Space Weather Impact on GNSS Performance

376 Pages·2022·14.701 MB·English

by  Vladislav Demyanov, Yury Yasyukevich, Maria A. Sergeeva, Artem Vesnin

Vladislav Demyanov
Yury Yasyukevich
Maria A. Sergeeva
Artem Vesnin
Space Weather
Impact
on GNSS
Performance
Space Weather Impact on GNSS Performance
· ·
Vladislav Demyanov Yury Yasyukevich
·
Maria A. Sergeeva Artem Vesnin
Space Weather Impact
on GNSS Performance
VladislavDemyanov YuryYasyukevich
InstituteofSolar-TerrestrialPhysics InstituteofSolar-TerrestrialPhysics
SiberianBranchofRussianAcademy SiberianBranchofRussianAcademy
ofSciences ofSciences
Irkutsk,Russia Irkutsk,Russia
IrkutskStateTransportUniversity
ArtemVesnin
FederalAgencyofRussianRailroads
InstituteofSolar-TerrestrialPhysics
Irkutsk,Russia
SiberianBranchofRussianAcademy
ofSciences
MariaA.Sergeeva
Irkutsk,Russia
LANCE,SCiESMEX,Institutode
Geofisica,UnidadMichoacan
UniversidadNacionalAutonomadeMexico
Morelia,Michoacán,Mexico
CONACYT,InstitutodeGeofisica,Unidad
Michoacan
UniversidadNacionalAutonomadeMexico
Morelia,Michoacán,Mexico
ISBN 978-3-031-15873-5 ISBN 978-3-031-15874-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15874-2
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Contents
1 Introduction ................................................... 1
References ..................................................... 2
2 GNSSOverview ................................................ 5
2.1 GPS,GLONASS,BDS,andGalileo .......................... 5
2.1.1 GNSSOperationControlSegment ................... 5
2.1.2 SatelliteConstellationsandSignals ................... 10
2.1.3 UserReceiver ..................................... 23
2.2 MainErrorSourcesinRangingandPositioning ................ 31
2.2.1 Code-Pseudo-RangeandCarrierPhaseErrors .......... 31
2.2.2 UserPositioningErrors ............................. 44
2.2.3 IntersystemBiases ................................. 52
2.3 DifferentialGNSS ......................................... 55
2.3.1 GeneralNotionsofDifferentialNavigationMode ....... 55
2.3.2 Local-AreaAugmentationSystem(LAAS) ............ 60
2.3.3 Wide-AreaAugmentationSystems ................... 65
2.3.4 RealTimeKinematicandPrecisePointPositioning ..... 73
2.4 CommonandSpecificRequirementsforGNSSPositioning ...... 76
2.5 MainProblemsandTrendsinUp-To-DateGNSS .............. 80
References ..................................................... 84
3 SpaceWeatherGeneralConcepts ................................ 89
3.1 BriefIntroductiontoPhenomenaRelatedtoSpaceWeather ...... 89
3.2 Introduction to the Sources and Main Characteristics
ofSolarRadioBursts ...................................... 94
3.3 SpaceWeatherConditions .................................. 98
3.4 SpaceWeatherParameters .................................. 101
3.5 GeomagneticDisturbances .................................. 103
3.6 GeneralConceptsoftheIonospherePrinciples ................. 106
3.7 High-LatitudeIonosphere .................................. 112
3.8 Low-LatitudeIonosphere ................................... 113
3.9 OverviewontheIonosphericIndices ......................... 117
v
vi Contents
3.10 SWDisturbanceConsequences .............................. 120
3.11 SpaceWeatherasaNaturalHazard .......................... 123
3.12 SpaceWeatherInitiatives ................................... 125
3.12.1 WhatCanBeDone? ................................ 125
3.12.2 NationalSpaceWeatherServices ..................... 126
3.12.3 CollaborativeEfforts ............................... 129
References ..................................................... 133
4 MethodologyforGNSSCapabilityAnalysis ....................... 151
4.1 TotalElectronContentintheIonosphere ...................... 151
4.2 GNSSDataProcessing ..................................... 154
4.2.1 GNSSReceiverNetworks ........................... 154
4.2.2 RINEX:GNSSDataStorageFormat .................. 158
4.2.3 Preprocessing TEC Pseudo-Range and Phase
Measurements ..................................... 162
4.2.4 VariationSelectionintheDataofDual-Frequency
PhaseTECMeasurements ........................... 164
4.3 IndicestoEvaluatetheStateoftheIonosphere ................. 169
4.3.1 IonosphericTEC-BasedIndices ...................... 169
4.3.2 Indices for Phase and Amplitude Ionospheric
Scintillations ...................................... 169
4.3.3 GNSS Phase Second-Order Derivative
asanIonosphericIndex ............................. 177
Appendix4.1 ................................................... 187
References ..................................................... 192
5 Experimental Results of GNSS/SBAS Performance Under
SpaceWeatherImpacts ......................................... 197
5.1 SolarRadioBurstImpactonGNSS .......................... 197
5.1.1 SolarRadioFluxasanElectromagneticJammer ........ 197
5.1.2 ImpactonStandaloneGNSS ........................ 205
5.1.3 ImpactonDifferentialGNSS ........................ 211
5.2 MagneticStormImpactonGNSS ............................ 216
5.2.1 PositioningDilutionofPrecisionandPositioning
AccuracyDuringGeomagneticStorm ................. 216
5.2.2 WAAS Alerts and GNSS Positioning Quality
UnderGeomagneticStormCondition ................. 221
5.3 EffectsofIonosphericIrregularitiesonGNSS ................. 234
5.3.1 IonosphericScintillationandRangingQuality ......... 234
5.3.2 Ionospheric Super-Bubble Effects on GPS
Performance ...................................... 239
5.3.3 AuroralOvalandGNSSPositioningErrors ............ 245
References ..................................................... 252
Contents vii
6 Real-Time Data Assimilation for Space Weather Effects
MitigationonGNSS/SBAS ...................................... 255
6.1 IntroductionRemarks ...................................... 255
6.2 GIRO—GlobalIonosphericRadioObservatory ................ 257
6.3 Real-TimeDataAssimilationApproaches ..................... 268
6.4 GAMBIT—Global Assimilative Model of Bottomside
IonosphereTimeline ....................................... 281
6.4.1 GAMBITDescription .............................. 281
6.4.2 FromClimatetoWeatherRepresentation .............. 284
6.5 FactorsAffectingGNSSPositioningAccuracy ................ 300
6.5.1 InstrumentalApproachestoImprovePositioning ....... 300
6.5.2 SpatialandTemporalofFactorsthatAffectGNSS
Positioning ....................................... 307
6.6 Conclusions .............................................. 314
References ..................................................... 315
7 HowtoImproveGNSS/SBASReliabilityUnderSpaceWeather
Impacts:Analysis .............................................. 321
7.1 Fore-andNowcastingGNSSPerformanceQualityUnder
GeomagneticStormConditions ............................. 321
7.2 AlertstoaGeomagneticDisturbanceintheRadioWave
PropagationMedium ....................................... 328
7.3 AlertsinCaseofPowerfulL-bandSolarRadioBursts .......... 333
7.4 CNRPowerImprovementinSatelliteCommunicationLinks .... 335
7.5 CodeandPhaseTrackingLoopTuning ....................... 344
7.6 WAASImprovementUnderSpaceWeatherImpact ............. 354
References ..................................................... 366
Abbreviations
AATR AlongArcTECRate
AltBOC AlternativeBinaryOffsetCarrier
ATFM AirTrafficFlowManagement
BPSK Bi-PhaseShiftKeying
C/A CoarseAcquisition
CBOC CompositeBinaryOffsetCarrier
CDMA CodeDivisionMultipleAccess
CL CoarseLong(code)
CM CoarseModified(code)
CME CoronalMassEjection
CNR Carrier-to-NoiseRatio
CONUS ContinentalUnitedStates
CORS ContinuouslyOperatingReferenceStations
COSPAR CommitteeonSpaceResearch
DCB DifferentialCodeBiases
DGPS DifferentialGPS
DIX DisturbanceIonosphereIndex
DLL DelayLockLoop
DMSP DefenseMeteorologicalSatelliteProgram
DOP DilutionOfPrecision
DROTI DerivativeofROTI
EGNOS EuropeanGeostationaryNavigationOverlaySystem
EIA EquatorialIonizationAnomaly
EIT ExtremeUltraVioletImagingTelescope
FDMA FrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess
GBAS Ground-BasedAugmentationSystem
GDOP GeometricDilutionOfPrecision
GEC GlobalElectronContent
GEO GeostationaryEarthOrbit
GIM GlobalIonosphericMap
GIVE GridIonosphericVerticalError
ix
x Abbreviations
GLONASS GlobalNavigationSatelliteSystem
GLOT GLONASSTimescale
GMT GreenwichMeanTime
GNSS GlobalNavigationSatelliteSystem(asacomplexofseveralglobal
positioningsystems)
GPS GlobalPositioningSystem(NavStar)
GPST GPSTimescale
GSO GeoSynchronousOrbit
GST GreenwichStandardTime
GUS GEOUplinkSub-system
HAL HorizontalAlertLimit
HDOP HorizontalDilutionOfPrecision
HF HighFrequencies
HP HighPrecision
HPL HorizontalProtectionLevel
ICAO InternationalCivilAviationOrganization
ICD InterfaceControlDocument
IERS InternationalEarthRotationandReferenceSystemsService
IF IntermediateFrequency
IGP IonosphericGridPoint
IGS TheInternationalGNSSService
ILWS InternationalLivingWithaStar(Program)
IMF InterplanetaryMagneticField
IOD IssueOfData
IP InitialPhase(ofmagneticstorm)
IPP IonosphericPiercePoint
IS InterfaceSpecification
ISC theInternationalScienceCouncil
ISES InternationalSpaceEnvironmentService
ISWI InternationalSpaceWeatherInitiative
ITRF InternationalTerrestrialReferenceFrame
LAAS LocalAreaAugmentationSystems
LBAS LocalBasedAugmentationSystems
LOF LowestObservedFrequency
LOL LossOfLock
LP LocalizerPerformance
LPV LocalizerPerformancewithVerticalGuidance
LPV200 LocalizerPerformancewithVerticalGuidancetill200footdecision
height
LT localTime
MEO MediumEarthOrbit
MIT MainIonosphericTrough
MOF MaximumObservedFrequency
MOPS MinimumOperationalPerformanceStandard
MP MainPhase(ofmagneticstorm)
Abbreviations xi
MS MasterStation
MUF MaximumUsableFrequency
NANU Non-AvailableNon-Used
NOAA NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration,theU.S.
OCS OperationControlSegment
OIS ObliqueIonosphericSounding
OS OpenService
PDOP PositioningDilutionOfPrecision
PLL PhaseLockLoop
PPP PrecisePointPositioning
PRN PseudoRandomNoise(code)
PSK PhaseShiftKeying
QZSS Quasi-ZenithSatelliteSystem
R&D ResearchandDeveloping
RAIM ReceiverAutonomousIntegrityMonitoring
RF RadioFrequency
RINEX ReceiverINdependentEXchange(Format)
RMS RootMeanSquare
RNP RequiredNavigationParameters
RO ReferenceOscillator
ROT RateOfTECchange
ROTI RateofTECchangeIndex
RP RecoveryPhase(ofmagneticstorm)
RPS RecordingandProcessingSoftware
RRC RangeRateCorrections
RSDCM RussianSystemofDifferentialCorrectionandMonitoring
RT RealTime
RTK RealTimeKinematic
RTS ReceiverTimeScale
RTSW RealTimeSolarWind(System)
s.f.u Solarfluxunit
SA SelectiveAvailability
SBAS Satellite-BasedAugmentationSystems
SCOSTEP ScientificCommitteeonSolar-TerrestrialPhysics
SEM SpaceEnvironmentalMonitor
SI SuddenImpulse
SIS SignalInSpace
SISRE SignalInSpaceRangingError
SLR SatelliteLaserRanging
SMR Signal-to-MultipathRatio
SOHO SolarHeliosphericObservatory
SP StandardPrecision
SRTS SystemReferenceTimeStandard
SS SpaceSegment
SSC SuddenStormCommencement