Source Identification and Distribution of Toxic Trace Metals in Respirable Dust

13 Pages·2014·0.65 MB·English

Global Journal of HUMAN-SOCIAL SCIENCE: B
Geography, Geo-Sciences, Environmental Disaster
Management
Volume 14 Issue 5 Version 1.0 Year 2014
Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal
Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA)
Online ISSN: 2249-460x & Print ISSN: 0975-587X

Source Identification and Distribution of Toxic Trace Metals in
Respirable Dust (PM ) in Brasscity of India
10
B y Raina Pal, Atul Kumar, Akhil Gupta, Mahima & Anamika Tripathi
Hindu College, India

Abstract- This study assessed the concentration of PM and trace metals at six sites with
10
different land uses during the period of one year. Metals concentrations of PM were analyzed
10
using ICP-OES. Highest concentrations of PM were recorded in winter and lower in monsoon at
10

all the study sites. The concentrations of trace metals in PM were observed in the following
10

order: Zn > Fe > Cu >Al > Pb > Cr > Mn > Cd > Ni. Overall concentration of PM and heavy
10
metals was found highest at industrial sites than the vehicular, commercial and residential sites
shows the greater contribution of industrial and combustion process. Univariate (correlation
study) and Multivariate statistical analysis were adopted including; factor analysis and
enrichment factor analysis to identify the sources and their contribution to PM . The major
10
source of airborne trace metals identified were brassware industries, illegal e-waste burning
automobile emissions and combustion processes.
Keywords: respirable dust, trace metals, principal component analysis, enrichment factor
analysis, industrial activities, e-waste burning, automobile emissions.

GJHSS-B Classification : FOR Code: 040699

SourceIdentification andDistribution ofToxicTraceMetalsin RespirableDustPMinBrasscityofIndia

Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of:

© 2014. Raina Pal, Atul Kumar, Akhil Gupta, Mahima & Anamika Tripathi. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the
terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc/3.0/), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.
Source Identification an d Distribution of Toxic
Trace Metals in Resp irable Dust (PM ) in
10
Brasscity of India

Raina Palα, Atul Kumarσ, Akhil Guptaρ, MahimaѠ & Anamika Tripathi ¥

Abstract-This study assessed the concentration of PM and lungs and so potentially pose significant health risks
10
trace metals at six sites with different land uses during the (Begum et al., 2004; Artinano et al., 2007; Guttikunda et 4
period of one year. Metals concentrations of PM10 were al., 2014). The results of the long – term studies confirm 01
analyzed using ICP-OES. Highest concentrations of PM were 2
10 that the adverse health effects are mainly due to
r
recorded in winter and lower in monsoon at all the study sites. particulate matter specially small particles –less than 10 Yea
The concentrations of trace metals in PM were observed in
the following order: Zn > Fe > Cu >Al > P1b0 > Cr > Mn > Cd microns in diameter, PM10 (Schwartz et al., 1996). The
> Ni. Overall concentration of PM and heavy metals was particulate may include a broad range of chemical 1
10
found highest at industrial sites than the vehicular, commercial species, ranging from metals to organic and inorganic I
and residential sites shows the greater contribution of compounds (Tsai and Cheng, 2004; Park and Kim, n
o
industrial and combustion process. Univariate (correlation 2005). Among the inorganic compounds, most si
r
e
study) and Multivariate statistical analysis were adopted important ones are the trace metals, which are emitted V

including; factor analysis and enrichment factor analysis to by various natural and anthropogenic sources such as V
identify the sources and their contribution to PM . The major
10 crustal materials, road dust, construction activities,
source of airborne trace metals identified were brassware motor vehicles, coal and oil combustion, incineration sue
industries, illegal e-waste burning automobile emissions and s
and industrial metallurgical process (Quiterio et al., I
combustion processes.
V
2004; Shah et al., 2006; Park et al., 2008; Shah and
Keywords: respirable dust, trace metals, principal XI
component analysis, enrichment factor analysis, Shaheen, 2010; Cheng et al., 2011). Industrial e
metallurgical process is regarded as one of the most m
industrial activities, e-waste burning, automobile u
emissions. important anthropogenic trace metal emission sources Vol
(Zheng et al., 2010) and produce the largest emissions
AtmosphericI .partiIcnultarr omdatutecr tisi ocnonsidered as a o(Vf atsrsaiclaek oms eetta alsl. , a2s0 0A6s; ,V aMnn e, t Calo.,, 2C01d4, ).C u, Ni and Zn ( ) B
prime pollutant of concern for urban cities, not Airborne particulate matter with elevated metals nce
may have a serious impact on human health which e
only because of the adverse health effects, but ci
mostly includes respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart S
also for the reducing atmospheric visibility (Grieken &
disease and damage to other organs (Magas et al., al
Delalieux, 2004; Quinn et al., 2005). On a Global scale, ci
2007; Liu et al., 2009; Mavroidis and Chaloulakou, o
particular matter (PM) also influences directly and/or S
2010). Within the European programme for monitoring
indirectly the Earth’s radiation energy balance, and can n
subsequently impact on global climate change (IPCC, and evaluation of the long – range transmission of air ma
pollutants (EMEP), measurements of PM and heavy u
2001). Atmospheric particulates are reported to affect 10 H
metals, are highly toxic species have been introduced.
ecosystems (Niyogi et al., 2004) and materials f
o
These observations are influencing the environmental
adversely. A number of studies have been undertaken al
legislative authorities all over the world to update and n
focusing on the characteristics of aerosols in megacities r
modify their air quality standards (WHO, 2006; European u
of the world including Beijing , Colombo, Oxford, o
Amsterdam, Athena, Jeddah etc. (Sun et al., 2004; Commission, 2004; USEPA, 2008). The recommended al J
Seneviratne et al., 2011; Wojas and Almquist, 2007; guidelines for maximum PM10 concentrations are ob
Vallius 2005; Chaloulakou et al., 2003; Khodeir et al., 50µgm-3 (24-h average) where as 20 µgm-3 for the Gl
annual average concentration.
2012).
Moradabad, the ‘Brass city of India’ is the
PM particles (the fraction of particulates in air
10
second most populated city of state Uttar Pradesh and
of very s mall size (<10μm) are of major current concern,
the most significant commercial centre of Northern
as they are small enough to penetrate deep into the
India. More than 80 % of the total production of brass
Authorα σ ρ Ѡ :Pollution Ecology Research Laboratory, Department souvenirs and utensils of India is from Moradabad
of Botany, Hindu College, Moradabad, India.
region alone. It is one of the largest producing and
Author ¥:Pollution Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of
exporting center of brass-wares in India. The growth of
Botany, Hindu College, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
e-mail: [email protected] the city over the last thirty years has been rapid and

©2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)
Source Identification and Distribution of Toxic Trace Metals in Respirable Dust (PM ) inBrasscity of
10
India
diverse, and continues to date. Unfortunately, due to was paid while selecting sampling locations. Priority was
lack of awareness and proper regulations, these given to guidelines prescribed by Central Pollution
developmental activities were accompanied by Control Board of India (CPCB, 2009) along with machine
environmental degradation, and over the years the air safety and availability of electricity. As per CPCB
quality is progressively deteriorated. The stationary guidelines 104 observations are necessary in a year to
sources of air pollution include brassware industries, analyze data over various reasons. But the guidelines
large and small scale electroplating industries (Pathak et also suggest in case of power shortage, machine safety
al., 2008) and illegal e-waste burning units in dense or hostile weather conditions, to take a minimum of 40
residential areas (Figure 1) while mobile source of observations for various seasons over the year. In the
pollution includes all forms of transportation. Vehicle present study, 81 observations were made for various
fuels used in Moradabad are mainly unleaded gasoline seasons throughout the year.
and diesel although some lead is still permissible.
c) Analytical Technique
Pollution assessment in this area is important since air
4 Before and after the sampling procedure, filters
01 quality has a major influence on workers of the
2 were kept for 48 h in desiccators in an environmentally
industries and inhabitants living around the area.
ar conditioned room with a RH of 45±5% and a
Ye quality aTnhde too bijdeecntitvifey othf et hme asintu sdoyu rwcaes btyo mausslteivsasr iaateir temperature of 20±2oC before being weighed by a
microbalance (Sartorius BP160P). The difference in
2 receptor modeling (PCA), enrichment factor (EF)
initial and final weight (gravimetric analysis) of the filter
calculation and analysis of meteorological effects.
I paper gave the total quantity of PM collected over the
n Anthropogenic enrichment of trace metals in 10
sio atmospheric particulates were also envisaged along 24 hours period. The values of PM10 were reported in
er µgm-3. For analysis of metallic elements, total 72 square
V with the comparative evaluation of the estimated metal
of 1×1 ins diameter (6 locations + 1 control/blank) of
V levels with those reported from other areas around the
the fiber filter paper covered by particulates digested
world. The results could be used as the baseline data
e with nitric acid and perchloric acid in a ratio 1:3 on a
ssu for analysis of health risk due to inhalation of respirable 1400C hot plate till white fumes arose. Residues were
I dust (PM ), and to provide scientific evidence for setting
V 10 then redissolved by 0.1M hydrochloric acid and the
up an air pollution control.
XI content was filtered through Whatman Filter no. 42 and

me II. Material and Methods finally made-up to 25 mL by double distilled water. The
u filtrate of each sample was examined for the
Vol a) Geographical location and climate concentrations of heavy metals by using Inductively
( ) B (thcee nnsuosrt,hM –2ow0r1ae1sd)ta biosaf dlIo,n cdaieates dt.im Iinta tiessd e lmocip–aoatpreiuddl azatoito nnae ns 8at,o8vwe9ra,a8rg1d0es COUoKEu)S p;c leoSdllpe ecPctleatrdso m foAarn- Oeaalpycttiihcc aasll itEeInm satitsr usMmioeentan ltS sHp, eaWcntderoiscmtr aeMftt eidSr lea(rInvCdicPse-,
e
nc height of 76.19 mts above sea level in the western Centre, Peetal Nagari, Moradabad (Ministry of Textiles,
cie gangetic plain of Indian subcontinent at latitude 28.15N Govt. of India). To get the final concentration results of
S and 74.49E. It covers an area of 3516.62 km2. the blank samples are subtracted from the exposed
cial The general climate of Moradabad is cold and samples. For each of the metals the concentration of
So dry in winter (25-5oC), however, in summer it is metals in the samples is then multiplied by the sample
n characterized by high temperature (43-30oC) and volume (i.e. 25 mL) to get the mass of each metal.
a
m humidity. During the entire sampling campaign the These values are subsequently divided by
u
H prevailing winds were North –West to West. corresponding total volume of sampled air to get the

of b) Site Description and sampling concentration of metals in the sampled air.
nal For the study, six monitoring stations have been d) Data Analysis Techniques
ur selected based on the predominance of residential, Obtained data were processed for statistical
o
J industrial, commercial and vehicular activities existing in analysis including univariate and multivariate methods.
bal the local areas. Taking the predominant land-use Basic statistical parameters such as mean and standard
Glo pattern as the selection criteria, PM10 samples were deviation are computed along with correlation analysis,
simultaneously collected for three different seasons
while multivariate statistics in terms of Principal
(summer, monsoon and winter) during one year period Component Analysis (PCA) as given by Lee and Hieu,
from March 2013- February 2014. The samples were 2011 . Calculation of Enrichment Factors (EFs) was also
collected with the help of Respirable Dust Samplers performed using the SPSS version 16.0 statistical
APM-460 NL (Envirotech, New Delhi) on Whatman glass software.
fiber filter paper –GF-A. The instrument was operated at

a flow rate of 1.0-1.5 m3/min and the monitoring of

pollutants is carried out for 24 hours (8-hourly sampling

for particulate matter) twice a week. Special attention
©2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)
Source Identification and Distribution of Toxic Trace Metals in Respirable Dust (PM ) inBrasscity of
10
India
III. Results and Discussion 2011). Almost at all the sampling sites the concentration
of PM was found lowest (Table 1) in monsoon season
10
a) PM10 concentrations (July-October) which usually has large amounts of
The site-to-site seasonal comparison of PM10 precipitation and high relative humidity (Table 2). These
mass concentration is statistically presented in Table 1. meteorological conditions such as increased rainfall and
The range of mass concentrations varied considerably humidity during the monsoon period can greatly
over time from 71 to 181 µgm-3 at Buddhi Vihar (SI, decrease PM concentrations in ambient air via rainout or
Residential) from 45 to 238 µgm-3 at Buddh Bazar (SII, washout mechanism (Pillai et al., 2002; Glavas et al.,
Commercial), from 61 to 213 µgm-3 at Kapoor Company 2008). Summer months (March-June) shows
(SIII, Traffic density), from 54 to 174 µgm-3 at PTC (SIV,
comparatively lower values than the winter may be due
Residential), from 109 To 244 µgm-3 at Peetal Nagari to high wind speed, causing dispersal of pollutants.
(SV, Industrial) from 99 to 213 µgm-3 at Mughalpura Thus the difference in PM concentrations between the
(SVI, Industrial and illegal e-waste burning) and all the three seasons can be explained by the difference in
4
monthly mean values are found more than the weather pattern or meteorological conditions for each 01
recommended concentration of NAAQS (60 µgm-3 ) specific season. 2
r
except SII (45 µgm-3 ) and SIV (54 µgm-3) in the month of Moradabad’s PM levels were compared with Yea
Jthualyn athned rAeucgoumsmt reensdpeedc tcivoenlyc ebnuttr aatlilo tnh eo fv aWluHeOs aforre PhMig1h0 tAhsoias e( Tian bdleif f3e)r.e nTth eu rabvaenr algocea ctioonncse nactrraotisosn Eouf roPpMe1 0 ain.ed. 3
(20 µgm-3) at all the study area (WHO, 2006). The annual 148 µgm-3 was recorded during this study which was
average concentrations at each location were 124±43, significantly higher than the other studies of the world. It n I
o
137±59 and 131±49, 118±45, 193±43, 182±39 µgm-3 is near about the concentration found in Hyderabad rsi
respectively. The lowest concentration was found at PTC i.e.135 µgm-3 (Gummeneni et al., 2011), Cario i.e.136 Ve

(SIV) the residential area which surrounds by greenery µgm-3 (Abu-Allaban et al., 2007) and Panzhihua i.e. 137 V
and the highest concentration was found at industrial µgm-3 (Yong-hua et al., 2010) but lower than the Beijing
e
area of Peetal Nagari characterized by industrial activity i.e. 209 µgm-3 (Sun et al., 2004). As the maximum su
and soil dust. average mass concentration during winter for PM were Is
10
The annual average values obtained from 446, 573, and 631 µgm-3 at the traffic, industrial and V
Peetal Nagari (SV) and Mughalpura (SVI) were higher XI
residential sites in Beijing, respectively. These value
e
than the USEPA recommended annual PM10 ambient air were compared to the maximum PM concentration of m
quality standard, i.e. 150 µgm-3 (USEPA, 1999). However our sites which were 179, 203 µgm10-3 at SI and SIV olu
the value at the Buddhi Vihar (SI), Buddh Bazar (SII), (compared to the residential site) respectively, 203, 213 V
KUaSpEoPoAr PCMom10 psatanny d(aSrIdII). aThned hPiTgCh e(rS PIIIM) 1is0 cloownecre nthtraanti othnes µ2g34m, -3 2a1t3 S IµI gamnd-3 SaIItI (ScVo mapnadre dS VtoI t(hceo mtrpaaffirce ds iteto) atnhde ( ) B
at site Peetal Nagari and Mughalpura may reflect a industrial site). All these concentrations were less from ce
significant contribution of anthropogenic sources the findings of Sun et al., 2004. As Moradabad is a small en
compared to the other sites. High ambient PM10 mass city comparatively to highly developed megacity Beijing, Sci

concentration peaks occurred at industrial sites, hence the sources are more in Beijing in comparison to al
suggesting that contribution of stationary industrial Moradabad. oci
emission were more important than the contribution of S
mobile sources even in areas with heavy traffic (Chen et b) Trace Metal Concentrations an
m
al., 2008; Roy et al., 2012). Considerable differences were noted with u
A seasonal variation was found as higher respect to metal content in samples of PM10 from f H
concentrations for PM occurred in winter period Buddhi Vihar (SI, Residential), Buddh Bazar (SII, o
10
(November-February) at all the study area than those of Commercial) Kapoor company (SIII, Traffic) PTC (SIV, al
n
summer (March- June) which could possibly be Residential), Peetal Nagari (SV, Industrial) and ur
o
attributed to the higher traffic density and combustion of Mughalpura (SVI, Industrial and illegal e-waste burning). J

fossil fuel for heating during winters as well as prevailed Heavy metals such as Fe, Al, Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni, Pb, Cr, al
b
meteorological conditions (Table 2). The winter months and Cd concentration along with standard deviation o
Gl
of are relatively calm than other months thereby causing were displayed in figure 2 at all the sampling sites.
slow dispersion of pollutants generated and helps in Among the trace metals Zn contributed the maximum
buildup of pollutants in vicinity of the pollutant sources. concentration with annual average of 11.84 µgm-3
Lower average mixing height in winter season results in followed by Fe (9.41 µgm-3), Cu (7.57 µgm-3), Al (5.74
less volume of troposphere available for mixing and µgm-3), Pb (1.99 µgm-3), Cr (0.21 µgm-3) Mn (0.11 µgm-
hence higher PM concentrations. The low temperature 3), Cd (0.09 µgm-3) and Ni (0.01 µgm-3). Among all the
10
during winters lead to more energy consumption for six monitoring sites the highest concentration of Fe
industrial purpose resulting in emitting more emission of (18.43 µgm-3), Al (10.08 µgm-3) Cu (15.23 µgm-3) and Cr
primary PM from the industrial sources (Lee & Hieu, (0.41 µgm-3) was observed at Mughalpura (SVI) followed
©2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)
Source Identification and Distribution of Toxic Trace Metals in Respirable Dust (PM ) inBrasscity of
10
India
by Peetal Nagari (SV) 17.07, 9.88, 14.84, 0.39 µgm-3 smelting of zinc and heavy road traffic (Hassan et al.,
respectively while Zn (21.09, 21.21 µgm-3) and Ni (0.031, 2009). Mn which is mainly derived from the
0.034 µgm-3) was found almost same at both the site. anthropogenic activities found highest mean value at
The Mughalpura and Peetal Nagari sites were Peetal Nagari followed by Kapoor Company. The
surrounded by many small and large scale brassware residential sites showed comparatively the lower
industries. In these industries, Brass (60% Cu and 40% concentration.
Zn) and German silver (55% C u, 35% Zn and 10% Ni)

are the main alloys used for moulding purpose in c) Correlation Analysis
making brassware items and other utensils in Correlation coefficient was used to establish
Moradabad. Brassware industries which are specialized interrelationship between metals (Table 4). The strong

in cutting, grinding, scraping, polishing etc. are the correlation (0.754, 0.729) was found between Fe-Al and
major cause of high concentration of these metals Cu-Zn respectively in the study area. The significant
(Tripathi et al., 1990; Mahima et al., 2013; Pal et al., correlation was found between Fe with Cu (r=0.679), Zn
4
01 2013; Pal et al., 2014). A lot of illegal e-waste is burned (r=0.695), Ni (r=0.625) and Cr (r=0.504). It is also
2
near the bank of river Ram Ganga i.e. Mughalpura area found significant for Al with Cu (r=0.688), Zn
ar
Ye aisl oensgt imwiatht e edl etchtarot palbaotinugt huanlift st hoef bcriarcsusiwt abroea irnddsu sutsrieeds . inIt ((rr==00..6508)1.) , INt i (mr=ay0 .64b3e) adnude Znto-N i th(re = in0d.5u4s1tr)ia, l Mna-nNdi

4 the appliances in India end up in Moradabad (Uttar anthropogenic activities like burning of fossil fuel. Zn-Cr
Pradesh) also called the brass city of India (Down to (r=0.433), Al-Cr (r=0.419), Cu-Ni (r=0.490), Pb-Cd
I
n Earth, 2010). The emission of toxic metal i.e. Ni, Cd, Pb, (r=0.421), Cr-Cd (r=0.41) showed the moderate
sio Cr, Zn, Hg, Co and As in the surrounding air by burning co rrelation while the negative correlation was found
r
e
V of e-waste affects the lungs, kidney, reproductive & between Ni-Pb and Ni-Cd. Based on the correlation

V nervous system, kidney and cause cancer (Brigden et study, it may be concluded that Fe, Al, Cu, Zn, Ni and Cr

al., 2005; Leung et al., 2008). were contributed by some common sources, probably
e
su Peetal Nagari (industrial site), situated along the by industrial and anthropogenic Sources.
s
I major road connected to Delhi is a major exporting
V centre of brasswares so the vehicular traffic as well as d) Factor Analysis
XI
industrial activity could be the major source of Cu, Zn The principa l application of factor analysis is to
e
m and Cr. As Cu is associated mainly with industrial reduce the number of variables. This method focuses on
u
ol activities, road traffic (diesel engine and wearing of cleaning up the factors. PCA was applied to determine
V
( ) B baprroeawakee. rsZe)nd c imso uoreltdoli ar bbvelee h ttihrcaelec sme re oomsft i suismniloepnaosdr tea(Mdn tof unseaolc uair nceedt adinl.ie, su2er0bl0 ao0ni)l tsdhoeeus crccroiebrerespl artohtifeoil neP rbionecf tiwpheaeel anCv oypm opmlluoetnateannlst st (PainCn d) P lotMoa 1d0ii.dn egTnsat ifbfoylre t thhe5e
ce and besides, it could be released in large amounts from metal data of the study period with corresponding eigen
n
e tired friction or various industrial activities. Use of oil values and variances. Based on this matrix three new
ci
S lubricants at the service centers, tire abrasions and sets of synthetic variables (Principal Component) were

al vehicle exhausts are the possible sources of Cr at the obtained. For interpreting of the data the method of
ci
o study areas. Presence of such sources and their Kaiser Criterion (Kaiser, 1960) is followed which retain
S
association with increased Cr and Zn concentrations only those factor having eigen value greater than 1 has
n
ma comply with the findings of Karar et al., 2006 and been used for further interpretation. Factor loading >
u Bhaskar etal., 2008. 0.71 are typically regarded as excellent and < 0.32 as
H
Highest value of Pb (2.72 µgm-3) and Cd (0.21 very poor (Nowak, 1998). The Ist PC explains 40.113%
f
o
µgm-3) was observed at Buddh Bazar (SII), a very busy of data variance and it is characterized by Fe, Al, Cu, Zn
al
n commercial site along with vehicular activity throughout and Ni. These heavy metals are mainly related to the
r
u the day and night followed by Kapoor Company (SIII), Industrial emissions, especially the metallurgical/
o
J 2.5, 0.17 µgm-3 respectively. The concentration of Pb in electroplating and e-waste burning units located in the
bal higher amount is mainly due to traffic volume (Tripathi, industrial area of the city (Wang et al., 2001; Quiterio et
o
Gl 1994; Xia and Gao, 2011). As lead pollution due to al., 2004; Shah and Shaheen 2008). The IInd factor
leaded gasoline still occurs in few cities (Prajapati et al., characterized by Pb and Cd. These heavy metals are
2009; Andra et al., 2011). The major source of human well known to be ass ociated with the automobiles (Ayras
lead accumulation in developing countries was found to and Kaushilina, 2000). The IIIrd component is
be airborne lead and 90 percent of which comes from characterized by Mn, mainly derived from anthropogenic
leaded gasoline (MECA, 2003). Cadmium, one of the activities. The extracted components explain nearly
most dangerous pollutants for organism, is mainly 74.31% of the variability in the original 9 variables. The
derived from combustion of accumulators and number of eigen values can be estimated from a scree
carburetors of vehicles (Divrikli et al., 2006). It is a major plot demonstrated in figure 3. As shown in this figure,
industrial pollutant particularly in areas associated with the eigen value sharply decrease within the first three
©2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)
Source Identification and Distribution of Toxic Trace Metals in Respirable Dust (PM ) inBrasscity of
10
India
components and then slowly stabilize for the remaining data reveals that P eetal Nagari is the m ost polluted area
ones. in terms of dust loading with a maximum concentration
of 234 µgm-3 followed by Mughalpura. The
e) Enrichment Factor Analysis
concentrations of PM in winter was higher than those
Enrichment factor (EF ) analysis was used to 10
in summer and monsoon. Increased energy uses, low
differentiate between the metals originating from human
temperature and low mixing height contributed to
activities and those of natural origin and to assess the
increasing PM c oncentrations in winter months while
degree of anthropogenic influence. By convention, the
increased rainfall pre cipitation in monsoon period
average metalal concentration of the natural crust is
greatly contribute to decrease PM level. The
used instead of the continental crust composition of the
concentration of PM in Moradabad recorded high than
specific area, as detailed data for different areas are not 10
those from the other sites in Europe and Asia except
easily available. There is no rule for the reference metal
Beijing. The characterization of trace metal sources in
choice and Si, Al, and Fe have been used as the most
the study area is quite challenging d ue to a large
common metals for this purpose (Lee and Hieu 2011). In number of industri al and urban sources. High 014
this study, Fe used as the reference metal with upper 2
concentration of Zn, Cu, Cr and Ni at industrial site
continental crustal composition given by Taylor and ar
(Peetal Nagari and Mughalpura) was found mainly due Ye
McLennan (1985). Since iron (Fe) has been used as a
reference metal for an EF evaluation, assuming that the to its use in brasswares and electroplating. Pb and Cd
was found highest at traffic and commercial sites 5
contribution of its anthropogenic sources to the
(Kapoor Company and Buddh Bazar) was due the
atmosphere is negligible (Nazir et al., 2011). The I
vehicular emission and combustion process but the n
enrichment factor is calculated through the following o
high concentration in Mughalpura area is mainly due to si
equation: er
burning of e-waste near this site, which is brought from V

(E/R) air sample Delhi in an illegal way. Focusing our attention on metal V
EF = source characterization, the multivariate techniques
(E/R) crust allowed us to identify three source components. The PC sue
I (40.113%) is characterized by Fe Al, Cu, Zn and Ni Is
EF represents the ratio of the fraction of the
V
which represents industrial emission and combustion of
metal E with respect to reference metal R in the XI
samples. (E/R) sample to the fraction of E with respect fossil fuel. The PC II (20.470%) is associated with e
vehicular traffic emission and characterized by Pb and m
to the same R in the crust (E/R)crust. The EFs of u
individual metals are shown in Figure 4. According to Cd. The PC III (13.736%) is identified as anthropogenic Vol
tf•ho ello dHwesigg: hrelye eonfr icehneridch (mEFe n>t, 1th0e0 ) minectlauldse wde Preb , gZrno,u Cpeud a nads seeconnourrniiccrtachhemmmsi neennaattt inofadoncf tbocCyrhd saa ,( rnEaCtchFutr)eo ,o rpifZzo etnghd ee an tnirbcady c s eoP Mubmr,nc e.et inasdlC.s i aTcshalchetuoinslwaeget irodhen seh uaiglvothsyf ( )ce B
Cd. are also supported by correlation study. Hence we en
• Moderately enriched (EF between 10 and 100) none ci
conclude that in the investigated areas the level of some S
of them. trace metals are very high and the level of PM was also al
• Less enriched (EF less than 10) included Al, Mn, Ni 10 ci
found higher than the NAAQS and WHO standard even o
and Cr. in the residential areas. Due to high pollution level the S
n
In the present study, large variation of EF values people of the study area are suffering from many ma
was found for different metals in the respirable dust. diseases related to air pollution. This sugg ests that u
H
Amongst these EFs of Cd and Cu are the highest
future strategies for air quality control on a local scale
f
followed by Zn and Pb. The higher EF values of these o
have to take into account not only the amount of
metals showed the anthropogenic sources (industrial, al
atmospheric particles, but their chemical composition as n
automobile and combustion emission) contributed a well. ur
o
substantial amount of the metals in atmospheric J

particulates, which otherwise were difficult to justify on V. Acknowledgements al
b
the basis of normal crustal weathering process. In o
The authors gratefully acknowledge for the Gl
contrast the less enriched metals were dominantly
financial assistance provided by University Grant
derived from earth crust, and re-suspension of soil dust.
On the whole, all metals revealed EF greater than unity, Commission, New Delhi and Uttar Prade sh Pollution
Control Board, Lucknow (India). Thanks are also due to
thus predominantly contributed by the anthropogenic
Dr. U. C. Shukla and Mr. V. K. Rajput, for their kind
source.
support insampling and analyses.

IV. Conclusion

T he study area covers a substantial portion of
Moradabad city. Overall site specific analysis of PM10
©2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)
Source Identification and Distribution of Toxic Trace Metals in Respirable Dust (PM ) inBrasscity of
10
India
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Figure 1 :Map of the study Area showing sampling locations (stars), brassware industries (triangle) and sites of
illegal e-waste burning (circle)
©2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)