Sociolinguistics of the Luvian Language

568 Pages·2008·2.16 MB·English

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

SOCIOLINGUISTICS OF THE LUVIAN LANGUAGE
VOLUME 1

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO
THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES
IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

DEPARTMENT OF NEAR EASTERN LANGUAGES AND CIVILIZATIONS
AND
DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS

BY
ILYA S. YAKUBOVICH

CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
JUNE 2008
TABLE OF CONTENTS

VOLUME ONE

LIST OF TABLES iv
LIST OF FIGURES vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose of the Dissertation(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133). 1
1.2 Basic Assumptions(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133).. 7
1.3 Structure of the Dissertation(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)... 15
2 LUVIAN DIALECTS
2.1 Introductory remarks(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133).(cid:133).. 18
2.2 Philological Classification(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133).(cid:133). 22
2.3 Common Gender Accusative Plural(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)... 31
2.4 Extended Genitives in -assa and (cid:150)assi(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)... 45
2.5 Possessive Construction with Plural Possessor(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133).. 55
2.6 Imperfective -zza- and the Verb (cid:145)to do(cid:146)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133). 65
2.7 Other Dialectal Isoglosses(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133).(cid:133). 75
2.8 Phylogenetic Conclusions(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133).. 83
3 LUVIANS IN WESTERN ANATOLIA?
3.1 Introductory Remarks(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133). 91
3.2 History of Arzawa at a Glance(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133) 95
3.3 Arzawa as Multiethnic Society(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)... 106
3.4 Linguistic Contacts between Arzawa and Hatti(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133). 118
3.5 Historical Evidence for Luvians in Arzawa?(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133). 131
3.6 Ethnicity of the Trojans(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133). 145
3.7 Lycians in Western Anatolia(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133).. 160
3.8 Linguistic Contacts between Luvian and Greek(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133). 176
3.9 Summary(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133). 196
4 PREHISTORIC CONTACTS BETWEEN HITTITE AND
LUVIAN: THE CASE OF REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
ii
iii
4.1 Introductory Remarks(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133). 203
4.2 Development of Reflexives in Luvian(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133) 205
4.3 Situation in Palaic and Lydian(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133) 217
4.4 Development of Reflexives in Hittite(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133). 229
4.5 Grammatical Borrowing: When and Why?(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133) 245

VOLUME TWO

5 COEXISTENCE BETWEEN HITTITE AND LUVIAN BEFORE
1350 BC
5.1 Introductory Remarks(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133). 258
5.2 Luvians in Old Assyrian Sources(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)... 264
5.3 Luvian Superstrate in Old Hittite(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133) 280
5.4 Location of Luviya(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133). 297
5.5 Luvians in the Hittite Old Kingdom(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)... 308
5.6 Status of Luvian in the Early New Kingdom(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133). 323
5.7 Status of Luvian in Kizzuwatna(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133). 339
5.8 Linguistic Background of Anatolian Hieroglyphs(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133). 356
5.9 Summary(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133). 375
6 CONTACT BETWEEN HITTITE AND LUVIAN IN THE EMPIRE
PERIOD
6.1 Introductory remarks(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133).(cid:133). 380
6.2 Phonetic Innovations in New Hittite(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133).(cid:133). 387
6.2.1 Lexical Diffusion of i>e(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133) 388
6.2.2 No Sound Change e>i(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133) 397
6.2.3 Nasal Vowel Formation(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133). 401
6.2.4 Was New Hittite a Dead Language?(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133). 405
6.2.5. Phonetic Hypercorrection in New Hittite(cid:133)(cid:133) 412
6.3. Morphosyntactic Innovations in New Hittite(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133) 422
6.3.1 Diffusion of i-mutation(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133).. 423
6.3.2 Merger of Nom. and Acc. Plural(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)... 428
6.3.3 Changes in Personal Pronouns(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133).. 437
6.3.4 Nom.-Acc. Plural -as and Related Matters(cid:133)(cid:133) 443
6.3.5 Clitic Reduplication(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)... 452
6.4 Lexical Interference with Luvian 465
6.4.1 Function of the Glossenkeil(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)... 466
6.4.2 The Glossenkeil and Manuscript Variation(cid:133).. 478
6.4.3 The Glossenkeil and Genre Distinctions(cid:133)(cid:133).. 490
6.4.4 Pragmatics of Code-switching(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)... 502
6.5 Typological Interpretation(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133).(cid:133). 520

REFERENCES(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133). 529
LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Discrepancies in Basic Lexicon between Hittite and Luvian(cid:133)(cid:133) 9
Table 2: Plural Cases in the Luvian Dialects(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133). 33
Table 3: Development of Plural Case Endings in Hittite(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133) 38
Table 4: Plural Anaphoric Clitics in Luvian and New Hittite(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133). 78
Table 5: Prosopography of Arzawa(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133) 106
Table 6: Lydian Names of Likely Luvian Origin(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133) 118
Table 7: Arzawa Ritual Practitioners and Their Compositions(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)... 123
Table 8: Iron Age Luvian Pronominal Clitics(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133). 206
Table 9: Proto-Indo-European Clitic Pronouns(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)... 212
Table 10: Development of Luvian Clitics (Stage 1)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133) 213
Table 11: Development of Luvian Clitics (Stage 2)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133).. 214
Table 12: Development of Luvian Clitics (Stage 3)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133) 215
Table 13: Palaic Pronominal Clitics(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133) 218
Table 14: Development of Reflexives in Palaic(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133) 223
Table 15: Lydian Ronominal Clitics(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)... 224
Table 16: Development of Reflexives in Lydian(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)... 228
Table 17: Hittite Pronominal Clitics(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133) 235
Table 18: Development of Hittite Reflexives (Stage 1)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133).. 237
Table 19: Development of Hittite Reflexives (Stage 2)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133).. 237
Table 20: Development of Hittite Reflexives (Stage 3)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133).. 244
Table 21: Development of Hittite Reflexives (Stage 4)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133).. 244
Table 22: Development of Hittite Reflexives (Stage 5)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133).. 244
Table 23: Old Hittite Medio-passive Conjugation(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133).. 250
Table 24: Assured Luvian Names in Old Assyrian Sources(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)... 268
Table 25: Likely Luvian Names in Old Assyrian Sources(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133).. 271
Table 26: Colony Period Names with the Element (cid:150)wani(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133).. 275
Table 27: Colony Period Names with the Element (cid:150)nani(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133).. 275
Table 28: Colony Period Names with the Element washV(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133) 276
Table 29: Luvian Names in the Kuwatalla Land-grant(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133).. 326
Table 30: Multilingualism in Fourteenth Century Anatolia(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133) 355
Table 31: Lexical Diffusion of i>e in New Hittite(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133).. 389
iv
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Table 32: Examples Adduced for e>i in New Hittite(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133).. 397
Table 33: Nasal Vowel Formation in the Draft of CTH 381(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)... 402
Table 34: Hypercorrections in Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)... 408
Table 35: Distribution of Distal Demonstratives in the Hittite Corpus(cid:133).. 416
Table 36: Thematic Nominal Endings in Old Hittite(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133) 428
Table 37: Thematic Nominal Endings in New Hittite(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133). 428
Table 38: Thematic Nominal Endings in Iron Age Luvian(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133). 428
Table 39: Nom. pl. c. in New Hittite Texts(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133). 431
Table 40: Old Hittite Personal Pronouns(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133) 437
Table 41: New Hittite Personal Pronouns(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)... 437
Table 42: Iron Age Luvian Personal Pronouns(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)... 437
Table 43: Origin of Clitic Reduplication According to Rieken 2006a(cid:133).. 453
Table 44: Lexical Distribution of Clitic Reduplication in New Hittite(cid:133)... 460
Table 45: Variation in the Use of the Gloss Mark in CTH 81(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)... 487
Table 46: Variation in the Use of the Gloss-matk across the Genres(cid:133)(cid:133).. 492
Table 47: Types of Transfer in Language Contact(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133).. 523
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Anatolian Linguistic Phyliation(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133).. 8
Figure 2: Luvian Dialectal Phyliation(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133) 84
Figure 3: Development of Reflexives in Luvian(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133) 212
Figure 4: Asymmetrical Bilingualism in the Hittite Empire(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133).. 386
Figure 5: Borrowing (left) vs. Imposition (right)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)(cid:133)... 521
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In May 2003, Theo van den Hout approached me with the request to write a brief
review of a recently published collective volume (The Luvians. Ed. C. Melchert. HdO
1/68. Leiden-Boston: Brill) for the Journal of Near Eastern Studies. As I was making my
way through the book, I realized that reviewing it on six double-spaced pages was not
going to be an easy task. I had to discuss the papers by different authors trying to address
the question (cid:147)Who were the Luvians?(cid:148), and the answers of the contributors sometimes
contradicted each other. As a reviewer, I felt obliged to take sides in unsettled debates,
but there was no way of doing it within the prescribed page limit.
The solution seemed to emerge when I was invited to take part in the conference
(cid:147)Hittites, Greeks, and their Neighbors in Bronze Age Anatolia(cid:148), which was organized by
Billie-Jean Collins, Mary Bachvarova and Ian Rutherford and took place in Atlanta in
September 2004. I excised the debate of the Luvian origins from my review and
presented it as a talk at this forum. My own views on the subject of Luvian ethnic history,
as formulated in 2004, were summarized in the paper that I submitted to the Proceedings
of the Atlanta conference (Yakubovich, forthcoming2). When this paper is finally
published, the readers will be able to see that it anticipates many conclusions reached in
vii
viii
the present dissertation, but also shows a number of differences, both in the selection and
presentation of the data. Not all of my initial conclusions convinced the other conference
participants, and this prompted me to reject some of them, while realizing the need for a
more detailed argumentation in the case of some others. Gradually I came to the
realization that the appropriate venue for expanding my work would be the University of
Chicago PhD thesis. My dissertation proposal was defended in December 2005.
I am grateful to my Doctorvater, Theo van den Hout, Professor of Hittitology at
the Oriental Institute, for immediately agreeing to supervise my work on this topic.
Throughout the two years that I spent writing my dissertation, I could steadily rely on his
timely and attentive reading of the submitted chapters, to which he has contributed with
many useful references, corrections, and suggestions. In the meanwhile, Professor van
den Hout published or wrote a number of papers of his own, which shed new light on the
status of Hittite and Luvian in Bronze Age Anatolia, thus making a direct impact on the
main subject of my research. I hasten to add that I never felt pressure to blindly follow his
ideas, but was rather encouraged to participate in an intellectual dialogue, which, I hope,
was fruitful for both sides.
The other two members of my dissertation committee were H. Craig Melchert
(University of California, Los Angeles) and Victor Friedman (University of Chicago).
Professor Melchert and I share a common passion for Anatolian linguistics, and we have
been able to exchange ideas on this subject for the last ten or so years. Now as before, H.
Craig Melchert was extremely generous with his advice, and his contribution to my
dissertation work went far above and beyond his call of duty. If occasionally I had the
temerity not to follow his suggestions, the responsibility remains mine and mine alone.
ix
Victor Friedman used his expertise in matters of sociolinguistics and language contact in
order to help me place my findings in a broader cross-linguistic perspective.
A number of scholars who were not official supervisors of my dissertation
nevertheless agreed to provide comments on its individual chapters. These are Trevor
Bryce (University of Queensland), Alexei Kassian (Russian State University for the
Humanities), Jared Miller (Akademie der Wissenschaft und der Literatur, Mainz), Zsolt
Simon (E(cid:246)tv(cid:246)s LorÆnd University, Budapest), and Itamar Singer (Tel-Aviv University). I
would like to stress in particular the gentleman-like attitude of Professor Bryce, who
proved to be an attentive and sympathetic reader of my historical sections, the
conclusions of which sometimes contradicted his previous claims. The staff members of
the Chicago Hittite Dictionary, Richard Beal, Dennis Campbell, Kathleen Mineck, and
Oğuz Soysal, facilitated my work with the dictionary files and were always willing to
discuss with me the results of my research. My work on Anatolian names in Old Assyrian
Sources has benefited from the learned advice of Jan Gerrit Dercksen (Leiden
University), Walter Farber (University of Chicago), Karl Hecker (Justus-Liebig-
Universit(cid:228)t Giessen), and Thomas Hertel (University of Copenhagen).
My special thanks go to Aaron Butts and Thomas Wier, two fellow graduate
students at the University of Chicago, who unselfishly spent many evenings reading the
chapters of my dissertation and helping me to improve its style. These two linguists
deserve my heartfelt gratitude not only for their critique of my non-native English but
also for many insightful questions that allowed me to develop further my argumentation.
Although it may be difficult to quantify their input now that the work is done, I suspect
that every page of this dissertation has been modified in the light of their suggestions.
x
The preliminary results of my dissertation work have been presented at the
following academic conferences and invited talks:

1. (cid:147)The Origin of Anatolian Medio-passive Extensions (cid:150)si and (cid:150)di(cid:148). 17th Annual
UCLA Indo-European Conference. Los Angeles, November 2005.
2. (cid:147)Prehistoric contacts between Hittites and Luwians(cid:148). School of Orental and
African Studies, University of London, December 2005.
3. (cid:147)Life after Death: a Linguist(cid:146)s View. Grammatical Evolution without Native
Transmission(cid:148). (cid:201)cole Pratique des Hautes (cid:201)tudes, Paris, June 2006.
4. (cid:147)Asymmetrical Bilingualism in the Hittite Empire(cid:148). University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, MI, October 2006.
5. (cid:147)Clitic Reduplication in Neo-Hittite(cid:148). Linguistic Society of America, 2007
Annual Meeting. Anaheim, CA, January 2007.
6. (cid:147)Pragmatics of the Glossenkeil in Bronze Age Syria and Anatolia(cid:148). American
Oriental Society, 217th Annual Meeting. San Antonio, TX, March 2007.
7. (cid:147)The Status of Luvian in the Hittite Empire(cid:148). Department of Greek and Latin,
University of London, March 2007.
8. (cid:147)The Merger of Nominative and Accusative Plural in Hattusa Luvian(cid:148).
Colloque (cid:147)Variations, concurrence et Øvolution des cas(cid:148). Paris, April 2007.
9. (cid:147)Linguistic Contacts between Luvian and Hurrian: the Case of Possessive
Constructions with Plural Possessor(cid:148). 53rd Rencontre Assyriologique
Internationale. Moscow, July 2007.