Spellman's Standard Handbook for Wastewater Operators, Volume II: Intermediate Level

305 Pages·2010·13.627 MB·English

by  Frank R. Spellman

INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
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VOLUME 2
LEVEL
INTERMEDLATE
Spellman's
Standard
Handbook for
Operators
Frank R. Spellman, Pfi.D.
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
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Version Date: 20150414
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For Wastewater Operators Everywhere

Table of Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xiii
1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................1
1.1 Setting the Stage 1
1.2 The Wastewater Treatment Process: The Model 2
1.3 The Bottom Line 4
2. WASTEWATER f REATMENT TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Terminology and Definitions 5
2.3 Reference l l
3. CONVERSIONS ........................................................... 13
3.1 Conversion Factors 13
3.2 The Conversion Table 15
3.3 Making Conversions 16
3.4 Chapter Review Questions 2 1
4. lN TERMEDIATE WASTEWATER TREATMENT MATH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.1 Introduction 23
4.2 Setting the Ground Rules 23
4.3 Practical Wastewater Treatment Math Operations 24
4.4 Reference 48
4.5 Chapter Review Questions 48
5. TROUBLESHOOTING WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.1 Introduction 53
5.2 Troubleshooting: What Is It? 54
5.3 Goals of Troubleshooting 54
5.4 The Troubleshooting Process 54
5.5 Knowing the System or Process 56
5.6 References 59
6. PRELIMINARY TREATMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6.1 Introduction 61
6.2 Screening 61
6.3 ShreddingIGrinding 64
6.4 Grit Removal 65
6.5 Flow Measurement 69
vii
viii Table of Contents
6.6 Preaeration 72
6.7 ChemicalAddition 72
6.8 Flow Equalization 72
6.9 References 72
6.10 Chapter Review Questions 72
7. SEDIMENTATION ............................................................... 75
7.1 Introduction 75
7.2 Primary Sedimentation: Process Description 76
7.3 Secondary Sedimentation 8 1
7.4 Primary Sedimentation: Common Operating Problems 84
7.5 Effluent from Settling Tanks 84
7.6 Chapter Review Questions 84
8. WASTEWATER TREATMENT PONDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
8.1 Introduction 87
8.2 Treatment Ponds 87
8.3 Normal Operation 90
8.4 Troubleshooting Pond Problems 9 1
8.5 Process Control Calculations: Ponds 9 1
8.6 Chapter Review Questions 94
9. TRICKLING FILTERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
9.1 Introduction 97
9.2 The Trickling Filter 97
9.3 Standard Operating Procedures 10 2
9.4 Troubleshooting Trickling Filter Problems 102
9.5 Process Calculations 103
9.6 Settling Tank 107
9.7 Chapter Review Questions 107
10. ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTORS (RBCs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
10.1 Introduction 111
10.2 RBCEquipment 112
10.3 RBC Operation 11 3
10.4 RBC: Troubleshooting Procedures 1 14
1O S RBC: Process Control Calculations 11 4
10.6 Reference 117
10.7 Chapter Review Questions 1 17
11. ACTIVATED SLUDGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
11 .1 Introduction 1 19
11 .2 Activated Sludge Process: Purpose 120
11.3 Activated Sludge Process: Description of Operation 120
11 .4 Activated Sludge Process: Equipment 122
11 .5 Activated Sludge Process: Modifications 123
11 .6 Aeration Tank Observations 125
11 .7 Final Settling Tank (Clarifier) Observations l26
11 .8 Process Control Testing and Sampling l26
11 .9 Process Controls 133
11 .10 Troubleshooting Operational Problems 134
11 .11 Process Control Calculations 137
11 .12 Solids Concentration: Secondary Clarifier 143
Table of Contents
11 .13 Activated Sludge Process Recordkeeping Requirements 143
11 .14 References 144
11 .15 Chapter Review Questions 144
12. CHEMICAL TRIEATMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . 149
Introduction 149
Phosphorus Removal 149
Chemicals Used for Phosphorus Removal 150
Chemical Treatment Process 15l
Chemical Treatment Equipment 152
Operation Procedures for Chemical Treatment 152
Process Control Testing 152
Troubleshooting: Rapid Mixing and Flocculation 15 4
Process Control Calculations 154
Reference 157
Chapter Review Questions 157
13. DISINFECTION ...............................................................15 9
Introduction 159
Chlorine Disinfection 159
Dechlolrination 164
Ultraviolet (UV) Irradiation l65
Ozonation 166
Bromine Chloride l67
No Disinfection 167
Process Control Calculations l67
Troubleshooting Operational Problems 17 1
References 174
Chapter Review Questions 174
14.1 Introduction 177
14.2 SolidsThickening 177
14.3 Reference 185
14.4 Chapter Review Questions 185
Introduction 187
Aerobic Digestion 187
Anaerobic Digestion 190
Composting 195
Lime Stabilization 195
Wet Air Oxidation 195
Chlorine Oxidation 196
Biosolids Incineration 196
Chapter Review Questions 197
16. DEWATERING BIOSOLIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
16.1 Introduction 199
16.2 DryingBeds 199
16.3 Vacuum Filtration 200
16.4 Pressure Filtration 203