Sociology Down to Earth Approach VS.

639 Pages·2013·46.999 MB·English

by  Elder, Catriona, Henslin, James, Marjoribanks, Tim, Possamai, Adam, Possamai-Inesedy, Alphia

sociology
Henslin, Possamai and Possamai-Inesedy
2
Henslin_prelims_i,iii.indd 1 14/08/13 9:02 AM
sociology
Henslin, Possamai and Possamai-Inesedy
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James Henslin
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sociology
Henslin, Possamai and Possamai-Inesedy
2
Henslin_prelims_i,iii.indd 3 14/08/13 9:02 AM
Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2014
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Authorised adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Sociology: A Down-to-
Earth Approach, 11th edition, ISBN: 0205096549 by Henslin, James M., published by
Pearson Education, Inc., Copyright © 2012. Second adaptation edition published by Pearson
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Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Author: Henslin, James M., author.
Title: Sociology: a down to earth approach / James Henslin, Adam
Possamai, Alphia Possamai-Inesedy.
Edition: 2nd edition.
ISBN: 9781442558830 (paperback)
Notes: Includes index.
Subjects: Sociology.
Other Authors/Contributors: Possamai, Adam, author. Possamai-Inesedy, Alphia, author.
Dewey Number: 301
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Brief contents
Part 1 The sociological perspective
1 The sociological perspective 2
2 Culture and socialisation 42
3 Social structure and social interaction 74
4 How sociologists do research 102
Part 2 Social groups and social control
5 Societies to social networks, online and offline 130
6 Bureaucracy and formal organisations 160
7 Control, power and deviance 184
Part 3 Social inequality
8 Class and social stratification 216
9 Race and ethnicity 258
10 Sex, gender and ageing 298
Part 4 Social institutions
11 Politics and the economy 336
12 Education 368
13 Religion 394
14 Marriage and family 426
15 Health care and bio-medicine 462
Part 5 Social change
16 Population and urbanisation 500
17 Collective behaviour and social movements 532
18 Technological change, risk and the environment 560
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Contents
TO THE STUDENT . . . FROM THE AUTHORS XVI
TO THE INSTRUCTOR . . . FROM THE AUTHORS XVIII
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXVIII
ABOUT THE AUTHORS XXIX
Part 1 The sociological perspective

Chap ter 1 The sociological pers pective 2
The sociological persp ective 4 Sociology in Australia 19
Seeing the broader social co ntext 5 Early history: The tension between social refo rm and
MASS MEDIA IN SOCIAL LIFE Revolutionary Road (2008) 6 sociological analysis 19
The global context – and the local 7 DOWN-TO-EARTH SOCIOLOGY Listening to an early
Sociology and the other sciences 8 feminist 20
The natural sciences 8 Australian sociologists 21
The social sciences 8 The continuing tension and the rise of applied
The goals of science 9 sociology 23
The risks of sociology 10 Talcott Parsons and C Wright Mills: Theory versus
DOWN-TO-EARTH SOCIOLOGY Enjoying a sociology quiz – reform 24
Sociological findings versus common sense 10 Theoretical perspectives in sociology 25
Origins of sociology 11 Symbolic interactionism 25
Tradition versus science 11 DOWN-TO-EARTH SOCIOLOGY Careers in sociology: What
Auguste Comte and positivism 11 sociologists do 26
DOWN-TO-EARTH SOCIOLOGY Sociological findings versus DOWN-TO-EARTH SOCIOLOGY Capturing Saddam Hussein:
common sense – Answers to the sociology quiz 12 A surprising example of applied sociology 28
Herbert Spencer and social Darwinism 13 Functional analysis 30
Karl Marx and class conflict 13 Conflict theory 33
Emile Durkheim and social integration 14 Levels of analysis: Macro and micro 34
Max Weber and the Protestant ethic 14 Putting the theoretical perspectives together 34
Values in sociological research 16 Trends shaping the future of sociology 35
Verstehen and social facts 17 Sociology full circle: Reform versus research 35
Weber and Verstehen 17 Globalisation 36
Durkheim and social facts 17 SUMMARY AND REVIEW 37
How social facts and Verstehen fit together 18 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT CHAPTER 1 38
Sexism in early sociology 19 DISCUSSING CHAPTER 1 38
Attitudes of the time 19 SUGGESTED READINGS 39
Harriet Martineau and early social research 19 REFERENCES 39
Chap ter 2 Culture and socialisat ion 42
What is culture? 44 Many cultural worlds 48
CULTURE AND TAKEN-FOR-GRANTE D ORIENTATIONS TO LIFE 44 Subcultures 48
PRACTISING CULTURAL RELATIVISM 45 Countercultures 48
CULTURAL DIVERSITY AROUND THE WORLD You are what you Values in Australian society 49
eat: An exploration in cultural relativity 46 Mateship 49
Components of symbolic culture 47 Egalitarian ideals and the tall poppy syndrome 50
Values, norms and sanctions 47 An Australian study of values 52
Folkways and mores 47 What is ‘un-Australian’? 53
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CONTENTS vii
What is human nature? 54 Agents of socialisation 64
Feral children 54 The family 64
DOWN-TO-EARTH SOCIOLOGY Her behaviour toward The neighbourhood 65
strangers, especially men, was almost that of a wild animal, Religion 65
manifesting much fear and hostility 55 Child care 65
Isolated children 55 The school 66
Socialisation into the self and mind 56 Peer groups 66
Cooley and the looking-glass self 56 The workplace 67
Mead and role taking 56 Resocialisation 67
DOWN-TO-EARTH SOCIOLOGY Heredity or environment? Total institutions 68
The case of Oskar and Jack, identical twins 57 Are we prisoners of socialisation? 68
Learning personality, morality and emotions 58 DOWN-TO-EARTH SOCIOLOGY Boot camp as a total
Freud and the development of personality 58 institution 69
Socialisation into emotions 60 SUMMARY AND REVIEW 70
Society within us: The self and emotions as social THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT CHAPTER 2 71
control 61 DISCUSSING CHAPTER 2 71
Socialisation into gender 61 SUGGESTED READINGS 71
Gender messages in the family 62 REFERENCES 72
Gender messages from peers and in the mass

media 63
Chap ter 3 Social structure and s ocial interaction 74
Levels of sociological analysis 76 The microsociological persp ective: Social interaction in
Macrosociology and microsoci ology 76 everyday life 87
The macrosociological perspective: Social structure 76 Symbolic interaction 87
The sociological significance of social structure 77 DOWN-TO-EARTH SOCIOLOGY Beauty may be only skin deep,
Culture 77 but its effects go on forever: Stereotypes in everyday
Social class 78 life 89
Social status 78 Dramaturgy: The presentation of self in everyday
DOWN-TO-EARTH SOCIOLOGY Role-playing games: Dungeons life 90
& Dragons as social structure 78 MASS MEDIA IN SOCIAL LIFE You can’t be thin enough: Body
Roles 80 images and the mass media 92
Groups 81 Ethnomethodology: Uncovering background
Social institutions 81 assumptions 94
The sociological significance of social institutions 81 The social construction of reality 96
Comparing functionalist and conflict perspectives 83 The need for both macrosociology and microsociology 97
Changes in social structure 84 SUMMARY AND REVIEW 98
What holds society together? 84 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT CHAPTER 3 99
CULTURAL DIVERSITY AROUND THE WORLD The Amish: DISCUSSING CHAPTER 3 100
Gemeinschaft community in a Gesellschaft society 86 SUGGESTED READINGS 100
REFERENCES 100
Chap ter 4 How sociologists do research 102
What is a valid sociolo gical topic? 104 Step 8: Sharing the resu lts 107
Common sense and the need fo r sociological research 104 Research methods 108
A research model 104 Surveys 109
Step 1: Selecting a topic 105 DOWN-TO-EARTH SOCIOLOGY Loading the dice: How not to
Step 2: Defining the problem 105 do research 112
Step 3: Reviewing the literature 106 Participant observation (fieldwork) 112
Step 4: Formulating a hypothesis 106 Secondary analysis 113
Step 5: Choosing a research method 106 Documents 113
Step 6: Collecting the data 106 Experiments 114
Step 7: Analysing the results 107 Unobtrusive measures 114
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viii CONTENTS
Deciding which method to use 116 Misleading the participants: The Humphreys
Controversy in sociological research 116 research 121
DOWN-TO-EARTH SOCIOLOGY The Hawthorne Misleading the participants: Hate crime researched on
experiments 117 the internet 122
THINKING CRITICALLY Doing controversial research: Who How research and theory work together 123
killed Leigh Leigh? 117 The real world: When the ideal meets the real 123
Gender in sociological research 119 THINKING CRITICALLY Are rapists sick? A close-up view of
MASS MEDIA IN SOCIAL LIFE Kinsey 119 research 123
DOWN-TO-EARTH SOCIOLOGY Applied sociology: Marketing SUMMARY AND REVIEW 125
research as a blend of quantitative and qualitative THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT CHAPTER 4 126
methods 120 DISCUSSING CHAPTER 4 126
Ethics in sociological research 121 SUGGESTED READINGS 126
REFERENCES 126
P art 2 Social groups and social control
Chap ter 5 Societies to social ne tworks, online and offline 130
Societies and their tra nsformation 132 CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN AUS TRALIA How our own social
Hunting and gathering soc ieties 132 networks perpetuate social inequality 145
Pastoral and horticultural societies 133 A neo-tribal society? 145
Agricultural societies 134 A new group: Electronic communities 146
Industrial societies 135 Group dynamics 147
Post-industrial (information) societies 136 Effects of group size on stability and intimacy 147
Biotech societies: Is a new type of society Effects of group size on attitudes and behaviour 148
emerging? 136 Leadership 149
SOCIOLOGY AND THE NEW TECHNOLOGY Avatar fantasy life: The power of peer pressure: The Asch experiment 151
The blurring lines of reality 137 The power of authority: The Milgram experiment 152
Groups within society 138 THINKING CRITICALLY If Hitler asked you to execute a
SOCIOLOGY AND THE NEW TECHNOLOGY ‘So, you want to be stranger, would you? The Milgram experiment 152
yourself?’ Cloning in the coming biotech society 139 Global consequences of group dynamics: Groupthink 154
Primary groups 139 SUMMARY AND REVIEW 155
Secondary groups 140 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT CHAPTER 5 156
In-groups and out-groups 140 DISCUSSING CHAPTER 5 156
Reference groups 142 SUGGESTED READINGS 156
Social networks 143 REFERENCES 157
SOCIOLOGY AND THE NEW TECHNOLOGY Facebook: Social

networks online 144
Chap ter 6 Bureaucracy and form al organisations 160
The rationalisation of society 162 Goal displacement and t he perpetuation of
Why did society make a dee p shift in human bureaucracies 169
relationships? 162 Voluntary associations 170
Marx: Capitalism broke tradition 163 Functions of voluntary associations 170
Weber: Religion broke tradition 163 Shared or mutual interests 171
The two views today – who is correct? 164 The ‘iron law’ of oligarchy 172
Formal organisations and bureaucracies 164 Working for the corporation 172
Formal organisations 164 Self-fulfilling stereotypes in the ‘hidden’ corporate
The characteristics of bureaucracies 165 culture 173
‘Ideal’ versus ‘real’ bureaucracy 166 THINKING CRITICALLY Managing diversity in the
Dysfunctions of bureaucracies 167 workplace 174
DOWN-TO-EARTH SOCIOLOGY The McDonaldisation of Humanising the corporate culture 174
society 168
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CONTENTS ix
Attempts to humanise the work setting 175 SUMMARY AND REVIEW 179
The conflict perspective 177 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT CHAPTER 6 180
Technology and the control of workers 177 DISCUSSING CHAPTER 6 181
SOCIOLOGY AND THE NEW TECHNOLOGY Cyberloafers and SUGGESTED READINGS 181
cybersleuths: Surfing at work 178 REFERENCES 181
Networked organisations 179
Chap ter 7 Control, power and d eviance 184
What is deviance? 18 6 The conflict perspective 2 01
How norms make social life possible 186 Class, crime and the criminal justice system 2 01
Sanctions 187 Power and inequality 202
Shaming and degradation ceremonies 187 The law as an instrument of oppression 202
CULTURAL DIVERSITY AROUND THE WORLD Human sexuality Repressive and ideological state apparatuses 203
in cross-cultural perspective 188 The feminist perspective on deviance 204
Competing explanations of deviance: Sociology, CULTURAL DIVERSITY AROUND THE WORLD ‘What kind of
sociobiology and psychology 189 prison is this?’ 205
The symbolic interactionist perspective 190 Reactions to deviance 205
Differential association theory 190 Street crime and prisons 205
Control theory 192 THINKING CRITICALLY ‘Three strikes and you’re out!’
Labelling theory 193 Unintended consequences of well-intended laws 207
The functionalist perspective 195 Recidivism 207
Can deviance really be functional for society? 195 The trouble with official statistics 208
Strain theory: How social values produce The medicalisation of deviance: Mental illness 209
deviance 196 The need for a more humane approach 211
CULTURAL DIVERSITY AROUND THE WORLD ‘Dogging’ in SUMMARY AND REVIEW 211
England 196 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT CHAPTER 7 212
Illegitimate opportunity structures: Social class and DISCUSSING CHAPTER 7 212
crime 198 SUGGESTED READINGS 213
DOWN-TO-EARTH SOCIOLOGY Islands in the street: Urban REFERENCES 213
gangs in the United States 200
P art 3 Social inequality
Chap ter 8 Class and social strat ification 216
Systems of social strat ification 218 MASS MEDIA IN SOCIAL LIFE What price freedom? Slavery
What is social class? 218 today 232
The consequences of social class in the ‘fair go’ Caste 232
society 218 Estate 234
Physical health 219 Class 235
Mental health 220 Social mobility 235
Family life 221 Three types of social mobility 235
Education 222 Women in studies of social mobility 236
Politics 222 The pain of social mobility 236
Crime and criminal justice 223 Global stratification and the status of females 237
Sociological models of social class 223 Why is social stratification universal? 237
Karl Marx: The means of production 223 The functionalist view: Motivating qualified
Updating Marx 224 people 237
Max Weber: Property, prestige and power 225 The conflict perspective: Class conflict and scarce
Updating Weber 225 resources 238
The major systems of social stratification 230 Lenski’s synthesis 239
Slavery 230 How do elites maintain stratification? 240
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