Table Of ContentStabilization Operations, Security and
Development
This edited volume providesacritical overview ofthenew stabilizationagenda in
international relations.
The primary focus of so-called stability operations since 9/11 has been
Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iraq. Covering the wider picture, this volume provides
acomprehensive assessmentofthe newagenda,including theexpansion ofefforts
in Latin America, the Caribbean, Sub-Saharan Africa and South and Southeast
Asia. By harnessing the findings of studies undertaken in Afghanistan, Brazil,
Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya,
Mexico, Pakistan, Somalia, Sri Lanka and Sudan, the volume demonstrates the
impacts – intended and otherwise – of stabilization in practice.
The book clarifies the debate on stabilization, focusing primarily on the policy,
practice and outcomes of such operations. Rather than relying exclusively on
existing military doctrine or academic writings, the volume focuses on stabiliza-
tion as it is actually occurring. Drawing on the reflections of scholars and
practitioners, the volume identifies the origins and historical antecedents of con-
temporary operations, and also examines how they are linked to other policy
spheres – ranging from peacebuilding to statebuilding. Finally, the volume
reviewseight practicalcasesofstabilization indisparateregions aroundtheglobe.
This book will be of much interest to students of war and conflict studies,
peacekeepingandpeacebuilding,statebuilding,developmentstudiesandinternational
relations in general.
RobertMuggahistheResearchDirectoroftheIgarapéInstitute,aPrincipalof
the SecDev Group, and lectures at the Instituto de Relações Internacionais,
Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He also advises the
United Nations and a number of bilateral and multilateral agencies on issues of
security and development.
Series: Studies in Conflict, Development and
Peacebuilding
Series Editors: Keith Krause
Thomas J. Biersteker and Riccardo Bocco
Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva
This series publishes innovative research into the connections between insecurity
and underdevelopment in fragile states, and into situations of violence and inse-
curity more generally. It adopts a multidisciplinary approach to the study of a
variety of issues, including the changing nature of contemporary armed violence
(conflict), efforts to foster the conditions that prevent the outbreak or recurrence of
such violence (development), and strategies to promote peaceful relations on the
communal, societal and international level (peacebuilding).
The Political Economy of Peacemaking
Achim Wennmann
The Peace In Between
Post-war violence and peacebuilding
Edited by Mats Berdal and Astri Suhrke
Local and Global Dynamics of Peacebuilding
Postconflict reconstruction in Sierra Leone
Christine Cubitt
Peacebuilding, Memory and Reconciliation
Bridging Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches
Bruno Charbonneau and Geneviève Parent
Peacebuilding and Local Ownership
Post-Conflict Consensus-Building
Timothy Donais
Stabilization Operations, Security and Development
States of fragility
Edited by Robert Muggah
Stabilization Operations,
Security and Development
States of fragility
Edited by
Robert Muggah
Firstpublished2014
byRoutledge
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SimultaneouslypublishedintheUSAandCanada
byRoutledge
711ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017
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©2014selectionandeditorialmaterial,RobertMuggah;individualchapters,
thecontributors
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withsections77and78oftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988.
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toinfringe.
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Stabilizationoperations,securityanddevelopment:statesoffragility/edited
byRobertMuggah.
pagescm.–(Studiesinconflict,developmentandpeacebuilding)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
1.ArmedForces–Operationsotherthanwar–Casestudies.
2.UnitedStates–ArmedForces–Stabilityoperations–Casestudies.
3.Postwarreconstruction–Casestudies.4.Intervention(Internationallaw)–
Casestudies.I.Muggah,Robert.
UH720.S732013
355.02’8–dc23
2012048130
ISBN:978-0-415-53676-9(hbk)
ISBN:978-0-203-64151-4(ebk)
TypesetinBaskerville
byTaylor&FrancisBooks
Contents
List of Illustrations vii
List of Contributors viii
Acknowledgements xi
Introduction 1
ROBERTMUGGAH
1 The Evolution of Stabilization Concepts and Praxis 15
STEVENA.ZYCK,SULTANBARAKATANDSEÁNDEELY
2 Humanitarian and Development Aid in the Context of
Stabilization: Blurring the Lines and Broadening the Gap 35
GILLESCARBONNIER
3 Reflections on United Nations-led Stabilization: Late Peacekeeping,
Early Peacebuilding or Something Else? 56
ROBERTMUGGAH
4 Promoting Interim Stabilization in Fragile Settings: From
Theory to Practice 71
NATCOLLETTA
5 Afghanistan’s Stabilization Program: Hope in a Dystopian Sea? 84
STUARTGORDON
6 Securing Peace and Promoting Stability in Western Pakistan 105
ABUBAKARSIDDIQUE
7 Stabilization in Practice: The Somali Case 120
KENMENKHAUS
8 Setting the Conditions for Victory? US Military Hearts and Minds
Operations in Northeastern Kenya 143
MARKBRADBURYANDMICHAELKLEINMAN
vi Contents
9 Stabilization Next Door: Mexico’s US-backed Security Intervention 167
SEBASTIÁNALBUJA
10 Collateral Damage: Urban Centers and Internally Displaced
Persons in Post-demobilization Colombia 182
KIMBERLYHOWE
11 Paving the Hills and Leveling the Streets: Counter-insurgency
in Rio de Janeiro 198
ROBERTMUGGAHANDALBERTWALTERSOUZAMULLI
12 Stabilizing a Victor’s Peace? Humanitarian Action and
Reconstruction in Eastern Sri Lanka 215
JONATHANGOODHAND
Conclusion 242
ROBERTMUGGAH
Bibliography 248
Index 282
Illustrations
Figures
0.1 Locating stabilization in the peace and security architecture 5
1.1 Transformation of stabilization from tactic to strategy 18
1.2 Stabilization’s underlying theory of change 18
2.1 Total ODA from DAC members, 1990–2010 36
2.2 Peacekeeping operations (PKO) expenditures and humanitarian
assistance (DAC Members), 1990–2010 36
2.3 Comparing military expenditures relative to ODA 40
5.1 Aid trends, Afghanistan (US$ billions) 96
9.1 Distribution of homicides (2010) 170
9.2 Areas of cartel influence 171
10.1 Homicide rates per 100,000 inhabitants in two rural and two
urban municipalities in Córdoba Department 185
10.2 New displacements nationwide 2002–2010 186
11.1 Comparative homicide rates per 100,000: 1990–2010 200
13.1 US-led stabilization operations in 2010 245
Tables
2.1 Aid effectiveness principles versus humanitarian principles 49
9.1 Evolution of security and stability operations in the Americas 173
12.1 Changing security and political regimes in the east and their
implications for aid policy and programming 231
Contributors
Sebastián Albuja is Head of the Africa and Americas Department at the
Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre of the Norwegian Refugee Council
inGeneva.HeholdsaBAandaJDfromUniversidadSanFranciscodeQuito
(Ecuador), and a PhD in Law and Public Policy from Northeastern University
(Boston MA), where he was a Fulbright Scholar.
Sultan Barakat is the Founding Director of the Post-war Reconstruction and
Development Unit (PRDU), at the University of York. Professor Barakat has
published extensively and conducted research across Asia, Africa and the
Middle East. He received his DPhil from the University of York.
Mark Bradbury is a social analyst and an experienced aid practitioner and
researcher. He has worked extensively in Somalia and Somaliland and is joint
author of Winning Hearts and Minds? Examining the Relationship between Aid and
Security in Kenya (2010). Mark is Director of the Rift Valley Institute Horn of
Africa Course.
Gilles Carbonnier is professor of development economics at the Graduate
Institute of International and Development Studies. He is editor-in-chief of
International Development Policy and President of Geneva’s Centre for Education
and Research in Humanitarian Action. Previously, he worked with the Inter-
nationalCommitteeoftheRedCrossinSub-SaharanAfrica,CentralAmerica
and the Middle East.
Nat Colletta is an international expert on conflict, peacebuilding and develop-
ment. He was founding Manager of the World Bank’s Post-Conflict Unit. He
was a Visiting Professor of International Relations at the Woodrow Wilson
School,PrincetonUniversityand currently teaches atthe InternationalStudies
Program at New College, University of Florida.
Seán Deely is Deputy Director of the Post-war Reconstruction and Develop-
ment Unit(PRDU). He has lectured at the University of York, the Instituto de
Empresa, City University of New York (CUNY), and Spain’s School of
Industrial Organization (EOI). Before joining the PRDU he worked for the
United Nations, most recently as Senior Recovery Advisor in Libya.
Contributors ix
Jonathan Goodhand worked for some years managing humanitarian and
development programmes in conflict situations in Afghanistan/Pakistan and
Sri Lanka, and has extensive experience as a researcher and advisor in South
and Central Asia for a range of NGOs and aid agencies. He received his PhD
at Manchester University.
Stuart Gordon is an academic in the International Development department
at the London School of Economics and Political Science. He is also a
Research Fellow at Chatham House’s International Security and Global
Health Security programmes. He co-authored the UK Government’s
Helmand Road Map.
Kimberly Howe is a Visiting Fellow at the Feinstein International Center at
Tufts University. She has conducted extensive fieldwork in Burundi,
Colombia, and DRC. For ten years, she worked as a psychotherapist treating
survivors of interpersonal violence and political torture. She holds a PhD from
the Fletcher School at Tufts University.
Michael Kleinman is a director on the Investments team at Humanity United
and spentseveral yearsworking withreliefagencies inAfghanistanandSudan.
Priortogoingoverseas,heworkedfortheHarvardProgramonHumanitarian
Policy and Conflict Research. He is a graduate of Yale University and
Harvard Law School.
Ken Menkhaus is professor of Political Science at Davidson College, where he
hastaughtsince1991.HespecializesontheHornofAfrica,focusingprimarily
on development, conflict analysis, peacebuilding, humanitarian response, and
politicalIslam.He has publishedover50articlesandchapters onSomalia and
the Horn of Africa.
RobertMuggahisResearch DirectoroftheIgarapéInstitute,aPrincipal ofthe
SecDev Group, and lectures at the Instituto de Relações Internacionais, Pon-
tifíciaUniversidadeCatólicadoRiodeJaneiro.DrMuggahreceivedhisDPhil
at Oxford and his MPhil at Institute of Development Studies, University of
Sussex.
Albert Souza Mulli has been working for the Agency for Technical
Cooperation and Development (ACTED) in Uganda since September 2012.
He holds a Master’s degree in International Affairs from the Graduate
Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva where he was
also a Peabody Fellow in International Relations.
Abubakar Siddique is a senior correspondent covering Afghanistan and
Pakistan for Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty’s Central Newsroom. Siddique
has spent the past decade researching and writing about security, political,
humanitarian and cultural issues in Pakistan, Afghanistan and the Pashtun
heartland along the border region where he was born.
