jal\:h sc<:tiu"" .... .. .. )IS
F1g 12'J l..c>c:itJQll ol l!C~Ianns,..... ...... •. ... :33 F1 • I I :\\'cnuc: C\1 I Jnch sccti•.n" ..................... 31.:\
nr :n.
Fi!; 130 l..ot:~tion ~cetiuns................ ...... .. P'ag I S2 1\\·c:nuc: C3o dttch ~cu•m'i ..... .. ... 32•)
F1~ Ill C 12: lungitudm:~J sec1if>n!> .... ... 2l'i I~ a;: 1."!3 t'wcnuc: C6 d1tdl section<> .... • ....... .. ... 321
Fig 1:32 Gl2: section~, Q a11d R senang.~ :1nJ kc)' Fig IS~ :\n:nuc; C6 \\1th Ueclo;1onc ........... ..... 32·&
r
to section~ .. ... ...... ...... . .... 2)tJ F1g I.S'5 Ox pch•1s on b;lsc ... 'tOUth~m Jh·cnue
a:rg 133 Cl 3: pl:ms and 1profilc ................... .. ... 2Ji CiJtth ••.• ••• •••••• ••••••• ...... 3.27
·:·~ 1~1 C 13: scctioats .... .... ....... ...... •. ... 231-i F1;: I tJ Iron A~~· bun;;al m th<: l'~h"':J.de l)uch ....... 337
Fag 135 Cl1: scctioal~ ......................................... 2·11 F1g IS# l~tC'r thonz.c Ag~ s1tc:s Ill the Stonchcn~c
Fag lju ..... 2<11 :.rea ........................................................ 3·10
FIJI: t3i <-:I":'· SCCtltJI1'!i ..... • .......................... 2•12 l'rg 1S · l,lan ,,,fthc 'ltllllC ,;ettin~ ~huwm~ faiiC'n
l:agl'5' C35: pbn and section t•f plinth ................2 -13 ~,4trtC~tnJGIJLA ...... ,,,., ................. 34l
l~lg l3C) C3 5: SCCU•llb. ......................................... 2 • I Pig I SQ Rt:,\«tr:ataon ol the nt•rth·('a~tcm nrc ,.tfth~
F1g I •lO 015: ;;.ccuun~...... ...... ... .................. Z lS .S:1rM·n Cirde m 1920 .............................. :H"l
Fig I·~ 1 OL'J: sccu"'''l: .......................................... .:! lu 1::-1g I r10 l~c-c;rccu on of lame I I SS; 1n 195:.'! ............. ) lb
Fag ll::! c;s:!: '\.ect,••n,,., ..••••.....••••...••••................. zr; i=u.~ IQ l \'IC'W ~·f Stonchcns~ IIOm the e.:l'tol rr·.b:Lb!)'
Fi~ 1•1) C";2; ~Cll(l(\1;.,.. .. .. ... .... ........ ..... .. .. .. • .:! '"' Ill lhe 19:'!lts .... - ....................... 3 r;
