Table Of ContentSOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
OF BIOFUELS
EvidencefromDevelopingNations
Biofuels are currently in the middle of a heated academic and public policy debate. Biofuel
productionhasincreasedfivefoldinthepastdecadeandisexpectedtodoubleby2020.Mostof
thisexpansionwillhappenindevelopingnations.Thisbookisthefirstofitskind,providinga
comprehensiveoverviewofthebiofueldebateindevelopingcountries.Thechaptersarewritten
by a multidisciplinary team of experts who expose the key drivers and impacts of biofuel
production and use. The book covers impacts as diverse as air pollution, biodiversity loss,
deforestation,energysecurity,foodsecurity,greenhousegasemissions,landusechange,rural
development,waterconsumption,andothersocioeconomicissues.Ithasawidegeographical
focus accommodating examples from countries in Africa, America, and Asia. As such, this
bookwillbecomeanindispensablecompaniontoacademics,practitioners,andpolicymakers
whowishtoknowmoreaboutbiofuelissuesinthedevelopingworld.
alexandros gasparatosisaJamesMartinResearchFellowattheBiodiversityInstitute,
University of Oxford. He has published on a wide range of topics, including biofuels, food
security, energy security, ecosystem services, urban biodiversity, and sustainability assess-
ment. He has been involved in several major research projects during his time at Oxford
University,theUnitedNationsUniversity(Yokohama,Japan),andtheUniversityofDundee.
Dr.Gasparatosiscommittedtopolicy-relevantresearchandhascontributedtopolicyreports
thatwerelaunchedduringtheTenthConferenceofthePartiesoftheConventionforBiologi-
calDiversity(CBD-COP10).Hehasabackgroundinecologicaleconomics(PhD,University
of Dundee), environmental science (MSc, Imperial College, London), and chemistry (BSc,
UniversityofPatras).
per strombergisaVisitingResearchFellowattheUnitedNationsUniversity(Yokohama,
Japan) and an environmental economist at the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency.
He is a Cambridge European Trust Fellow and holds a PhD and MSc in environmental
economics(UniversityofCambridgeandUniversityCollege,London,respectively)andaBSc
ineconomics(StockholmUniversity).HewasawardedtheJamesClaydonPrizeinEconomics
fromtheUniversityofCambridge.HehaslecturedatuniversitiesinJapanandPeruandwas
responsiblefortheMScmoduleonenvironmentaleconomicsattheUnitedNationsUniversity.
Currentlyhisresearchfocusesoneconomicsofclimatechange,ecosystemservices,andbiofuel
production, and he has published widely on economic development and the environment.
He has been a researcher for the United Nations (UN) Development Programme, the UN
Economic Commission for Latin America, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
Development,theeconomicsunitoftheDelegationoftheEuropeanCommissioninMexico,
and the International Institute for Environment and Development. He previously headed the
Sustainable Development Governance unit at the United Nations University’s Institute of
AdvancedStudies.
SOCIOECONOMIC AND
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
OF BIOFUELS
Evidence from Developing Nations
Editedby
ALEXANDROS GASPARATOS
UniversityofOxford
PER STROMBERG
UnitedNationsUniversity
cambridge university press
Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,
Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,MexicoCity
CambridgeUniversityPress
32AvenueoftheAmericas,NewYork,NY10013-2473,USA
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107009356
(cid:2)C CambridgeUniversityPress2012
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2012
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData
Socioeconomicandenvironmentalimpactsofbiofuels:evidencefromdevelopingnations/[editedby]
AlexandrosGasparatos,PerStromberg.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-107-00935-6(hardback)
1.Biomassenergy–Economicaspects–Developingcountries. 2.Biomassenergy–Socialaspects–
Developingcountries. 3.Biomassenergy–Environmentalaspects–Developingcountries.
I.Gasparatos,Alexandros. II.Stromberg,Per.
HD9502.5.B543D448 2012
333.95(cid:3)39091724–dc23 2012000284
ISBN978-1-107-00935-6Hardback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-party
InternetWebsitesreferredtointhispublicationanddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchWebsitesis,orwill
remain,accurateorappropriate.
Contents
Contributors pagevii
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xv
ForewordbyStephenPolasky xvii
PartOne Globaloverview
1 Biofuelsattheconfluenceofenergysecurity,ruraldevelopment,and
foodsecurity:Adevelopingcountryperspective 3
per stromberg and alexandros gasparatos
2 Theinterrelationsoffutureglobalbioenergypotentials,fooddemand,
andagriculturaltechnology 27
karl-heinz erb, andreas mayer, fridolin krausmann, christian
lauk, christoph plutzar, julia steinberger, and helmut haberl
3 Airpollutionimpactsofbiofuels 53
kristina wagstrom and jason hill
4 Waterforbioenergy:Aglobalanalysis 69
p. winnie gerbens-leenes, arjen y. hoekstra, and theo h. van der meer
5 Thechallengesofestimatingtropicaldeforestationduetobiofuel
expansion 90
yan gao, margaret skutsch, and omar masera
PartTwo ThecaseofBrazil
6 TheBrazilianbioethanolandbiodieselprograms:Drivers,policies,
andimpacts 111
alexandros gasparatos, matteo borzoni, and ricardo abramovay
v
vi Contents
7 Power,socialimpacts,andcertificationofethanolfuel:Viewfromthe
NortheastofBrazil 144
markku lehtonen
8 ImplicationsofglobalethanolexpansiononBrazilianregionallanduse 171
amani elobeid, miguel carriquiry, and jacinto f. fabiosa
PartThree Asia
9 BiofuelexpansioninSoutheastAsia:Biodiversityimpactsandpolicy
guidelines 191
janice s. h. lee, john garcia-ulloa, and lian pin koh
10 JatrophaproductionforbiodieselinYunnan,China:Implicationsfor
sustainabilityatthevillagelevel 205
daisuke sano, jane romero, and mark elder
PartFour Africa
11 BiofuelsandAfrica:Impactsandlinkagesatthehouseholdlevel 231
siwa msangi
12 Energysecurity,agroindustrialdevelopment,andinternationaltrade:The
caseofsugarcaneinSouthernAfrica 254
bothwell batidzirai and francis x. johnson
13 Environmentalandsocioeconomicconsiderationsforjatrophagrowing
inSouthernAfrica 278
graham p. von maltitz, anne sugrue, mark b. gush,
colin everson, gareth d. borman, and ryan blanchard
PartFive Synthesis
14 Biofuelsindevelopingcountries:Asynthesis 309
alexandros gasparatos and per stromberg
References 325
Index 369
Contributors
Ricardo Abramovay is full professor in the Department of Economics, University
ofSaoPaulo,Brazil.
Bothwell Batidzirai is junior researcher in the Department of Science, Technology,
andSociety,CopernicusInstitute,UtrechtUniversity,Netherlands.
RyanBlanchardisaPhDstudentintheDepartmentofBotanyandZoology,Stellen-
boschUniversity,SouthAfrica.
Gareth D. Borman is an MSc student at the School of Animal, Plant, and Environ-
mentalSciences,UniversityoftheWitwatersrand,Johannesburg,SouthAfrica.
MatteoBorzoniisresearchFellowattheIstitutodiManagementofScuolaSuperiore
Sant’Anna,Pisa,Italy.
Miguel Carriquiry is associate scientist at the Center for Agricultural and Rural
Development,IowaStateUniversity,Ames,Iowa,UnitedStates.
MarkElderisprincipalresearcherandmanagerofthePolicyandGovernanceTeam,
InstituteforGlobalEnvironmentalStrategies,Hayama,Japan.
AmaniElobeidisassociatescientistattheCenterforAgriculturalandRuralDevel-
opment,IowaStateUniversity,Ames,Iowa,UnitedStates.
Karl-HeinzErbisassociateprofessoroflanduseandglobalchangeattheInstitute
ofSocialEcology,Alpen-AdriaUniversity,Vienna,Austria.
Colin Everson is research Fellow in the School of Agriculture, Earth, and Environ-
mentalSciences,UniversityofKwaZulu-Natal,Pietermaritzburg,andExtraordinary
Professor in the Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of
Pretoria,SouthAfrica.
vii
viii Contributors
JacintoF.FabiosaiscodirectoroftheCenterforAgriculturalandRuralDevelopment,
IowaStateUniversity,Ames,Iowa,UnitedStates.
Yan Gao is postdoctoral Fellow at the Graduate School of Environmental Science,
HokkaidoUniversity,Japan.
John Garcia-Ulloa is a PhD student in the Department of Environmental Sciences,
SwissFederalInstituteofTechnologyZurich,Switzerland.
AlexandrosGasparatosisaJamesMartinResearchFellowattheBiodiversityInsti-
tute, Oxford University, and a visiting research Fellow at the Institute of Advanced
StudiesoftheUnitedNationsUniversity,Yokohama,Japan.
P.WinnieGerbens-LeenesisassistantprofessorattheUniversityofTwente,Nether-
lands.
Mark B. Gush is senior scientist at Natural Resources and the Environment, South
AfricanCouncilforScientificandIndustrialResearch,Stellenbosch,SouthAfrica.
HelmutHaberlisassociateprofessorattheInstituteofSocialEcology,Alpen-Adria
University,Vienna,Austria.
Jason Hill is assistant professor in the Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems
Engineering,UniversityofMinnesota,Minneapolis,Minnesota,UnitedStates.
ArjenY.HoekstraisscientificdirectoroftheWaterFootprintNetworkandprofessor
inMultidisciplinaryWaterManagement,UniversityofTwente,Netherlands.
FrancisX.JohnsonisseniorresearchFellowattheClimateandEnergyProgramme,
StockholmEnvironmentInstitute,Sweden.
Lian Pin Koh is assistant professor of applied ecology and conservation in the
DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciences,SwissFederalInstituteofTechnologyZurich,
Switzerland.
FridolinKrausmannisprofessorofsustainableresourceuseanddeputydirectorof
theInstituteofSocialEcology,Alpen-AdriaUniversity,Vienna,Austria.
Christian Lauk is research Fellow at the Institute of Social Ecology, Alpen-Adria
University,Vienna,Austria.
Janice S. H. Lee is a PhD student in the Department of Environmental Sciences,
SwissFederalInstituteofTechnologyZurich,Switzerland.
MarkkuLehtonenisresearchFellowattheScienceandTechnologyPolicyResearch,
UniversityofSussex,Brighton,UnitedKingdom.
Omar Masera is professor at the Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas of the
NationalAutonomousUniversityofMexico,MexicoCity,Mexico.
