Table Of ContentSONET-Based
Metro Area
Networks
Planning and Designing
the Next-Generation
Provider Network
Daniel Minoli
Peter Johnson
Emma Minoli
McGraw-Hill
New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon
London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi
San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
McG raw-aHill bc
Copyright ©2000 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as per-
mitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by
any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
0-07-140960-2
The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0071402268
All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trade-
marked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringe-
ment of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps.
McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate
training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at [email protected] or (212)
904-4069.
TERMSOFUSE
This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the
work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and
retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works
based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior con-
sent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your
right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms.
THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS”. McGRAW-HILLAND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES
AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACYOR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE
WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIAHYPERLINK OR
OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLYDISCLAIM ANYWARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUTNOTLIMITED
TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITYOR FITNESS FOR APARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill and its
licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will
be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error
or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the con-
tent of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any
indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even
if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause what-
soever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise.
DOI: 10.1036/0071409602
iii
For Anna and her unwaivering help with InfoPort
(Daniel)
For Emmanuelle, my inspiration
(Peter)
For Peter, my inspiration
(Emma)
For more information on this book, click here
CONTENTS
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiv
About the Authors xv
Chapter 1 Advances and Opportunities in Next-Generation
SONET and Other Optical Architectures 1
1.1 Background 3
1.2 The Panoply of Technologies and Architectures 15
1.3 Course of Investigation 28
1.3.1 Our Assumptions 31
1.4 A Short Synopsis of Baseline Technologies 31
1.4.1 SONET and Next-Generation SONET Positioning 32
1.4.2 DWDM Positioning 35
1.5 Key Metro Access and Metro Core Players 39
1.6 Rosy or Red All Over? 43
1.7 Modeling Parameters 54
Appendix A 59
A.1 Modeling Item #1 60
A.1.1 Data 60
A.2 Modeling Item #2 61
A.3 Modeling Item #3 62
A.3.1 ISP Industry Idiosyncrasy 63
A.3.2 Physical Assets 64
A.3.3 Those Pesky Details 64
A.4 Modeling Item #4 65
End Notes 66
Chapter 2 Optics Primer 71
2.1 Optical Fibers 74
2.1.1 Signal Degradation 82
2.1.2 Dispersion Phenomena 82
2.1.3 Intermodal Delay Distortion 84
2.1.4 Chromatic Dispersion 85
2.1.5 Single-Mode Fibers 92
2.1.6 Multimode Fibers 92
2.1.7 Optical Fiber Specs 93
vi Contents
2.2 Fiber Splicing 96
2.3 Additional Details on Limitations of Fiber Links 97
2.3.1 Fiber Attenuation 97
2.3.2 Dispersion and Zero-Dispersion Point (ZDP) 99
2.3.3 Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) 103
2.3.4 Other Impairments 104
2.4 Transmission Approaches 105
2.4.1 Noncoherent Transmission 106
2.4.2 Coherent Transmission 106
2.5 Design Parameters 107
2.5.1 Attenuation Coefficient Versus Wavelength 107
2.5.2 Water Peak Attenuation 107
2.5.3 Attenuation Uniformity 107
2.5.4 Attenuation with Bending 107
2.5.5 Chromatic Dispersion (Single-Mode Fiber) 108
2.5.6 Multimode Bandwidth 108
2.5.7 Cutoff Wavelength (Single-Mode Fiber) 108
2.5.8 Mode Field Diameter (MFD) (Single-Mode Fiber) 108
2.6 Fiber-Optic Transmitters 109
2.6.1 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 109
2.6.2 Laser Diodes (LDs) 111
2.6.3 Line Signal 111
2.6.4 Tunable Lasers 112
2.7 Fiber-Optic Receivers 115
2.8 Other Technologies 117
2.9 DWDM Enablers 124
2.9.1 Thin-Film Filters 124
2.9.2 Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) 125
2.9.3 Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG) 125
2.9.4 Regenerators and Optical Amplifiers 127
2.9.5 Optical Add/Drop Modules (OADMs) 132
2.9.6 Optical Crossconnects (OXCs) 134
2.9.7 Optical Switching 137
2.10 Standardization Activities 140
End Notes 144
Chapter 3 Traditional SONET Architectures 147
3.1 The Evolution of Optical Networking 148
3.1.1 First-Generation Optical Networks 149
3.1.2 Second-Generation Optical Networks 151
Contents vii
3.1.3 Third-Generation Optical Networks 152
3.1.4 Achieving Bandwidth Capacity Goals 154
3.2 SONET Technology 156
3.2.1 Overview 157
3.2.2 SONET Frame Format 159
3.2.3 SONET Network Elements 165
3.2.4 Synchronization 167
3.2.5 SONET OAM&P 169
3.2.6 Applications 173
3.2.7 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) 175
3.3 Standards Details 177
3.3.1 Common Criteria 179
3.3.2 SONET Overhead 180
3.3.3 Synchronization 180
3.4 Reconfiguration Support 191
3.4.1 SONET Networking Topologies 191
3.4.2 Understanding OC-3 UPSRs 198
3.4.3 Understanding Two-Fiber BLSRs 200
3.4.4 Understanding Four-Fiber BLSRs 208
3.4.5 Understanding Matched Nodes 211
3.4.6 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) 215
3.4.7 Using SONET Rings to Manage Bandwidth in
Small-City Networks 218
3.5 Packet over SONET (PoS) 221
End Notes 224
Chapter 4 Next-Generation SONET and Optical Architectures 227
4.1 Motivations for Next-Generation Technology 228
4.2 Features of Next-Generation SONET 230
4.3 Financial Implications 236
4.4 Approaches 243
4.5 Implementation Example 247
4.6 Other Approaches 252
End Notes 256
Chapter 5 Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
(DWDM) Systems 259
5.1 Opportunities and Application Scope 262
5.2 Overview of Technology 273
viii Contents
5.2.1 TDM Evolution 273
5.2.2 EDFA Role in DWDM 277
5.2.3 Technology Evolutions in DWDM 282
5.2.4 Standardization Efforts 288
5.2.5 Example of High-End DWDM System 291
5.3 DWDM Advocacy for Metro Access/Metro Core 292
5.3.1 Issues 292
5.3.2 Network Management in DWDM 298
5.4 Example of Optimized Edge Equipment 299
End Notes 312
Chapter 6 Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM)
Technology 317
6.1 Technology Scope 318
6.2 CWDM Systems 323
6.2.1 Less Expensive Hardware 325
6.2.2 Lower-Power Requirements 327
6.2.3 Comparable Reliability 328
6.2.4 Smaller Physical Size 329
6.2.5 Up to 16 Wavelengths 329
6.2.6 Standards Underway 331
6.3 Other Applications 333
6.4 Other Technologies 336
6.4.1 Cisco Implementation of BWDM 337
6.4.2 BWDM Applications 339
End Notes 342
Chapter 7 All-Optical Networks 345
7.1 Background and Drivers for ION 348
7.1.1 Advantages of ION 351
7.1.2 Issues Impacting ION 354
7.1.3 Mechanisms to Support ION 358
7.2 Approaches for ION 362
7.2.1 Control Plane Mechanism 362
7.2.2 Design Considerations 365
7.3 A Review of MPLS 367
7.3.1 MPLS Elements 368
7.3.2 Optical Elements 374
End Notes 377
Contents ix
Chapter 8 GMPLS in Optical Networks 381
8.1 Labels in Optical Networks 383
8.1.1 Nongeneralized Labels 384
8.1.2 Generalized Labels 384
8.1.3 Requesting Generalized Labels 386
8.2 Constraining Label Choice 387
8.2.1 Label Set 388
8.2.2 Explicit Label Control 389
8.2.3 Egress Label Control 390
8.3 Out-of-Band Signaling 390
8.3.1 Extending Routing Calculation 391
8.3.2 Signaling Message Encapsulation 391
8.3.3 Data Interface Identification 392
8.3.4 Standardization Status 393
8.4 Reducing Signaling Latency and Overhead 394
8.4.1 Switch Programming Latency 394
8.4.2 Soft-State Overhead 397
8.4.3 Efficient Fault Handling 399
8.5 Bidirectionality 404
8.5.1 Upstream Labels 404
8.5.2 Confirming the Forward Path 406
8.5.3 The Need for Asymmetry 407
8.6 Link Management Protocol (LMP) 408
8.6.1 Control Channel Management 409
8.6.2 Traffic-Engineering Links 410
8.6.3 Link Verification 411
8.6.4 Link Property Summarization 411
8.6.5 Fault Detection 413
8.6.6 Authentication 414
8.7 Optical User-Network Interface (O-UNI) 414
8.7.1 Models 415
8.7.2 UNI Services 416
8.7.3 Addressing and Routing 417
8.7.4 The Realization of UNI in GMPLS Protocols 419
8.7.5 LMP Extensions 420
End Notes 420
Chapter 9 Free-Space Optics (FSO) 423
9.1 Technical Aspects of FSO 425
9.1.1 Network Architecture 425
x Contents
9.1.2 Key Network Elements 428
9.1.3 Atmospheric Impairments and Other Problematic Issues 430
9.1.4 Major Vendors 434
9.2 Financial Aspect of FSO 435
9.2.1 Comparison Between FSO and Other Established
Access Technologies 435
9.2.2 Global FSO Equipment
Revenue Forecast 437
9.3 Deployment of FSO 438
9.3.1 Implementation of FSO Systems 438
9.4 Strengths and Weaknesses of FSO 439
9.5 The Future of FSO 439
9.5.1 Demand Demography 440
9.5.2 Economy 440
End Notes 441
References 442
Chapter 10 Practical Design and Economic Parameters 443
10.1 Market Background 444
10.2 Technical Design Parameters 445
10.3 Simplified Modeling for the Number of Orders Needed
to Make Revenue Goals 458
10.4 Key Findings for Net-Income-Generating Carriers 464
10.4.1 Run 1: Baseline Parameters for a Typical Situation 465
10.4.2 Run 2: A Breakthrough Technology Where the
CPE Cost Is Cut 470
10.4.3 Run 3: A Breakthrough Technology That Keeps
CPE Costs Low While Supporting More Buildings
on the Ring 475
10.4.4 Key Conclusions 480
Appendix A Revenue per Employee 483
Appendix B Calculating Your Sales Staff Number 495
Appendix C Generalized “Rule of 78” 501
Acronyms 505
Index 513
PREFACE
Industry observers have called 2001 a watershed year in the telecommu-
nications and data communications industry.Five factors have relevance
to a discourse on new-generation networks that planners may consider
deploying in the near future:(1) The recent passing away of many legacy
narrowband service providers such as competitive local exchange carriers
(CLECs), digital subscriber line (DSL) local exchange carriers (DLECs),
building local exchange carriers (BLECs), radio local exchange carriers
(RLECs),Ethernet LECs (ELECs),and Internet service providers (ISPs),
(2) the need for cost-effective but financially sound broadband service
delivery, (3) the major recent advances in optical technologies, (4) the
apparent glut of fiber facilities in the long-haul portion of the network but
the absolute dearth of such facilities for broadband-services use in the
local metro access/metro core segment of the network,and (5) the emer-
gence of new access and backbone architectures,in particular Ethernet-
based wide area network (WAN) approaches. According to these same
observers,there will be a “changing of the guard in companies,architec-
ture,products,technologies,and business models”going forward.
Major recent advances in optical technologies are poised to enable
widescale deployment of broadband services. Optical networking and
evolving Ethernet WAN technologies have the potential to foster a revo-
lution in network design, services, and economics at least at the local
metro access/metro core level. New service providers have emerged to
apply these evolving technologies and position themselves to deliver new
broadband services at the 100-, 1000-, and 10,000-Mbps range in the
metro access/metro core portions of the network,as well as end to end,in
a cost reduced fashion compared with services provided by the incum-
bents.We refer to them as metropolitan area service providers (MASPs) to
focus on their role at the functional level.
A September 2001 front-page article in NetworkWorld magazine
stated:
... AT&T dives into metro Ethernet ... AT&T will become the first of the
big three wide area carriers to enter the Ethernet-based service ... the
announcement is significant because it represents the largest carrier embrac-
ing a potentially disruptive technology.End-to-end Ethernet could ultimately
trash the cost conversions of traditional wide area datacom services,a fact
that has caught the attention of many carriers.Metropolitan Ethernet ser-
vices offer users an alternative to standard SONET OC-3c or OC-12c.There
Copyright 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use.
