Table Of ContentSTAKEHOLDER PERSPECTIVES
ON WORLD HERITAGE AND
DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA
Stakeholder Perspectives on World Heritage and Development in Africa argues that
World Heritage Sites (WHS) across the African continent should adopt prac-
tical, innovative, creative, and alternative management approaches that bring
greater socio-economic benefits to society, whilst protecting their Outstanding
Universal Value.
Drawing on empirical evidence gathered in conversation with stakeholders at
WHS across Africa, the book explores the challenges involved in implementing
conservation and socio-economic development as a stakeholder-driven process.
Demonstrating that heritage can no longer be viewed as totally separate from
its socio-economic context, Pascall argues that decisions about the management
of heritage need to make sense at the local level if they are to be supported by
stakeholders. As the book shows, heritage is still viewed and managed through
systems, approaches, and strategies inherited from the colonial period, despite
the increasing availability of inclusive governance systems. Stakeholders offer
alternative, creative, and innovative approaches that capitalize on the potential of
World Heritage to contribute to socio-economic development, whilst ensuring
that its credibility and integrity are maintained.
Stakeholder Perspectives on World Heritage and Development in Africa offers unique
insights into local perspectives on World Heritage and development in Africa.
The book will be essential reading for academics, students, development part-
ners, and practitioners around the world who are interested in museums and
heritage, conservation, development, and the African continent.
Also, the book will be useful in the preparation of nomination dossiers, man-
agement plans, development plans, and in disaster risk management at WHS.
Pascall Taruvinga has a Doctoral degree in Archaeology from the University
of Cape Town in South Africa and has over 25 years of experience in heritage
management in various leadership and executive positions in the Africa region.
Currently, he is Lecturer/Coordinator: Postgraduate Diploma in Heritage
Management (Rhodes University, South Africa) and Director and Founder of
IRAHA and Consultancy Pvt Ltd. His former positions include Chief Herit-
age Officer of Robben Island World Heritage Site (South Africa), Senior Con-
sultant (African World Heritage Fund), World Heritage Specialist (National
Heritage Council of South Africa), Programme Manager (AFRICOM-Kenya),
Director Research and Development (Zimbabwe), and Head of Archaeology
Department-Zimbabwe.
STAKEHOLDER
PERSPECTIVES ON
WORLD HERITAGE
AND DEVELOPMENT
IN AFRICA
Pascall Taruvinga
Cover image: © Pascall Taruvinga
First published 2023
by Routledge
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2023 Pascall Taruvinga
The right of Pascall Taruvinga to be identified as author of this work has
been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other
means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and
recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks
or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this title has been requested.
ISBN: 978-0-367-71113-9 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-69480-7 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-14936-1 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9781003149361
Typeset in Bembo
by KnowledgeWorks Global Ltd.
This book is dedicated to my parents, Mathews and
Sarah Taruvinga. Unfortunately, my Father, Mathews
Taruvinga passed away while I was writing this book on
the 1st of February 2021. To both of them, you are my
love, inspiration, and fountain of wisdom.
CONTENTS
List of figures xii
List of plates xv
List of tables xvi
Abbreviations xvii
Acknowledgements xix
Preface xx
1 Introduction: Stakeholders, Conservation, and Development 1
Introduction: The Idea! 1
Heritage Management Philosophy: Protection for Posterity 3
Africa and the Evolving Heritage Management Systems 5
World Heritage Concept and Africa 7
Development Dimensions and World Heritage 9
Debunking Heritage Governance and Stakeholders in Africa 12
Novelty: Stakeholders, Conservation, and Development 13
Empirical Perspectives: Introducing the Main and Supportive Case
Studies 16
Structure of the Book 19
Conclusion 20
2 Geopolitics, Socio-Economic Context, and Heritage
Management in Africa 21
Introduction: Irony of Conservation and Development in Africa 21
Africa: Geopolitics and Socio-Economic Needs 21
Heritage Management Systems and Practices in Africa 26
viii Contents
Traditional Management Systems (TMS) and Africa 26
Emergence of SBMS in Africa 28
World Heritage Management System and Africa 30
Emerging Relationship: Conservation and Development 36
Tension or No Tension: Conservation and Development? 40
Pre-Colonial Understanding of Sustainability 40
National Sovereignty and Decision-Making 42
Tradeoff Perspectives; “Aswan High Ground” 43
Exclusionist Approach: Marginalizing Stakeholders 44
Culture Statistics: Towards Measuring Impact of Conservation and
Development 45
Conclusion 46
3 Multiple and Multi-Layered Stakeholder Framework
and World Heritage Governance 47
Introduction: Towards Stakeholders Approach 47
Heritage Governance “Scaffolding” in Africa 48
Pioneering Spirit and Experiences: Pre-Colonial Governance in
Africa 50
Appropriation and Exclusionary Governance: Perpetuating Colonial
Approaches 52
Universalism: World Heritage Governance 54
Inclusivity and Transparency: Democracy and Human
Development 56
Stakeholder Management Theory 57
Governance Principles 58
Power, Legitimacy, and Urgency 61
Stakeholder Participation Models 61
Global-Local Nexus Concept: Stakeholder Interactions 64
Towards MMSF 65
“Multiple” and “Multi-Layered” Perspective 65
Localization and Globalization Perspectives of MMSF 66
Identifying Stakeholders Using MMSF 67
Conclusion: Understanding Stakeholder Perspectives 68
4 History, Values, Significance, and Management of the
Case Study: Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape World
Heritage Site 70
Introduction: The Case Study 70
Historical Context: Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape, South
Africa 71
Significance of Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape 74
Contents ix
Cultural Values and Significance 74
Nature Values and Significance 82
Transfrontier Conservation Values 83
Management of Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape 85
Management as a National Heritage Site 86
Management as a National Park 89
Interstate Governance of the GMTFCA 91
Management as WHS 93
Cross-cutting Management Dimensions of MCLWHS 95
The Integrated Management Planning Framework of
MCLWHS 97
Conclusion: Systemic Exclusionary or Inclusive Management
Approaches? 98
5 Unmasking Stakeholders at World Heritage Sites 102
Introduction 102
Stakeholders: From Passive to Active “Social Power” 103
“Dormant” Giants Awakened at WHS 104
IDCs: Spirituality, Intangibles, and Contested Narratives 104
Academics: Own Interest as Professionals Representing
Others! 110
Farmers: Crops, Livestock, Fruits, and Wildlife 112
Private Sector: Extractive Industries, Profits, Unfulfilled Promises,
and Social Responsibility 113
Land Restitution: Restorative Aspirations, Judiciary Players and the
Reality! 118
GMTFCA Stakeholders: “Mixed Grill” 120
Military Stakeholders: Peace, Security, and Border Patrols 120
Tourists: Domestic, Regional, and International Arrivals 121
Politicians and MCLWHS 123
Emerging Stakeholders at MCLWHS 124
Conclusion 125
6 Empirical Stakeholder Perspectives: Emerging Profiles,
Views, and Perceptions 126
Introduction 126
Field Approach: Stakeholders Perspectives 127
State of Conservation: MCLWHS 128
Mining Impacts at MCLWHS 130
Management and Institutional Factors at MCLWHS 135
Biological Resource Use/Modification (Land Conversion) 135
Buildings and Development 137
