Sparidae: Biology and aquaculture of gilthead sea bream and other species

412 Pages·2011·36.58 MB·English

by  Michalis Pavlidis

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Sparidae
Sparidae: Biology and Aquaculture of Gilthead Sea Bream and Other Species, First Edition. Edited by Michail A. Pavlidis and Constantinos C. Mylonas
© 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Published 2011 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978-1-405-19772-4
i
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Sparidae
Biology and Aquaculture of Gilthead
Sea Bream and Other Species
Edited by
Michail A. Pavlidis
DepartmentofBiology
UniversityofCrete
Heraklion
Crete
Greece
Constantinos C. Mylonas
HellenicCentreforMarineResearch
InstituteofAquaculture
Iraklion
Crete
Greece
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
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Thiseditionfirstpublished2011(cid:1)C 2011byBlackwellPublishingLtd.
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Sparidae:biologyandaquacultureofgiltheadseabreamandotherspecies/editedbyMichalisPavlidis,ConstantinosMylonas.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-4051-9772-4(hardcover:alk.paper) 1.Sparidae. I.Pavlidis,Michalis. II.Mylonas,Constantinos.
QL638.S74S632011
639.3(cid:2)772–dc22
2010027338
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(cid:1)
Setin10/12ptTimesbyAptaraR Inc.,NewDelhi,India
1 2011
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Contents
Preface xiii
ListofContributors xv
Chapter1 CurrentstatusofSparidaeaquaculture 1
BernardoBasurco,AlessandroLovatelli,andBenjaminGarc´ıa
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 WorldSparidaeproduction 3
1.3 AquaculturestatusofAtlantic-Mediterraneanspecies 4
1.3.1 Currentstatusofgiltheadseabream(S.aurata)production 4
1.3.1.1 Mainspeciescharacteristics 4
1.3.1.2 Productioncycle 6
1.3.1.3 Giltheadseabreamcurrentproduction 7
1.3.1.4 Sectorcharacteristics 10
1.3.1.5 Productioneconomics 11
1.3.1.6 Markets 14
1.3.2 Currentstatusofcommonpandora(P.erythrinus)production 15
1.3.2.1 Mainspeciescharacteristics 15
1.3.2.2 Productioncycle 16
1.3.2.3 Commonpandoracurrentproduction 17
1.3.3 Currentstatusofblackspotseabream(P.bogaraveo)aquacultureproduction 17
1.3.3.1 Mainspeciescharacteristics 17
1.3.3.2 Productioncycle 18
1.3.3.3 Blackspotseabreamcurrentproduction 19
1.3.4 Currentstatusofwhiteseabream(D.sargus)production 19
1.3.4.1 Mainspeciescharacteristics 19
1.3.4.2 Productioncycle 20
1.3.4.3 Whiteseabreamcurrentproduction 21
1.3.5 Currentstatusofsharpsnoutseabream(Diploduspuntazzo)production 21
1.3.5.1 Mainspeciescharacteristics 21
1.3.5.2 Productioncycle 22
1.3.5.3 Sharpsnoutseabreamcurrentproduction 23
1.3.6 Currentstatusofcommondentex(D.dentex)production 23
1.3.6.1 Mainspeciescharacteristics 24
1.3.6.2 Productioncycle 25
1.3.6.3 Commondentexcurrentproduction 25
1.3.7 Currentstatusofredporgy(Pagruspagrus)production 26
1.3.7.1 Mainspeciescharacteristics 26
1.3.7.2 Productioncycle 26
1.3.7.3 Redporgycurrentproduction 28
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1.3.8 Acomparativeeconomicanalysisontheongrowingofblackspotsea
bream,commondentex,redbandedseabream,redporgyand
sharpsnoutseabream 28
1.4 AquaculturestatusofIndo-Pacificspecies 31
1.4.1 Currentstatusoftheredseabream(P.major)production 31
1.4.1.1 Mainspeciescharacteristics 31
1.4.1.2 Productioncycle 32
1.4.1.3 Redseabreamcurrentproduction 33
1.4.1.4 RedseabreamaquacultureinJapan 34
1.4.1.5 Redseabreamrestockingprogrammes 35
1.4.2 Currentstatusofblackheadseabream(A.schlegeli)production 35
1.4.2.1 Mainspeciescharacteristics 36
1.4.2.2 Productioncycle 36
1.4.2.3 Blackheadseabreamcurrentproduction 37
1.4.2.4 Blackheadseabreamrestockingprogrammes 37
1.4.3 Currentstatusofsobaityseabream(S.hasta)production 38
1.4.3.1 Mainspeciescharacteristics 38
1.4.3.2 Productioncycle 39
1.4.3.3 Sobaityseabreamcurrentproduction 39
1.4.4 Currentstatusofgoldlinedseabream(Rhabdosargussarba)production 40
1.4.4.1 Mainspeciescharacteristics 40
1.4.4.2 Productioncycle 41
1.4.4.3 Goldlinedseabreamcurrentproduction 41
References 42
Chapter2 Phylogeny,evolutionandtaxonomyofsparidswithsomenotesontheirecology
andbiology 51
ReinholdHanelandCostasS.Tsigenopoulos
2.1 ThepositionoftheSparidaeinthefishtreeoflife 52
2.2 Fossilrecord 53
2.3 ThemonophylyoftheSparidae 54
2.4 Intrafamiliarrelationships 56
2.5 Larvaltaxonomyandsystematics 57
2.6 Biogeography 58
2.7 Biology 65
2.7.1 Habitatchoice 65
2.7.2 Reproduction 66
2.7.3 Feedingmode 67
2.8 Conclusions 69
Acknowledgments 69
References 69
Chapter3 Stressandwelfareinsparidfishes 75
LluisTort,MichailA.Pavlidis,andNormanY.SWoo
3.1 Introduction 75
3.2 Fishstressandfishwelfare 77
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3.3 Thephysiologyofthestressresponse 78
3.3.1 Perception 78
3.3.2 Thenatureoftheresponse 78
3.3.3 Neuroendocrineactivationandstressmessengers 79
3.3.4 Geneactivation 80
3.3.5 Metabolicandenergeticarrangements 80
3.3.6 Regulationofthefirstresponse 80
3.4 Stressindicators 80
3.5 Responsestostressorsinsparids 82
3.6 Aquacultureandfishwelfare 84
3.6.1 Theinfluenceofabioticfactorsonthewelfareoffarmedsparids 85
3.6.2 Theinfluenceofbioticfactorsonthewelfareoffarmedsparids 86
3.6.3 Theinfluenceofhusbandryandmanagementonthewelfareoffarmedsparids 86
3.7 Prospectsofwelfareresearchinaquaculture 87
3.8 Conclusions 89
References 89
Chapter4 Reproductionandbroodstockmanagement 95
ConstantinosC.Mylonas,YonathanZohar,NedPankhurst,andHirohikoKagawa
4.1 Introduction 96
4.2 HermaphroditismandpubertyinSparidae 96
4.3 ReproductivecyclesinSparidae 101
4.3.1 Endocrinecontrolofoogenesisandoocytematuration 104
4.3.2 Endocrinecontrolofspermatogenesisandspermiation 106
4.3.3 Annualspawningseason 106
4.4 ReproductivebehaviorandspawninginSparidae 110
4.5 BroodstockmanagementinSparidae 112
4.5.1 Acclimationofwildstocks 112
4.5.2 Managementofculturedstocks 113
4.6 HormonalmanipulationofreproductioninSparidae 115
4.6.1 Hermaphroditism 115
4.6.2 Inductionofoocytematuration,ovulation,andspawning 117
4.6.3 Inductionofspermiation 120
References 121
Chapter5 Earlydevelopmentandmetabolism 133
ManuelYu´fera,LuisE.C.Conceic¸a˜o,StephenBattaglene,HiroshiFushimi,and
TomonariKotani
5.1 Introduction 134
5.2 Anatomicaldevelopment,generalcharacteristics,andsensoryorgans 135
5.3 Organogenesisandfunctionalityofdigestivesystem 140
5.3.1 Gutontogeny 140
5.3.2 Functionaldevelopmentofthegut 143
5.4 Growthandenergetics 144
5.4.1 Eggandyolksacabsorption 144
5.4.2 Larvalgrowth 146
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5.5 Larvalnutrition 148
5.5.1 Macronutrients 148
5.5.2 Essentialfattyacids 149
5.5.3 Aminoacids 149
5.5.4 Micronutrients 152
5.6 Feeding 153
5.6.1 Liveprey 153
5.6.2 Inertdiets 154
5.7 Conclusion 155
Acknowledgments 155
References 155
Chapter6 Productionsystems 169
NoamMozes,NikosPapandroulakis,JoseManuelVergara,AmalBiswas,
KenjiTakiiandAndreasNtatsopoulos
6.1 Introduction 170
6.2 Hatcheryandnurseryforfingerlingsproduction 170
6.2.1 Larvalrearingmethods 171
6.2.2 The“standard”methodology 171
6.2.3 Semiintensivesystems 173
6.2.4 Intensivelycontrolledsystems 174
6.2.5 Livefoodchain 175
6.2.5.1 Phytoplanktonculture 175
6.2.5.2 Zooplanktoncultures 175
6.2.5.3 Rotifers 175
6.2.5.4 Artemiasp. 176
6.2.6 Pre-ongrowing 176
6.3 Cageculturegrowouttechnologies 177
6.3.1 Cagesinshelteredareas 177
6.3.2 Offshoreaquaculture—thecaseofsubmersiblecages 179
6.4 Land-basedproductionsystems 181
6.4.1 Growoutproductionsystems 182
6.4.1.1 Extensivesystems 182
6.4.1.2 Flow-throughintensivesystems 182
6.4.1.3 Integratedsystems 182
6.4.1.4 Recirculatingsystems 182
6.4.2 Algalandbacterialwatertreatment 183
6.4.3 Mainprinciplesofrecirculatingaquaculturesystems(RAS) 183
6.5 Ongrowingmetabolicrates 184
6.5.1 Growthandfeedingrates 185
6.5.1.1 Growthrate 185
6.5.1.2 Standingstockbiomassestimation 186
6.5.1.3 Feedingrate 186
6.5.1.4 Feedconversionratio 186
6.5.2 Respirationandexcretionrates 187
6.5.2.1 Respirationrate 187
6.5.2.2 Ammoniaandphosphorusexcretionrate 187
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6.5.2.3 Solidswastesandheatproduction 187
6.5.2.4 Summaryofmetaboliccoefficients 188
6.5.3 Fishcultureperformance 188
6.6 Waterqualityrequirementsandenvironmentalconditions 190
6.6.1 Waterquality 190
6.6.2 Photoperiodmanipulation 191
6.7 Environmentalaspectsofproductionsystems 191
6.7.1 Sourcesofimpact 191
6.7.2 Environmentaleffects—relevantparameters 192
6.7.3 Correctingmeasures—long-termsustainability 194
6.8 Summaryandfuturedirections 194
References 195
Chapter7 NutritionandfeedingofSparidae 199
AiresOlivaTeles,IngridLupatsch,andIoannisNengas
7.1 Introduction 199
7.2 Nutritionalrequirementsofjuveniles:proteinandaminoacids 200
7.2.1 Proteinrequirements 200
7.2.2 Aminoacidrequirements 201
7.2.3 Protein:energyratio 203
7.3 Energyandproteinrequirementsingiltheadseabream—factorial
approach 205
7.3.1 Growthpredictionandfeedintake 205
7.3.2 Compositionofweightgain 207
7.3.3 Efficiencyofenergyandproteinutilization 207
7.3.4 Implicationsforoptimalfeedformulations 209
7.4 Lipids 212
7.4.1 Essentialfattyacids 212
7.4.2 Optimumdietarylipidlevels 213
7.5 Carbohydrates 215
7.5.1 Dietcarbohydratelevel 215
7.6 Vitamins 216
7.7 Minerals 217
7.8 Alternativedietaryproteinandlipidsources 218
7.8.1 Proteinsources 218
7.8.2 Lipidsources 222
7.9 Finalconsiderations 223
References 223
Chapter8 Skeletaldeformitiesandjuvenilequality 233
ClaraBoglioneandCorradoCosta
8.1 Introduction 233
8.2 Morpho-functionalontogenesisinSparidae 244
8.3 SkeletaldeformitiesinrearedSparidae 251
8.3.1 Spinalcolumn 252
8.3.2 Head 257
8.3.3 Fins 257
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8.4 Otherdevelopmentalanomalies 260
8.4.1 Shape 260
8.4.2 Pigmentation 261
8.4.3 Scales 261
8.4.4 Otheranomalies 262
8.5 Effectsofdeformitiesonfishperformanceandquality 262
8.6 Causativefactorsofskeletaldeformities 263
8.6.1 Epigeneticcausesrelatedtorearingconditions 271
8.6.2 Epigeneticfactors:xenobiotics 276
8.6.3 Epigeneticfactors:nutrition 277
8.6.4 Epigeneticfactors:physiology 278
8.6.5 Geneticfactors 278
8.7 Discussionandconclusions 279
References 280
Chapter9 Pigmentationphysiologyanddiscolorationproblems 295
MichailA.Pavlidis,StavrosChatzifotis,andKohsukeAdachi
9.1 Introduction 295
9.1.1 Colorpatternsinfishes 296
9.1.2 ColorpatternsinSparidae 298
9.1.3 DispigmentationproblemsinintensivelyrearedSparidae 298
9.2 Basisofskincolor 298
9.2.1 Structuralcolors 300
9.2.2 Chromatophoresandpigments 300
9.3 Biochemistryofmelaninandcarotenoids 305
9.4 Morphologicalandphysiologicalskincolorchanges 307
9.5 Regulationofskincolor 307
9.5.1 Neuro-endocrinecontrolofskincolor 307
9.5.2 Environmentalcontrolandhusbandrypractisesaffectingskincolor 309
9.6 ImprovementofskincolorinintensivelyrearedSparidae 313
9.7 Conclusions 314
References 314
Chapter10 Diseasesandhealthmanagement 321
AngeloColorniandFrancescPadro´s
10.1 Viraldiseases 322
10.1.1 Lymphocystisdisease(LCD) 322
10.1.2 Redseabreamiridovirusdisease(RSID) 323
10.1.3 Viralencephalopathyandretinopathy 323
10.2 Bacterialdiseases 324
10.2.1 Vibriosis 324
10.2.2 Photobacteriosis 325
10.2.2.1 Photobacteriumdamselaessp.piscicida 325
10.2.2.2 Photobacteriumdamselaessp.damselae 325
10.2.3 InfectionsbyPseudomonasanguilliseptica 325
10.2.4 InfectionsbyTenacibaculumspp. 326
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10.2.5 Streptococcosis 327
10.2.6 Staphylococcosis 327
10.2.7 Mycobacteriosis 327
10.2.8 Epitheliocystisagent 328
10.3 Fungaldiseases 328
10.3.1 Ichthyophonus 328
10.3.2 Ochroconis 329
10.4 Parasitesandparasiticdiseases 329
10.4.1 Amyloodiniosis 329
10.4.2 Trichodinosis 330
10.4.3 Brooklynellosis 331
10.4.4 Cryptocaryonosis 331
10.4.5 Scuticociliatosis 332
10.4.6 Theapicomplexans 332
10.4.7 Myxozoandiseases 333
10.4.8 Microsporidiosis 335
10.4.9 TheMonogenea 336
10.4.9.1 Monopisthocotylea 337
10.4.9.2 Polyopisthocotylea 338
10.4.10 Thedigenea 338
10.4.11 Theparasiticcrustacea 339
10.4.11.1 Copepoda 340
10.4.11.2 Isopoda 340
10.5 Noninfectiousdiseasesandmultifactorialdiseases 341
10.5.1 Systemicgranuloma 341
10.5.2 Nephrocalcinosis 342
10.5.3 Wintersyndrome 342
10.5.4 Petechialrash 343
10.5.5 Neoplasia 343
10.5.6 Larvalenteropathy 343
10.5.7 Larval“WhiteStripeDisease” 343
References 344
Chapter11 Genomic–proteomicresearchinSparidaeanditsapplicationtogenetic
improvement 359
DeborahM.Power,BrunoLouro,RossHouston,LilianaAnjos,andJoa˜oC.R.Cardoso
11.1 Introduction 360
11.2 Selectivebreeding,quantitativetrait,lociidentification,andapplication 360
11.2.1 Introductiontoselectivebreeding 361
11.2.2 ImpactofSparidaebiologyonselectivebreeding 361
11.2.3 Statusofmoleculartools 363
11.2.4 QTLmapping 363
11.2.5 ExamplesofsuccessfulQTLmappingandimplementationin
aquaculturespecies 364
11.2.6 GiltheadseabreamexpressionstudiesandQTLmapping 365
11.2.7 Currentbottlenecksandfutureperspectivesingeneticimprovement 365