Table Of ContentSorghum and
Millets Diseases
Sorghum and
Millets Diseases
Edited by
John F. Leslie
Iowa State Press
A Blackwell Publishing Company
John F. Leslie is a professor in the Department of Plant Pathology at Kansas State University, Manhattan. Much of the editing
of this work was completed during a sabbatical at the University of Sydney (Sydney, Australia) and the Royal Botanic Gardens-
Sydney as a Senior Fulbright Scholar under the sponsorshipo f the Australian-American Fulbright Commission.
02002 Iowa State Press
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Sorghum and millets diseasededited by John F. Leslie .-lst ed.
p. cm.
on contributions to the Thud Global Conference on Sorghum and Millets Diseases in Guanajuato, Mexico September 2000.
Based
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8138-0389-6 (ak.p aper)
1. Sorghum-Diseases and pests. 2. Millets-Diseases and pests. I. Leslie, John F., 1953-
SB608.S6 S67 2002
633.1’71934~21
2002 192228.
The last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Table of Contents
Preface ................................................................................................................................................................. .i
...
Addresses of Contributors.. .............................................................................................................. .in
1. Transition From the Previous Millennium. ........................................................................... I
1. W. A. J. DE MILLIANOT. ransition from the Second to the Third World Review of Sorghum and Millet
Diseases.. .............................................................................................................................. .3
2. A. B. MAUNDERS.o rghum Worldwide .......................................................................................... ,11
11. Millet Biology and Diseases.. .............................................................................................. 19
3. J. P. ESELE.D iseases of Finger Millet-A Global Overview.. ................................................................. .21
4. C. T. HASHA ND J. R. WITCOMBEG. ene Management and Breeding for Downy Mildew Resistance ..................... 27
5. D. E. HESS,R . P.T HAKURC,. T. HASH,P . SBRI?MB, AND C. W. MAGILLP. earl Millet Downy Mildew: Prob-
lems and Control Strategies for a New Millennium.. ............................................................................ 37
6. S. K. NUTSUGAHI., D. K. ATOKPLEA, ND V. P. Identification of Resistance to Downy Mildew and
RAO.
Smut of Pearl Millet in Ghana. ..................................................................................................... 43
7. J. F. SCHEURINGS,. 0. KATILBA, ND I. A. KOLLO. Boosting Pearl Millet Yields with Apron Plus@a nd
Apron Star8 Seed Treatments.. ..................................................................................................... 47
8. R. P. THAKURC, . W. MAGILLS, . SIVARAMAKRISHNAN, C. T. HASH, H. S. SHETTY, AND D. E. HESS.
Variability in Sclerospora graminicola, the Pearl Millet Downy Mildew Pathogen.. ....................................... 5 1
9. R. P. THAKUARN D K. N. RAI. Pearl Millet Ergot Research: Advances and Implications.. ................................. 57
10. J. P. WILSONA ND R. N. GATES. The Dynamic Multiline Population: An Alternative Approach to Durable
Resistance?. .......................................................................................................................... .65
111. Sorghum Ergot ................................................................................................................. 71
11. G. N. ODVODY. Recommendations from the Ergot Working Group at the Third Global Conference on
Sorghum and Millets Diseases.. .................................................................................................. ..73
w. s. s.
12. R. BANDYOPADHYVA. YM,U THUSUBRAMANPIA. N, TOOLEY, CHAKRABORTY, PAZOUTOVAA, ND
S. NAVI.D istribution and Diversity of the Sorghum Sugary Disease Pathogens in India.. ............................ .75
S.
13. D. E. FREDERICKSOANN D G. N. ODVODY. Survival of Inoculum of claviceps africana in Zimbabwe:
Potential Sources of Initial Inoculum., ............................................................................................ 79
s.
14. M. HERNANDEZ-MARTL~.E EZ. M, ENDOZA-ONOFRPE. R, AMfREZ-VALLEJO, OSADA-KAWASOE,
E. CARDENAS-SORIANAON,D F. ZAVALA-GARCfA. Response of Sorghum B and R Lines to Ergot
(Claviceps ufricanu) at Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico.. ........................................................................ ..83
15. B. KOMOLONG, S. CHAKRABORTMY., J. RYLEYA, ND D. YATES. Four Genotypes of chviceps spp. Cause
Sorghum Ergot in Australia., ....................................................................................................... 87
16. P. G. MANTLEA ND A. BOGO. Biosynthesis of Bioactive Honeydew Oligosaccharides by Sorghum Ergot
Pathogens.. ........................................................................................................................... .9 1
17. N. W. MCLAREN. Genotype x Environment Effects on the Response of Sorghum to Ergot and
Repercussions for Disease Screening., ............................................................................................ 95
18. N. MONTESG, .N . ODVODYA, ND M. M. SILVA. Effect of Cold Degree Units on Incidence of Claviceps
ufricuna in Sorghum Hybrids,, ................................................................................................... 103
19. N. MONTESG, .N . ODVODYA,N D H. WILLIAMS-ALANAISd. vances in CIaviceps africana Chemical Control ........1 05
20 . N . MONTESG. . N . ODVODYA. ND H . WILLIAMS.ALAN. ISR elationship Between Climatic Variables and
Claviceps africana Incidence on Sorghum Hybrids in Northern Mexico ................................................... 111
21 . J . L . MORANW, . L. ROONEYR. . A . FREDERIKSEN, AND G . N . ODVODY . Differences in Ergot Vulnerability
Among Sorghum Genotypes and the Relationship Between Stigma Receptivity and Ergot Vulnerability ............. 113
22 . J . NARRO-SANCHERZ ., PAREDES-MELESIJO . A, . QUIJANO-CARRANRZA . V, ELASQUEZ-VALLAEN.D J . L .
MAYA-DLE E~. NSo rghum Ergot (Claviceps africana) in MCxico .......................................................... 121
23 . G . N . ODVODYD. . E . FREDERICKSOTN ., ISAKEIT. N . MONTESJ. . A . DAHLBERGA,N D G . L . PETERSO.N
Quarantine Issues Arising from Contamination of Seed with Ergot: An Update .........................
24 . G . N . ODVODYN. . MONTESD, . E. FREDERICKSOANN.D J . NARRO-SANCH.E ZD etection of Sclerotia of
Claviceps africana in the Western Hemisphere ................................................................................. 129
25 . E . ORT~Z-P~REF .Z Z, AVALA-GARCIJA ., L . DE LA GARZA,G . E . SALMAS, AND N . E . GARCIA. Factors
Associated with Ergot Resistance in Sorghum. .................................................................................. 131
26 . T . PACHEC.O E rgot and Its Impact on Hybrid Sorghum Seed Production in Venezuela., ................................ 133
27 . S. PATOUTOV.A T he Genus Claviceps: Evolution at Work .................................................................... 135
28 . M . J . RYLEY.D . J . HERDE. S. A . BHUIYANR. . G . HENZELLA, ND D . R . JORDAN. An Overview of the
Biology of Sorghum Ergot ......................................................................................................... 141
29. P . W . TOOLEYA ND N . R . O’NEILL. Intraspecific Variation in claviceps afiicana .......................................... 151
.
IV Striga .............................................................................................................................. 157
30. A . G . T . BABIKE.R S triga Control in Sudan: An Integrated Approach ...................................................... 159
31 . D . E . HESS,J . KROSCHELD, . TRAOf&, A . E . M . ELZEM,P . S. MARLEYA, . A . ABBASHERA,N D C . DIARR.A
Striga: Biological Control Strategies for a New Millenium ................................................................... 165
.
V Pathogen Variability ........................ ............................................................................. 171
32 . R. BANDYOPADHYAC Y. R, . LITTLER, . D . WANISKA. AND D . R . BUTLE.R Sorghum Grain Mold: Through
the 1990s into the New Millenium ........... .............................................................. 173
33 . L . E . CLAFLINAN D L . M . GIORDA. Stalk Rots of Sorghum ............................................................
34 . L. R. GALE. A Population Genetic Approach to Variation in Colletotrichum graminicola, the Causal Agent
of Sorghum Anthracnose ........................................................................................................... 191
35. J . F. LESLIEA ND W . F. 0. MARASA.S W ill the Real “Fusarium moniliforme” Please Stand Up! ....................... 201
36 . K . MATHURR, . P . THAKURA, . NEYA,P . S. MARLEYA. ND C . R . CASELA . Sorghum Anthracnose-Problem
and Management Strategies ........................................................................................................ 211
37 . G . NAIDOOA ND J . H . TORRES-MONTAL.V OG enetic Variability Among and Within Host-Specialized
Isolates of Sporisorium reilianum ................................................................................................ 221
38 . S. K . NUTSUGAHV. . LETH.I . D. K . ATOKPLEA. ND F . K . TSIGBEY. Grain Mold Fungi from Sorghum in
Ghana ................................................................................................................................. 227
39 . J . K. PORTER, C . W . BACONW, . P . NORREDE. . M. WRAY. G . A . KULDAUA. . E . GLENNA, ND J . F . LESLI.E
Mycotoxins from Fungal-Infected Sorghum: Claviceps. Fusarium. and the Striga Connection ......................... 229
.
VI Molecular Biology. Genome Mapping. and Host Plant Resistance .................................... 237
40 . K . S. BOORA.A . SINDHUP. . BOOM. AND C . W . MAGIL.L Identification of Molecular Markers for an Oval
Leaf Spot Resistance Gene in Sorghum. ......................................................................................... 239
41 . W . A . BREESEC. . T . HASH.K . M . DEVOSA. ND C. J . HOWART.H P earl Millet Genomics and Breeding for
Resistance to Downy Mildew ..................................................................................................... 243
42 . C . W . MAGILLR. . A . FREDERIKSEKN .. BOORA. R. PERUMAL. AND S. SIVAMMAKRISHNAN. Molecular Tags
for Disease Resistance Genes in Sorghum: Improved Prospects for Mapping .............................................. 247
VII. Sorghum Breeding and Disease Physiology ............................................................... .. 253
43. K. ENGELLL,. B. JBRGENSEN, J. D. MBLLER, E. DENEERGAARD, AND E. WESTER. Developmental Stages of
Sorghum Caryopses, with Emphasis on the Aleurone Transfer Cell and Placental Sac ............... 255
44. I. A. KOLLO.P lant-Parasitic Nematodes of Sorghum and Pearl Millet: Emphasis on Africa .................................. 259
45. N. W. MCLARENJ,. SAAYMAN, J. BENADEA, ND M. VAN DER WALT. Evaluation of Reduced Sorghum Seed
Germination.. ................................................................................. ............................... 267
46. 0. R. RODRIGUEZ-BALLESTERAO.S ,S . B. MANSUETUSR, . A. FREDERIKSEGN. , N. ODVODYR, . D.
WANISKAA,N D D. T. ROSENOW. Free and Bound Phenolic Acids in Mature Sorghum Caryopses as
Affected by Inoculation with Fusarium thapsinum .................................................................................................. 269
47. W. L. ROONEYS, . D. COLLINS, R. R. KLEIN,P . J. MEHTA,R . A. FREDERIKSEANN, D R. RODRIGUEZ-
HERRERA.B reeding Sorghum for Resistance to Anthracnose, Grain Mold, Downy Mildew, and Head
Smuts ........................................................................................................................................ 273
48. M. R. TUINSTRTA., T. TEFERRAL,. E. CLAFLMR, . G. HENZELLA, . BORRELLN,. SEETHARAMGA., EJETA,
AND D. T. ROSENOWB. reeding for Resistance to Root and Stalk Rots in Sorghum ................................................... 281
49. R. D. WANISKAR,. T. VENKATESHAA., CHANDRASHEKASR. ,K RISHNAVEFN. IP,. BEJOSANOJ., JEOUNG,
J. JAYARAMASN. M, UTHUKRISHNAANND, G. H. LIANG.A ntifungal Proteins and Other Mechanisms in the
Control of Sorghum Stalk Rot and Grain Mold ..................................................................................................
VIII. Technology and Approaches to Disease Management.. ......................................................... 299
50. L. W. BURGESSB, . A. SUMMERELGL. ,G IBLEIT,D . BACKHOUSEM, . L. BLAKEJ,. SMITH-WHITAEN, D
M. COLVILLER.o le of Sorghum in the Overseasoning of Gibberella zea
51. J. A. DAHLBERGR.a pid Information Dissemination on the World Wide
52. J. M. LENNEA ND R. ORTIZ. Agrobiodiversity in Pest Management .............
53. V. MAHALAKSHMB. IV, . S. REDDY,R . BANDYOPADHYAHY. ,C . SHARMA, N. K. RAO, AND R. ORTIZ.
Sorghum On-Line Crop Information ........................................................................................................ 321
54. R. D. WANISKAAN D L. W. ROONEY.S orghum Grain Quality for Increased Utilization ..................... 327
IX. Collaboration and Its Implementation .. .......................................................................... 337
55. M. S. CONDON AND J. A. DAHLBERGP.u blic-Private Partnerships in International Agricultural Research:
A Case for Promoting Technology Transfer and Enhancing Global Trade in Sorghum and Millet ......................... 339
56. R. A. FREDERIKSAENND J. M. YOHE. Changing Paradigms in the Design and Implementation of Collab-
orative Research ............................................................................. ........ 343
57. M. A. JOHNSON. Private Sector and Public Institution Interactions on Sorghum and Pearl Millet Disease
Management.. ........................ .....................................................................................
58. R. ORTIZ. Examples of IC esearch and Development Partnerships in Sorghum a
Improvement ..................... ............................................................ 351
59. G. C. PETERSONB,. B. PENDLETONAN, D G. L. TEETES.P ROFIT-Productive Rotations On Farms In Texas .............3 65
X. Country and Regional Disease Reports ................................................... 371
60. L. M. GIORDAR. ecommendations from the Working Group for the Americas at t
ence on Sorghum and Millets Diseases ....................................... 373
61. D. E. HESS. Recommendations from the African Working Group at the Third Global Conference on Sor-
ghum and Millets Diseases .................................................................................................... 375
62. S. INDIRAR. ecommendations from the Working Group for AsiaIAustralia at the Third Global Conference
on Sorghum and Millets Diseases .............................................................................................. 377
63. C. R. CASELAA, . S. FERREIRA, F. . B. GUIMARAESS. orghum Diseases in Brazil 379
64. J. P. ESELE.S orghum and Pearl Millet Diseases in the Horn of Africa .............................. .. 383
65. L. M. GIORDAS. orghum Diseases in Argentina ...... ............................................................................ 389
66. S. INDIRAX, . XU, N. IAMSUPASIT,H . S. SHETTY, N. S. VASANTHSI,. D. SINtiII, ANDR. BANDYOPADHYAY.
Diseases of Sorghum and Pearl Millet in Asia ......... ............................................................................. 393
67. S. G. JENSENA ND L. M. GIORDAV. ii-us Diseases of Sorghum and Millet in the Americas and Australia
68. A. S. KASAKOVAAN DA . A. OLEYNICKT.h e Status of Sorghum Diseases in Russia ..............................
69. G. MALAGUTCI.u rrent Status of Sorghum Diseases in Venezuela .............................................................
70. P. S. MARLEYM, . DIOURTEA, . NEYA,S . K. NUTSUGAHP, . SEREMES, . 0. KATlI.i, D. E. HESS,
MBAYEA, ND Z. NGOKO.S orghum and Pearl Millet Diseases in West and Central Africa .....................
71. E. MTISI AND N. W. MCLAREN. Diseases of Sorghum and Pearl Millet in Some Southern African
Countries .......... ............ ............................................................................. 427
72. Y.D . NARAYANAR., BANDYOPADHYAS.Y S, . NAVI, AND V. MUNIYAPPAS. orghum Viruses in Asia and
Africa ........................................................................................................................................................................ 43 1
73. M. J. RYLEYD, . M. PERSLEY, D. R. JORDANA,N D R. G. HENZELL.S tatus of Sorghum and Pearl Millet Dis-
eases in Australia ....................................................................................................................................................... 441
74. J. P. STACK.R ecurring and Emerging Sorghum Diseases in North America .......................................................... 449
75. H. WILLIAMS-ALANISSo.r ghum and Millet Diseases in Mexico ........................ ........... 457
76. J. P. WILSON.D iseases of Pearl Millet in the Americas .......................................................................................... 465
Abstracts ..... .................................................... 471
XI.
77. Z. JURIEVIC, D. M. WILSONH, . H. CASPERA, ND J. P. WILSON. Fungal Contaminants and Mycotoxins on
Stored Pearl Millet Grain ..................... ........ ..... ,473
78. A. S. KASAKOVAE., V. IONOVAV, . I. PAKHOMOVE., I. LIPKOVICHM, . M. YANINA, M.A . TARANOVAN, D
M. G. FEDORISHCHENKO. A Physiological Approach to Resistance Breeding for Control of Seed Rot and
Seedling Diseases of Grain Sorghum ........................................................................................................................ 473
79. H. K. C. LAIDLAWD,. M. PERSLEYC, . K. PALLAGHYA,N D I. D. GODWIN.D evelopment of Durable
Johnsongrass Mosaic Virus (JGMV) Resistance in Sorghum via a Transgenic Approach ............
80. F. W. MAKINAIN D N. J. HAYDENF. armer Participatory Studies on Finger Millet in Western Kenya .................... 474
81. M. J. MARTINEZL,. R. CONCI, AND L. M. GIORDA. Differentiation of Fusnrirrm verticillioides and
Fusariurn prolferrrtum Isolates Causing Sorghum Grain Mold by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA
(RAPD) Analysis ........ ................................................... 474
82. M. J. MARTINEZL,. M. GIORDAM, . NASSETTAK, . FRUTEROA, ND J. ZYGADLOP. hytoalexin Synthesis by
Sorghum Grain in Response to Grain Mold ... ..................................................................................................... 474
83. R. MONTES-BELMONT, L. BRAVOE, . H. FLORESI, . MENDEZ,A ND R. NAVA. Effect of Sorghum Sowing
Dates on Grain Mold Development in Morelos State, Mexico ................................................................................. 475
84. 2. NGOKO.P resent Status of Sorghum Pathology in Cameroon .............................................................................. 475
85. J. REED,M . TUINSI’RAAN,D L. E. CLAFLIN. Identification of Host Plant Resistance to Ergot in Sorghum ......
86. D. T. ROSENOWN, . TEME,C . A. WOODFING, . N. ODVODY, AND G. C. PETERSON.R elationship of Stay
Green to Charcoal Rot and Lodging in Sorghum ................. ............................................................................. 475
87. V. SHEORAIANN D A. H. HALL. The Importance of Public-Private Sector Partnerships to Indian Sorghum
Farmers ..................................................................................................................................................................... 476
88. T. TEFERRAM, . TUINSTRAAN, D L. E. CLAFLINR. esistance to Fusarium Stalk Rot in Grain Sorghum ..................4 76
89. K. S. L. WILSON AND N. J. HAYDEN.A ccess to the Next Generation of Sustainable Control of Covered
Kernel Smut of Sorghum .......................................................................................................................................... 477
Index ......................................................................................................................................................................... 479
Preface
In your hands you hold the global sorghum and millet pa-
thology community’s decennial (more or less) summary
of diseases and work in progress. It is not a summary of
all of the work that has ever been done with sorghum and
millet pathology, nor is it a guide to disease identifica-
tion. Instead, it is a considered summary of the current
critical problems and an evaluation of the Community’s
progress since its previous meeting in Harare, Zimbabwe
in 1988. It is the third of these efforts, and both the meet-
ings and the books that have resulted from them have
been important in defining the research agenda for these
crops in the succeeding ten-year interval. The contents of
this volume are based primarily on contributions to the
Third Global Conference on Sorghum and Millet Dis-
eases in Guanajuato, Mexico in September 2000. Indeed,
all but one of the invited talks and all but one of the
working group reports are represented here in some form.
I also solicited some additional chapters that were not
based on any of the presentations to help round out the
volume, and I have included as many contributions as
possible from African scientists who were unable to at-
tend the meeting due to their inability to obtain visas for
travel from the Mexican government.
This volume is somewhat different from its prede-
cessors in that it is not being published by ICRISAT but,
instead, by Iowa State Press, with the goal of expanding
the readership beyond the immediate sorghum and millet
research community. It also is different in that there is FIGURE P-1. Richard A. Frederiksen.
only a single editor, and that this editor is not Dick
this volume much better than it could have been were one
Frederiksen (Fig. P-I), although perhaps it should have
person alone responsible for editing its content. I greatly
been. Dick has been a dominant figure in this field for the
appreciate the help these colleagues have provided and
last 30-40 years, and a major organizer of what have be-
the advice they have given both to me and to the authors
come nearly institutional meetings. His contacts and ef-
of the various chapters. Persons who reviewed at least
forts in organizing sessions, dispersing participants into
one chapter (and some did far more) include: Ranajit
effective working groups, and cajoling contributors until
Bandyopadhyay, E. Claflin, Thomas Crawford,
they find time to finish a chapter or to strengthen a pre- Larry
Jeff Dahlberg, Walter A. J. de Milliano, Richard A. Fred-
sentation should be neither underestimated nor underval-
eriksen, Liane R. Gale, Laura M. Giorda, Dale E. Hess,
ued. He has been a good friend and colleague, and as he
Clint W. Magill, Peter G. Mantle, Walter F. 0. Marasas,
goes to “fossilize” (his words not mine) in retirement, we
Neal W. McLaren, Gary N. Odvody, Rodomiro Ortiz,
can all but wish him the best. The meeting in Guanajuato
Sylvia Pabutova, John P. Rheeder, Malcolm J. Ryley,
was his last formal contribution to the sorghum and mil-
Claude P. Seletrinikoff, Ram P. Thakur, Paul W. Tooley,
let research community, but for those who know him,
Jeff Wilson, and John Yohe.
there undoubtedly remains more to come.
In addition to the reviewers, I owe thanks to the In-
The chapters in this book have all been reviewed by
ternational Sorghum and Millet Collaborative Research
at least one person, and authors have had an opportunity
Support Program (INTSORMIL) for its funding of my
to make revisions in response to these comments. Al-
research on fungal diseases of sorghum and millet, to the
though I have read each chapter at least four times, the
Australian-American Fulbright Association, the Royal
important points raised by other reviewers have made
1
Botanic Garden-Sydney, and St. Paul’s College of the tion should take us to Asia or Australia around 2010. If
University of Sydney for their funding and for hosting this volume wears as well as does its predecessor, which
me while on sabbatical when much of the editing of this is cited numerous times in this volume, and is still of
book was completed, and to my wife, Ingelin, for sharing relevance in 2010, then the work required to assemble it
my time with all of these manuscripts. I also thank the will have been time and effort well spent.
corresponding authors of all of the chapters, who have
been (generally) prompt and efficient in their revisions John F. Leslie
and gracious in helping me as I learn about systems and Kansas State University
methodologies that are not those that I use in my own re- Manhattan, Kansas, USA
search. November 2002
Looking forward to the successor meeting (and vol-
ume) to this one, the meeting’s global geographic rota-
Addresses of Contributors
A. A. ABBASHER SHAMSUAL. BHUIYAN WENDYA . BREESE
Abu Haraz College Australian Quarantine & Inspection Centre for Arid Zone Studies
University of Gezira Service University of Wales
Wad Medani, Sudan Brisbane Airport, Queensland 4007 Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW
Australia United Kingdom
IBRAHIMD . K. ATOKPLE
Savanna Agricultural Res. Institute MEGANB LAKE LESTERW . BURGESS
P. 0. Box 52 Fusarium Research Laboratory Fusarium Research Laboratory
Tamale, Ghana Department of Crop Sciences Department of Crop Sciences
University of Sydney University of Sydney
A. G. T. BABIKER Sydney, New South Wales 2006 Sydney, New South Wales 2006
Agricultural Research Corporation Australia Australia
P. 0. Box 126
Wad Medani, Sudan AMAURBI OGO DAVIDR . BUTLER
Biochemistry Department Cocoa Research Unit
DAVIDB ACKHOUSE Imperial College of Science, University of West Indies
University of New England Technology & Medicine St. Augustine
Armidale, New South Wales 2350 London SW7 2AY Trinidad and Tobago
Australia United Kingdom
ELIZABETCHA RDENAS-SORIANO
CHARLESW . BACON KHAZAN BOORA IFIT
S.
Toxicology & Mycotoxin Res. Unit Dept. of Biotechnology & Colegio de Postgraduados
USDA-ARS Molecular Biology 56230 Montecillo, Texcoco
Russell Agricultural Res. Center CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ. M6xico
Athens, Georgia, 30613, USA Hisar 125 004, India
CARLOS R. CASELA
RANAJITB ANDYOPADHYAY P. BOORA EMBRAPNCNPMS
International Inst. for Trop. Agric. Department of Foods & Nutrition Caixa Postal 15 1
%' L. W. Lamboum & Co. CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ. 3570 1-970 Sete Lagoas, MG
Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road Hisar 125 004, India Brazil
Croydon CR9 3EE
United Kingdom ANDREWB ORRELL HOWARDH. . CASPER
Queensland Dept. of Primary Dept. of Veterin. & Microbiol. Sci.
F. P. BEJOSANO Industries. North Dakota State University
Cereal Quality Laboratory Agency for Food and Fibre Sci.- Fargo, North Dakota, USA
Dept. of Soil & Crop Sciences Farming Systems
Texas A&M University Hermitage Res. Station, MS 407 SUKUMACRH AKRABORTY
College Station, Texas 77843-2474 Warwick, Queensland 4370 CRC for Tropical Plant Protection
USA Australia University of Queensland
St. Lucia, Queensland 4072
J. BENADE LETICIAB RAVO-LUNA Australia
Grain Crops Institute Centro de Desarrollo de Productos
Agricultural Research Council Bi6ticos A. CHANDRASHEKAR
Private Bag X1251 Instituto Politknico Nacional Central Food Technol. Res. Inst.
2520 Potchefstroom, Africa Apartado Postal 24 Mysore 570 013, India
South
Yautepec, Morelos 62730, Mexico
iii
