Sociology: A Global Introduction, Fourth adaptation ed.

994 Pages·2008·76.71 MB·English

by  John J. Macionis

A GLOBAL
P M
INTRODUCTION L A
U
4TH EDITION M C
I
O
M
N
Sociology: A Global Introduction represents a unique and complete learning resource for
E
I
sociology students worldwide. International in outlook and culturally wide-ranging, it also R S

reminds us that sociology is not entirely value free. Unlike most textbooks, a narrative – &
of social change and its attendant problems – drives the text throughout. Each chapter
addresses new forms that society is taking, showing progress, but often at a price,
and the long journey still to travel for a better world. Technology is also now em-
bedded fi rmly in contemporary social life, and rapidly changing us. Thus new
information technologies – their uses and their problems as tools –
are discussed: Google searches, Wikipedia, YouTube.
New to this edition:
• Fully updated to include the latest key debates, topics and data –
confl icts throughout the world, the Muslim world, African poverty,
and the role of China in the twenty-fi rst century.
• New chapter on Disabilities, Care and the Humanitarian Society.
• New ‘Interlude’ sections integrate the chapter themes in each Part
through a specifi c focus: sport, food, global youth and biography.
• Re-organised coverage of theory with new material on major modern
theorists – Mary Douglas, Martha Nussbaum, Stanley Cohen, Manuel Castells,
Ulrich Beck and Donna Haraway.
• New boxes look at ‘Living in the Twenty-First Century’ and ‘Public Sociology’.
But this edition is also about helping you do sociology – seeing, hearing, investigating and interacting as a sociologist.
To that end, this edition includes other key new features:
1. The Sociological E-Lab, for each chapter – guidance on websites to investigate, DVDs to watch, reading to do,
the big debates in sociology and questions to ask.
2. New Part Six Resources for Critical Thinking brings together key words, video lists, a major webliography, reading
lists and YouTube. It provides a key resource in itself for further investigation.
3. Art and Sociology: Major works of art open each chapter and questions for discussion are in Part Six. A new
visual sociology is suggested throughout.
4. Extensive Website Resources – for students and lecturers – link to and extend the book content.
Visit the website at www.pearsoned.co.uk/plummer
For Lecturers: For Students: COVER IMAGES: FRONT AND BACK
(BOTTOM LEFT) EVERARD LONGLAND;
• Instructor’s Manual • Podcasts introducing sections and ‘Global BACK AND SPINE © STEVE BLOOM/GETTY
IMAGES.
•• PPoowweerrPPooiinntt lleeccttuurree sslliiddeess Voices’
I
• ‘Big Vote’ online with other students on key N
T
sociological debates 4TR
••• IKWneteyeb rslaioncctkiisovleo qgiuceasl tcioonnscepts explored H EDITODUCTA GLO 4TH EDITION
• Videography links IOIOBA
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• Revision fl ashcards
www.pearson-books.com
A GLOBAL INTRODUCTION
JJoohhnn JJ MMaacciioonniiss is Professor of Sociology at Kenyon College
iinn GGaammbbiieerr,, OOhhiioo..
JOHN J MACIONIS & KEN PLUMMER
KKeenn PPlluummmmeerr is Emeritus Professor of Sociology at the University of Essex.
CVR_MACI1583_04_SE_CVR.indd 1 12/6/08 09:33:39
A01.QXD 4/6/08 08:44 Page i
SOCIOLOGY
Visit the Sociology:A global introduction,fourth edition,Companion Website at
www.pearsoned.co.uk/plummerto find valuable student learning material including:
• Podcasts introducing key topics in the book and global voices in sociology
• Chapter-by-chapter resources,including interactive questions,key sociological concepts
explored,web and videography links,and revision flashcards
• The Big Vote,allowing you to give your view on a key debate or issue and see what other
students think
A01.QXD 7/28/09 4:53 PM Page ii
Severnaya Zemlya
Franz Josef Land
SVALBARD New Siberian Islands
(to Norway)
Novaya Zemlya
ICELAND EN
FAE(tRo ODEe nISmLaArkN)DSNORWAY SWED FINLAND R U S S I A N F E D E R A T I O N
EST. European
ISLE O(Fto M UAKN) DENMARK RFUESDS.. LILTAHT.. Russia Asiatic Russia
(to APzoortruesgalC)HANNEILR EISPL(LtAOAoN RNUDTKD.)SA SNDPOARFRMIRASNAOWBNNNILTEAE UZCLVTCG.XAHEO..T.. C SIG.TIMESYLRTL.CMIVEARANNCYOACH.L.UZB.M..TYRP&.OEOHHNPA.L.U.LASNSBELNG.RVB.DKKIM.AORBASOUACMLBUVEGEDO.K.L.AR.TAMUOINLRDEA.KRMEGEENYOIARGIA AAZZE.RB. KTURAKMZEUNZ.ABEKK. HSTKYRATGA.J.N MONGOLIA N. KOREA JAPAN
Ca((nttaooWr PSyEM poSI(raTsdat ilEGunadiRsIng)eBpNiadRru lsSaA)tAeLdHT)AARR A(to UK )M AORAOCCLO GERITUANISIAL(oOTnIbUFlyy RMNB KTr.A eIuCSLcrYYHTokGAPg eRRnRyAEUi)EPsS.EedCEEGICSYYRPAPREUTLS SLJYOERRBIDAAIANRBNOAANHQQRAATIANRIKURUW.AAA.IET.N AFPGAHKI.STAN BANGLADNEEPSAHLC BHUTHAN LAIOS N A TASI.W KAONRER(Atyo uJkaypuan I)slands
VCEGARUPDIENEEGAA-MBIBSISASAEUNEGAMLGAUUINRITEAANI MBURFAKAISNOL AI NNIGIEGREIAR CHAD SUDANDEJIRBOITURTEIAASRYAEAMUEBDNIAI S(tooc YoOteMrmAaNen) L(taocI scIlanaddniivdaes) I N D IA(AtnoI dsIalnamdniadans)M(BYAUNRMMAA)TRHACI.AMVIEBT.NAM SPR(APdISTAiLsLRpAYAuNCtDPeEdSLH)ILIPPINES NMO(IGRASto(TLURt HAoUAIA NEMUSNRD)SNAS)
ASCESN(ItESoI ROSRtN. A HIS eLLlA(eCEInNVLOÔaIDONT)BREEEY RD IC’AIOVOASISARTOE) T GOHMAETN O&AG P(tORoI CAN anCEbQgIiBPno.E ElGdaNaU)ININGE ACAAB MOERONON CONGO C.DCAEO.MRN..RGEOP. UGTAARNBWNZUADARKNEAUNIEATNDN DHAYIIAOP ISAOMASLIEA YCHELLES Agalega IsMlaAnLdDsIVES OBCREIAT(NItSo HT UE IRNKSRD)RIITIA OLN(ARtYNNoI SsKIiIlcnANaodnGbiCdaaAHrs)PROISRT(EtMo AASu IsStLrAaMlNiaDIA) LBN(ARdIUSiYLsNpAESuDNItIDeAdS)O N EEASST TPIAMILOARUAMICPNGRAOUEPWNINUEEASAIA
ANGOLA MALAWI COMOROS (to Mauritius) COCOS (KEELING) ISLANDS ASHMORE &
ST. H(tEoL EUNKA) NAMIBIABOZATMSB.ZIAIMB.MOZAMBIQUE MADAGASCAR MAYORTETUMEN A(tIUOo RNFIr T(atInoU cSFer)ance) (to Australia) CART(tIoE RA IuSsLtAraNliDaS)

A T L A N T I C SWAZILAND I N D I A N A U S T R A L I A
LESOTHO
O C E A N SOUTH O C E A N
AFRICA
TRISTAN DA CUNHA
(to St. Helena)
Gough Island
(to Tristan da Cunha) Tasmania
Prince(t Eo dSwouartdh IAsflraincdas) & ANFRTAENRCC(tToH IF CSr OaTnUEcRTeR)HIETRONRIES
MAPPING THE WORLD
There are many maps of the world and
its regions to be found on the internet. HEARD & MCDONALD ISLANDS
The map here is intended to serve only (to Australia)
as a quick general guide and resource as
you read this book. For more detail look at: POLITICAL STATUS:
MAPS OF THE WORLD Eg. MEXICO: independent state
http://www.mapsofworld.com/ Eg. FAEROE ISLANDS (to Denmark): self-governing territory, with
parent state indicated
GOOGLE MAPS Eg. Andaman Islands (to India): non self-governing territory, with
http://maps.google.co.uk/maps parent stated indicated
A N T A R C T I C A
A01.QXD 7/28/09 4:53 PM Page iii
A R C T I C
O C E A N Queen Elizabeth Islands GREENLAND
(to Denmark)
Baffin Island
Arctic Circle
Alaska
(to US)
C A N A D A
Aleutian Islands (to US)
Kurile Islands
(to Russ. Fed.)
ST. PIERRE
& MIQUELON
(to France)
P A C I F I C
U N I T E D S T A T E S A T L A N T I C
O C E A N O F A M E R I C A
O C E A N
BERMUDA
(to UK)
PUERTO RICO (to US)
MIDW(AtoY UISSL)ANDS (tGou Madeexliucpoe) M TURKS & CAICOS ISLANDDSO (tMo .U RKE)P . BRITISVHIR VGIIRNG IISNL AISNLADNS D(tSo (UtoS U)K)
EX CAYMAN IS(LtoA UNDKS) BAHAMAS ANSGTU. KILILTATS ( t&o NUEKV)IS Tropic of Cancer
I HONDURAS ANTIGUA & BARBUDA
WAK(tEo IUSLSA)ND H(toa wUaSi )i R(etvoI isMlllaaengxdiigsceod)o CO BELIZE JNACAMUVAABIASCSAA I. HAITI MGDOUONAMTDISNEELIRCORAUAPTE ( t(oto U FKra)nce)
MISALRASNHDASL L JOHNSTON ATOLL (to US) CLIPPERTON ISLAND GEULA STAENLMVIACAALDAROARGUA ((ttoo A UNRSeU)tBhA.) N(tEoT NH.e AthN.)T . BASRMTB. AALRDUTOCIINSAIQUE (to France)
SIA W(toA LFLraISn &ce F)UTUNA KINGMAN REEF (to US) (to French Polynesia) COSTA RICA VENEZUELA GRENADA
PALMYRA ATOLL (to US) PANAMA TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
BHI(StAoOLK AWUENSLRD)A &SND J(AtoR UVISS) ISLAND Ga(latop aEgcousa Idsolar)nds COLOMBIA F(tRo EFNraCnHce )GUIANA Equator
NAURU ECUADOR GUYANA
K I R I B A T I SURINAME
A
EA SOLOMON TUVALU TOKELAU P B R A Z I L
ISLANDS (to NZ) E
COOK R
I(StLoA NNZD)S U
VANUATU BOLIVIA
NEW
C(AtoL EFDraOncNeI)A FIJI FREN(CtoH F PrOanLcYeN)ESIA PARAGUAY Tropic of Capricorn
A C(tOo RAAuLs tSrEaAli aIS)LANDS TOSANMGOAA ANMIEUREI C(tAoN NZ) San( tFoe lCixh iIlsel)and
L(toor dA uHsoN(ttwroOae lRA iIFausO)lsaLtnrKad lIiSaL)AND K(teor NmZad)ecS( tAIosM lUaOnSA)d PI(StIoLT ACUNAKIDR)SN East(etro ICshlainled) S(taol aC yh iGleo)mez Sa(nt IoAs Clmahnbidrleo)sia TINA URUGUAY
Juan F(etron aCnhdileez) Island N
NEW CHILE E
ZEALAND G
R
C(tho aNthZa)m Island P A C I F I C A
Bounty Island O C E A N
Cam(ptboe Nll ZIs)land (to NZ) FALKL(AtoN DU KIS)LANDS
Macquarie Island (to Australia)
ABBREVIATIONS: AFGH. Afghanistan, ALB. Albania, AUT. Austria, MACED. Macedonia, MOLD. Moldova, MON. Montenegro, SOUTH GEORGIA &
AZ. or AZERB. Azerbaijan, BELG. Belgium, BELA. Belarus, NETH. Netherlands, NETH. ANT. Netherlands Antilles, SOUTH SANDWICH ISLANDS
B.&H. Bosnia & Herzegovina, BOTS. Botswana, BULG. Bulgaria, PORT. Portugal, ROM. Romania, RUSS. FED. Russian Federation, (to UK)
CAMB. Cambodia, C.A.R. Central African Republic, CRO. Croatia, S.M. San Marino, SLVK. Slovakia, SLVN. Slovenia, SWITZ. Switzerland,
CZ. REP. Czech Republic, DOM. REP. Dominican Republic, EST. Estonia, TAJ. Tajikistan, THAI. Thailand, TURKMEN. Turkmenistan,
HUNG. Hungary, KOS. Kosovo, KYRG. Kyrgyzstan, LAT. Latvia, U.A.E. United Arab Emirates, UZBEK. Uzbekistan,
LIECH. Liechtenstein, LITH. Lithuania, LUX. Luxembourg, VAT. CITY Vatican City, ZIMB. Zimbabwe. Antarctic Circle
ANTARCTICA
A01.QXD 4/6/08 08:44 Page iv
appeared.The second section,Our Human Origins,
SOCIETY IN HISTORY:TIME LINES shows that plants and animals continued to evolve for
billions more years until,approximately 12 million years
ago,our earliest human ancestors came onto the scene.In
A time line is a visual device that helps us understand
the third section ofthis time line,Earliest Civilisation,
historical change.The upper time line represents 5 billion
we see that what we term civilisation is relatively recent,
years ofthe history ofthe planet Earth.This time line is
indeed,with the first permanent settlements occurring in
divided into three sections,each ofwhich is drawn to a
the Middle East a scant 12,000 years ago.But the written
different scale oftime.The first section,The Earth’s
record ofour species’existence extends back only halfthis
Origins,begins with the planet’s origins 5 billion years
long,to the time humans invented writing and first
before the present (B.P.) and indicates that another full
farmed with animal-driven ploughs some 5,000 years B.P.
billion years passed before the earliest forms oflife
Age of dinosaurs All humans are
hunters and gatherers
Earth takes Evolutionary divide,
form Oldest existing Earliest eventually yielding Bones in Ethiopia
fossils mammals humans and apes attest to ‘Stone
Age’ human
Earliest life Earliest who used tools
forms primates and fire.
THE EARTH’S ORIGINS OUR HUMAN ORIGINS
5 billion 4 billion 3 billion 2 billion 1 billion 500 million 400 million 300 million 200 million 100 million 1 million
B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P.
World population 1 billion
Death rates fall in
Europe and United
States
Colonisation of
Opening of US European colonisation
Latin America/India Western frontier of Africa

(cid:3)Red Cross
first established
(cid:3) First postage
stamp
(cid:3)Emancipation of
(cid:4)Rousseau’s Gofr eoarct haegset ral Wsuofmfraegne’s Russian serfs
Social Contract music (cid:2)First passenger (cid:4)Comte coins the mbeogvienmsent (cid:3)Franco-
French Revolution steam train, term ‘sociology’ (cid:4)Charles Prussian War
begins England Darwin’s
Origin of
(cid:3)European (cid:4)Malthus dies Species (cid:4)Karl Marx
Enlightenment dies
THE MODERN ERA
1775 1800 1825 1850 1875
(cid:4)dieAsdam Smith (cid:2)locSotmeaomtive (cid:2)invPehnotetodgraphy (cid:2)invTeenlteegdraph (cid:2)invTeenlteepdhone (cid:2)invLeingthetd bulb
invented (cid:2)Rubber (cid:2)Coca Cola
condoms (cid:2)Pasteur evolves invented
invented
germ theory of
Industrial Revolution disease
transforms Europe Industrialisation underway
Adam Smith applauds Comte coins term ‘sociology’ Marx challenges capitalist class conflict
capitalism Comte Mpoapluthlautsi owna irnncsr eoaf speerilous Spencer DSpaerwciiens’s’ p‘Oubrilgisinh eodf t(h1e859)
A01.QXD 4/6/08 08:44 Page v
Sociology came into being in the wake ofthe many development ofsociological thought are traced along
changes to society wrought by the Industrial the very bottom ofthis time line.
Revolution over the last few centuries – just the blink of Events are coded according to the broad themes as
an eye in evolutionary perspective.The lower time line follows:
provides a close-up look at the events and trends that
(cid:2) Technology
have defined The Modern Era,most ofwhich are
discussed in this text. (cid:3) National/global events and trends
Innovations in technology are charted in the panel
(cid:4) Sociology as a discipline
below the line and provide a useful backdrop for
viewing the milestones ofsocial progress highlighted in For Time Lines on the world wide web,see
the panel above the line.Major contributions to the www.hyperhistory.com
European
Middle Ages
Earliest horticultural Rise of agriculture
and pastoral societies and bureaucracy Roman Empire
Domestication Settlement in Settlement in Italian
First humans reach of dogs Invention of Nile region Indus region European Renaissance
North America the wheel Writing colonisation begins Galileo
from Asia via First permanent invented Great pyramids
Cave art Peking land bridge sMeitdtdlelem Eeanstst in Horticulture in Hanodr tpicauslttourrael ism Austrianof Egypt BuddChaonfuciusMuhammad
Latin America in Asia ‘Iceman’ Moses PlatoJesus
EARLIEST CIVILISATION
50,000 14,000 13,000 12,000 11,000 10,000 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000
B.P. B.P B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P. B.P.
2 billion 3 billion 4 billion 5 billion
Child’s life expectancy
Birth rates fall in ‘Baby boom’ Student protests
Child’s life Europe and US 76 years (in the west)
expectancy Evolution of the European
47 years Economic Community (cid:3) Long period of
Conservative government
(cid:2)Einstein’s (cid:3)Rapid expansion of in UK: Thatcherism 2D0e0s1truction P
Theory (cid:3)Great Depression Sociology in UK universities Newly Industrialising of Twin
(cid:3)Herzl’s Theof Relativity Countries (NICs) (e.g. Towers R
(cid:4)surFviersyts pinoJ vUeewKrti ysh State BReovlsohluetviiokn (cid:2)MrecsFDtaiorusnrtaalndt’s EFM&em oGmveaeirynmg iMesenmoncvt,ee aT monhfdee S n TBethl:c aeoCc niLkvdei lsw Rbaiiagvnehts TPGheurlafs iiWlaananrd, SFdHiriunrasmgftt a awonpfo otrhrkeein)gaPTcerneirdnsritosargisotn: ES
of Booth & (cid:3)Russian (cid:4)G.H. Revolutions GPreonjoemcte WTroardled E
(cid:4)sdoecpFiaiorrlstotmgRyeonwtntree (cid:4)DdiueErskmhieleimRevolution(cid:4)C.H. Mdieesad CrehvionleusteiUo nnited (cid:3)colEounrisoapteioann (cid:2)invCenDted iaEnnu Udro SEpSaeRstern KRCroeisfsuoisgveoe Oielsissratghtaaieobndn-- NT
aotf CUhniicvaegrsoity (cid:4)SimGmeoerlge (cid:4)MaxCooley dies CAHlhobefefmmrtiasnt Nfoautniodnesd of Africa ends Fdairyst earth
dies Weber dies tLaSkDe s‘t 1rispt’ Berlin Wall Fcairssets AIDS (cid:4)Goffman
reported
dies
World World Korean Iraq War
Vietnam War
War I War II War (2003–)
1900 1925 1950 1975 2000
Splitting of
(cid:2)First car the atom (cid:2)Invention of (cid:2)Sputnik (cid:2)Space
(the Duryea) caaenrosol spray Computer launched (cid:2)First shuttle (cid:4)Foucault
(cid:2)Radio (cid:2)invAeenrteodplane (cid:2)Ford (cid:2)Television invented (cid:2)Discovery honu mmaono n dies
invented assembly invented First atomic of DNA
line explosion in (cid:2)First heart Postindustrial era
Hiroshima (cid:2)Cable TV transplant
information revolution
Durkheim studies suicide Cooley and Mead Du Bois describes Piaget probes how we learn Feminism impacts sociology
study the self racial consciousness
Simmel analyses small groups Goffman debuts’dramaturgical analysis’ Postmodernism
Freud formulates Student protests, +
Weber sees expanding bureaucracy psychoanalysis rise of conflict theories Ethnomethodology Multiculturalism
A01.QXD 4/6/08 08:44 Page vi
Dedicated to all those involved in the saving of lives through transplant surgery:especially the skills
of doctors,the kindness of carers and the greatest gift of life from the donors and their loved ones.
A01.QXD 4/6/08 08:44 Page vii
SOCIOLOGY
A Global Introduction
Fourth edition
John J. Macionis

Ken Plummer
A01.QXD 4/6/08 08:44 Page viii
Pearson Education Limited
Edinburgh Gate
Harlow
Essex CM20 2JE
England
and Associated Companies throughout the world
Visit us on the World Wide Web at:
www.pearsoned.co.uk
Authorised adaptation from the United States edition,entitled SOCIOLOGY,11th Edition,
ISBN:0132184745 by MACIONIS,JOHN J,published by Pearson Education,Inc,publishing
as Prentice Hall,Copyright © 2007.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by
any means,electronic or mechanical,including photocopying,recording or by any information
storage retrieval system,without permission from Pearson Education,Inc.
Fourth adaptation edition published by PEARSON EDUCATION LTD,Copyright © 2008.
First published 1997
Second edition published 2002
Third edition published 2005
Fourth edition published 2008
© Prentice Hall Inc.1997
© Pearson Education Limited 2002,2005,2008
The rights of John J.Macionis and Ken Plummer to be identified as authors of this work
have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval
system,or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,
photocopying,recording or otherwise,without either the prior written permission of the
publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the
Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd,Saffron House,6–10 Kirby Street,London EC1N 8TS.
ISBN:978-0-13-205158-3
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
12 11 10 09 08
Typeset in 10/12pt Minion by 30
Printed and bound by Rotolito Lombarda,Italy
The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests.
A01.QXD 4/6/08 08:44 Page ix
BRIEF CONTENTS
Guide to boxes and features xvii
Preface:How to use this book xxv
About the authors xxxi
Guided tour to the book and website xxxii
Acknowledgements xxxvi
Part One: Introducing Sociology 1
1 The Sociological Imagination 2
2 Thinking Sociologically,Thinking Globally 26
3 Doing Social Science:An Introduction to Method 50
Interlude 1:Sociological Thinking about Sport 81
Part Two:The Foundations of Society: From Macro to Micro 87
4 Societies 88
5 Culture 126
6 Groups,Organisations and the Rise of the Network Society 160
7 Micro-sociology:the Social Construction of Everyday Life 190
Interlude 2:Introducing a Sociology of Food 222

Part Three:The Unequal World: Social Divisions, Social Inequalities and
Social Exclusion 229
8 Social Divisions and Social Stratification 230
9 Global Inequalities and Poverty 260
10 Class,Poverty and Welfare 298
11 Racism,Ethnicities and Migration 326
12 The Gender Order and Sexualities 364
13 Age Stratification,Children and Later Life 402
14 Disabilities,Care and the Humanitarian Society 432
Interlude 3:Social Divisions and Global Youth 458