SNiP 2.05.02-85: HIGHWAYS

62 Pages·1997·1.226 MB·English

by  NATIONAL CODES & STANDARDS OF RUSSIA (SNIP)

BUILDINGNORMSAndRULES
HIGHWAYS
SNIP2.05.02-85
Moscow1997
ARE DEVELOPED Союздорнии Минстроя (Cand.Tech.Sci. V.M.Jumashev - the project head; O.N.Jakovlev,
candidatesтехн.N.A.Rjabikov'ssciences,N.F.Horoshilov;Dr. техн.V.D.Kazarnovsky'ssciences;;N.S.Bezzubik)with
participation Союздорпроекта Минтрансстроя (V.R.Silkov; Cand.Tech.Sci. V.D.Braslavsky; S.A.Zarif'jants),
Moscow automobile - road institute Minvuza of the USSR (Dr. техн. V.F.Babkov's sciences, E.M.Lobanov,
V.V.Sil'janov),СоюзпромтрансниипроектаGosstroyoftheUSSR(V.I.Pole,P.I.notch,V.S.empties;Cand.Tech.Sci.
A.G.quiver), ВНИИБД the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR (Cand.Tech.Sci. V.V.Novizentsev; V.J.Bujlenko),
Гипродорнии Минавтодора RSFSR (Dr. техн. A.P.Vasil'ev's sciences; candidates техн. V.D.Belov's sciences,
E.M.gammon), Гипроавтотранса Минавтотранса RSFSR (V.A.Veljuga, Ю.А. Гольденберг),
Гипронефтетранса Госкомнефтепродуктов RSFSR (A.V.ShCherbin), Грузгосоргорнии Минавтодора ГССР
(Cand.Tech.Sci.T.A.Shilakadze).
AREBROUGHTСоюздорнииМинтрансстроя.
AREPREPAREDForSTATEMENTГлавтехнормированиемofGosstroyoftheUSSR(JU.M.bug).
With introduction in action SNIP 2.05.02-85" Highways " since January, 1, 1987 lose force SNIP II-Ä.5-72 "
Highways.Normsofdesigning"è"Instructions(indications)ondesigninganearthenclothironandhighways"(ÑÍ449-
72)regardingnormsofdesigningofanearthenclothofhighways.
At using the normative document it is necessary to take into account the authorized changes of building norms and
rulesandstatestandards.
ThedecisionofGosstroyoftheUSSRfromFebruary,27,1987¹39
AboutintroductioninactionofstandardsofAdvice(council)ofEconomicMutualaid СТСЭВ5387-85"are
dear automobile international. Tunnels. Norms of designing " and СТ СЭВ 5388-85 " are dear automobile
international.Thebasictechnicalrequirementsandnormsofdesigning"
ThestatebuildingcommitteeoftheUSSR
DECIDES:
1. To commission authorized on 58 session of Constant Commission SEV on cooperation in the field of
standardization standards of Advice(council) of Economic Mutual aid СТ СЭВ 5387-85 " are dear automobile
international. Tunnels. Norms of designing " and СТ СЭВ 5388-85 " are dear automobile international. The basic
technicalrequirementsandnormsofdesigning"bytheirintroductioninSNIP2.05.02.-85"Highways".
For application in a national economyand in договорно-legalrelationsoneconomic and scientific and technical
cooperationwithcountries-membersСЭВstandardsСТСЭВ5387-85andСТСЭВ5388-85operatesinceJanuary,1
1987ã.
2. To fix standards of Advice(council) of Economic Mutual aid СТ СЭВ 5387-85 " are dear automobile
international. Tunnels. Norms of designing " and СТ СЭВ 5388-85 " are dear automobile international. The basic
technicalrequirementsandnormsofdesigning"forМинтрансстроемtheUSSR.
3. To ratify and commission since March, 1, 1987 change ¹ 1 SNIP 2.05.02.-85" Highways ", Gosstroy of the
USSR authorized by the decision from December, 17, 1985 ¹ 233, introduction of the paragraph (before the general
provisions) the following maintenance(contents): " Technical parameters SNIP 2.05.02.-85 correspond(meet) СТ СЭВ
2791-80,СТСЭВ5387-85,СТСЭВ5388-85"
ThestatecommitteeoftheUSSRon Buildingnormsandrules SNIP2.05.02-85
affairsofconstruction
(GosstroyoftheUSSR) Highways InexchangeSNIPII-Д.5-72and
СН 449-72regardingnormsof
designingofanearthenclothof
highways
The present norms and rules are distributed to designing of again builded and reconstructed highways of general
purposeUSSRandaccessroadstotheindustrialenterprises.
The present norms and rules are not distributed to designing of time highways of various purpose(assignment)
(сооружаемых for the term of service less than 5 years), автозимников, roads лесозаготовительных the
enterprises, internal roads of the industrial enterprises (test, внутриплощадочных, карьерных etc.), interfarm
highwaysincollectivefarms,statefarmsbothotheragriculturalenterprisesandtheorganizations.
1.GENERALPROVISIONS
1.1. Highways on all extent or on separate sites depending on settlement intensityof movement and their economic
andadministrativevaluearesubdividedintocategoriesagreestab.1.
1.2. The highways connectingthese enterprises withgeneral purpose roads concernto accessroads ofthe industrial
enterprises, with other enterprises, railway stations, the ports, considered on the miss(passing) of the vehicles admitted
forthereference(manipulation)ongeneralpurposeroads.
Table1
Categor Settlementintensityofmovement, Economicandadministrativevalue
y авт/сут
Roads Giveninthecar Intransportunits Highways
I-a Over14000 Over7000 Mainhighwaysofnation-widevalue(includingforthe
internationalmessage)
I-b Over14000Over Over7000Over Highwaysnation-wide(notreferredtoI-acategories),
II 6000upto14000 3000upto7000 republican,regional(regional)value
III Over2000upto Over1000upto Highwaysofnation-wide,regional(regional)value
6000 3000 (notreferredtoI-b,andtoIIcategories),roadsof
localvalue
IV Over200upto Over100upto Highwaysofrepublican,regional(regional)andlocal
2000 1000 value(notreferredtoI-b,IIandtoIIIcategories)
V Upto200 Upto100 Highwaysoflocalvalue(exceptforreferredtoIIIand
toIVcategories)
Notes:1.Settlementintensityintransportunitsisacceptedincaseswhencarswillmakelessthan30%ofthegeneral(common)
transportstream.
2.Thecategoryofaccessroadstotheindustrialenterprisesisappointedaccordingtosettlementintensityofmovementforroads
I-b-Vcategories.
3.AtapplicationofidenticalrequirementsforroadsI-BandI-bcategoriesinthetexttheywillbereferredtoIcategories.
ArebroughtСоюздорнии Areauthorizedbythedecisionof TermofintroductioninactionJanuary,
Минтрансстроя theStatecommitteeoftheUSSRon 1,1987.
affairsofconstructionfrom
December,17,1985¹233
1.3Factorsofreductionofintensityofmovementofvariousvehiclestothecarshouldbeacceptedontab.2.
Table2
Typesofvehicles Factorofreduction
Cars 1
Motorcycleswithacarriage 0,75
Motorcyclesandmopeds 0,5
Lorriescarryingcapacity,т:
2 1,5
6 2
8 2,5
14 3
Over14 3,5
Lorryconvoyscarryingcapacity,т:
12 3,5
20 4
30 5
Over30 6
Notes:1.Atintermediatevaluesofcarryingcapacityofvehiclesfactorsofreductionshouldbedefined(determined)interpolation.
2. Factors of reduction buses and special automobiles should be accepted as for base automobiles of the appropriate carrying
capacity.
3.Factorsofreductionlorriesandlorryconvoysshouldbeincreasedin1,2timesatthecrossedandmountaindistrict.
1.4. Categories ofroads (at presence ofthedata)aresupposedto be appointedaccordingtothegreatestperspective
hourintensityofmovement,прив.ед/ч:
Over2400Icategories
"1600upto2400II"
"8001600III"
1.5. Settlement intensity of movement should be accepted totally in both directions on the basis of the given
economic researches. Thus for settlement it is necessary to accept mid-annual dailyintensityofmovementfor lastyear
theperspectiveperiod,andatpresenceofthedataonhourintensityofmovement -thegreatesthourintensityachievable
(orexceeded)during50чforlastyeartheperspectiveperiod,expressedintermsof,giventothecar.
In cases when monthly average daily intensity of the month most intense in year more than in 2 times exceeds
established on the basis of economic researches or calculations mid-annual daily, last for purpose(assignment) of a
categoryofroad(item1.1)shouldbeincreasedin1,5times.
6 In projects it is necessary to accept higher category of road in cases, when on settlement intensityof movement
(item1.1and1.4)arerequiredunequalcategories.
7 The perspective period at purpose(assignment) of categories of roads, designing of elements of the plan,
longitudinal and cross structures should be accepted to equal 20 years. Access highways to the industrial enterprises
should be projected onthe settlement termappropriate to year of achievement bythe enterpriseor his(its) turnofafull
designedcapacity,inviewofvolumeoftransportationsduringconstructionoftheenterprise.
The perspectiveperiod atdesigningroad clothesshouldbeacceptedinviewofreservemaintenanceperiodsoftheir
service.
For initial year of the settlement perspective period it is necessary to approve year of end of development of the
projectofroad(oranindependentsiteofroad).
1.8. General purpose highways are intended for the miss(passing) of vehicles by dimensions: on length of single
automobiles up to 12 m and lorry convoys up to 20 m, on width up to 2,5 m, on height up to 4 m for roads I-IV of
categoriesandupto3,8mforroadsVofacategory.
1.9. Basic technical decisions accepted in projects on проложению roads on district, on elements of the plan,
longitudinal and cross structures and their basic combinations, types of crossings and contiguities of roads, designs of
roadclothesandanearthenclothshouldcreatepreconditionsformaintenanceofgrowthoflabourproductivity,economy
of the basic building materials and fuel and energy resources. They should be proved development of variants with
comparison of technical and economic parameters: cost of construction, expenses for repair and the
maintenance(contents) of roads, the lossesconnected to influenceonenvironmentalnaturalenvironmentatconstruction
and operation, the cost price of transportations, traffic safety, change of industrial conditions of facilities(economy)
servedbyroadsandadjoiningtoroadsofterritoriesandotherfactors.Atdesigningnewroadswithinclusionofexisting
roadsortheirseparatesitesitisnecessarytotakeintoaccountexpensesforreductionofthegroundsborrowed(occupied)
withexistingroads,butnotusedinthesubsequentformovement,inacondition,suitableforanagriculture.
1.10.Atconstructionofroadsincomplex(difficult)engineering-geologicalconditionswhentermsofstabilizationof
an earthen cloth essentially exceed target dates of construction, it is supposed to provide the phasic device of road
clothes.
1.11. Highways I-III of categories, as a rule, should be laid around of settlements with the device of entrances to
them. With a view of maintenance further possible(probable) reconstruction of roads the distance from бровки an
earthenclothuptoalineofbuildingofsettlementsshouldbeacceptedaccordingtotheirgeneralplans,butnotlessthan
200m.
On occassion, when by technical and economic calculations the expediency проложения roads I-III of categories
throughsettlementsisestablished,theyshouldbeprojectedaccordingtorequirementsSNIPII-60-75.
1.12. Number of lanes of roads with multistrip проезжей a part, actions for protection of environmental natural
environment, a choice of decisions on crossings and contiguities of roads, designs of road clothes, elements of
conditions, engineering devices (including protections, bicycle pathes, illumination and a communication facility), the
structure of buildings and constructions of road and motor transportation services with the purpose of
decrease(reduction) of lumpsumexpenses should be accepted withthe accountvicissitute their constructions inprocess
ofgrowthofintensityofmovement.ForhighwaysIofacategoryinmountainandacross-countryterrain,asarule,itis
necessary to provide separate tracing проезжих parts of counter directions in view of phasic increase of lanes and
preservationoflargeindependentformsofalandscapeandnaturesanctuaries.
1.13. At designing highways it is necessary to provide actions for protection of the environmental natural
environment, providing the minimal infringement of usual ecological, geological, hydro-geological and other natural
conditions. By development of actions it is necessary to take into account the careful attitude(relation) to valuable
agriculturalугодьям,tozonesofrestandthelocationsoftreatment-and-prophylacticestablishmentsandsanatoria.The
locations of bridges, should not result constructive and other decisions in sharp change of modes of the rivers, and a
constructionofanearthencloth-tosharpchangeofamodeearthandadrainofsuperficialwaters.
It is necessaryto carryoutrequirementsona safetyof movement oftransport,buildingsandconstructionsroad and
motor transportation services, taking into account presence of forbidden (dangerous) zones and areas at objects on
manufacturingandstorageofexplosives,materialsandproductsontheirbasis.Thesizesofforbidden(dangerous)zones
andareasaredefined(determined)underthespecialnormativedocumentsauthorizedwhenduehereunder,andasagreed
withbodiesofthestatesupervision,theministriesanddepartmentsinwhichconductingtherearespecifiedobjects.
Itisnecessarytotake intoaccountinfluenceofmovementofvehicles(noise,vibration,agassedcondition,blinding
action of headlights) on environmental natural environment. The choice of a line of a highway should be based on
comparison of variants to consideration of the broad audience of interconnected technical, economic, ergonomic,
aesthetic,ecologicalandotherfactors.
The note. To valuable agricultural угодьям the irrigated, drained and other reclaimed grounds borrowed(occupied) with long-
term fruit plantings(spreadings) and vineyards, and also sites with high natural fertility почв and others equated to them ground
угодьяconcern.
(Amendedwording,Amendment¹3)
1.14. Tap(removal) of the ground areas for accommodation of highways, buildings and constructions of road and
motortransportationservices,drainage,protectiveandotherconstructions,stripsforaccommodationofcommunications
going along roads is carried out according to working normative documents on tap(removal) of the grounds for
constructionofhighwaysandroadconstructions.
Thegroundareasremoved(assigned)fortheperiodofconstructionofhighwaysunderпритрассовыеofcareerand
reserves,accommodationoftimesmalltownsofbuilders,industrialbases,accessroadsandotherneedsofconstruction,
are subjecttoreturntoland usersafter their reductionaconditionappropriate" tosubstantiveProvisionsonrestoration
of the grounds broken by development of deposits of minerals, realization of prospecting, building and other works ",
authorizedГКНТ,GosstroyoftheUSSR,StateAgriculturalCommitteeoftheUSSRandГослесхозомtheUSSR.
2.theORGANIZATIONAndTRAFFICSAFETY
2.1. Design decisions of highways should provide: the organized, safe, convenient and comfortable movement of
vehicleswithsettlementspeeds;homogeneousconditionsofmovement;observanceofaprincipleofvisualorientationof
drivers; a convenient and safe arrangement of contiguities and crossings; necessary coupling of trunks of automobiles
with a surface проезжей parts; necessaryarrangement of highways,includingprotective road constructions; necessary
buildingsandconstructionsofroadandmotortransportationservicesetc.
2.2.Atdesigningelementsoftheplan,longitudinalandcrossstructuresofroadsonthenormsadmittedbyitem4.21,
itisnecessarytocarryout(spend)anestimationofdesigndecisionsonparametersofspeed,trafficsafetyandthroughput,
includingintheadverseperiodsofyear.
2.3.Atdesigningroadsitisnecessarytodevelopcircuitsofarrangementoftrafficsignswithadesignationofplaces
and ways of their installation and the circuit of road sectoring, including horizontal - for roads with the capital and
facilitated road clothes. Sectoring should be combined with installation of traffic signs (especially in areas with a long
snowcover).Bydevelopmentofcircuitsofaccommodationofmeansoftheorganizationoftrafficitisnecessarytouse
GOST23457-86.
Forgoodsafetymovementsinstallationofadvertisingonhighwaysisnotsupposed.
2.4. The clarified coverings are recommended to be applied to allocation of pedestrian crossings (such as "zebra"),
stops of buses, transitive - speed strips, additional strips on rises, strips for stops of automobiles, проезжей parts in
tunnelsandunderoverpasses,onrailwaycrossings,smallbridgesandothersiteswhereobstaclesarepoorlyvisibleona
backgroundofaroadcovering.
2.5. Stationaryelectric illuminationon highwaysshould be provided on siteswithin the limits ofsettlements, and at
presenceofanopportunityofuseofexistingelectricdistributivenetworks -alsoonthebigbridges,busstops,crossings
of roadsI and II categoriesamongthemselvesandwithironroads,onallconnectingbranchesofunitsofcrossingsand
onapproachestothemondistancenotlessthan250m,onringcrossingsandonaccessroadstotheindustrialenterprises
ortheirsitesattheappropriatefeasibilityreport.
Ifthedistancebetweenthenextilluminatedsitesmakeslessthan250m,itisrecommendedtoarrangethecontinuous
illuminationoftheroadexcludingalternationofcoveredanddarksites.
2.6. Outside of settlements average brightness of a covering of sites of highways, including the big and average
bridges, should be 0,8 êä/m2 on roads I of a category, 0,6 êä/m2 on roads of II category, and on connecting branches
withinthelimitsoftrafficintersections-0,4êä/m2.
Theattitude(relation)ofthemaximalbrightnessofacoveringпроезжейtominimalshouldnotexceedapart3:1on
sitesofroadsIofacategory,5:1onroadsofothercategories.
Theparameterослепленностиshouldnotexceedinstallationsofexternalillumination150.
Average horizontal lightexposure проездов inthe lengthup to 60munderoverpassesandbridgesindarktimeof
dayshouldbe15лк,andtheattitude(relation)ofthemaximallightexposuretoaverage-nomore3:1.
Illumination of sites of highways within the limits of settlements should be carried out according to requirements
SNIPII-4-79,andilluminationofroadtunnels-accordingtorequirementsSNIPII-44-78.
Lighting installations of crossings automobile and railways in one level should correspond(meet) to the norms of
artificialilluminationregulatedbyoccupationalsafetystandardssystemonarailwaytransportation.
2.7.Supportoffixturesonroads,asarule,itisnecessarytohaveforбровкойanearthencloth.
Itissupposedtohavesupportonadividingstripinwidthnotlessthan5mwithinstallationofprotections.
Light and light-signal devices, available on bridges through navigable waterways, should not create handicapes to
navigatorsinorientationandworsenvisibilityofnavigablealarmfires.
2.8. Inclusion of illumination of sites of highways should be made at decrease(reduction) of a level of natural light
exposuretill15-20лк,andswitching-off-athis(its)increaseupto10лк.
At night it is necessary to provide decrease(reduction) of a level of external illumination of extended sites of
highways (length from above 300 ì) and entrances to bridges, tunnels and crossings of highways with automobile and
railway roads by deenergizing no more than half of fixtures. Thus switching-off in succession two fixtures, and also
located near to branch, a contiguity, top of a curve in a longitudinal structure in radius less than 300 m, a pedestrian
crossing,astopofpublictransport,onacurveintheplaninradiuslessthan100missupposed.
2.9. Electrosupply of lighting installations of highways should be carried out from electric distributive networks of
thenearestsettlementsornetworksofthenearestindustrialenterprises.
Electrosupplyoflightinginstallationsofrailwaycrossings,asarule,shouldbecarriedoutfromelectricnetworksof
railwaysifthesesitesofarailwaywayareequippedwithlongitudinallinesofelectrosupplyorlinesofelectroblocking.
Management of networks of external illumination should be provided centralized remote or to use opportunities of
installationsofmanagementofexternalilluminationofthenearestsettlementsortheindustrialenterprises.
2.10. Projects of highways I-IV of categories regarding traffic safetyshould be coordinated withbodiesof the state
trafficInspectorateoftheMinistryofInternalAffairsoftheUSSR.
3.PROTECTIONofENVIRONMENTALNATURALENVIRONMENT
3.1. At a choice of variants of a line and a design of a highway except for technical and economic parameters it is
necessary to take into account a degree of influence of road on environmental natural environment both during
construction,andduringoperation,andalsoacombinationofroadtoalandscape,preferringthedecisionsrenderingthe
minimalinfluenceonenvironmentalnaturalenvironment.
At comparison of variants of lines and constructive decisions it is necessary to take into account value of the
borrowed(occupied) grounds, and also expenses for reduction temporarily removed(assigned) for needs of construction
oftheareasinacondition,suitableforuseinanationaleconomy.
3.2. Проложение lines of highways, for needs of construction it is necessary to carry out purpose(assignment) of
places of accommodation of artificial and roadside constructions, industrial bases, access roads and other shoddy
constructions in view of preservation of valuable natural landscapes, large forests, and also places of duplication, a
feed(meal)andwaysofmigrationofwildanimals,birdsandinhabitantsofthewaterenvironment.
On agricultural угодьях lines whenever possible should be laid on borders of fields of crop rotations or
facilities(economy).
It is not supposed проложение lines on national parks and заказникам, to protected natural boundaries and the
zonesreferredtonaturesanctuariesandculture.
Alongtherivers,lakesandotherreservoirsofalineitisnecessarytolay,asarule,outsideprotectivezonesspecially
establishedforthem.
In areas of accommodation of resorts, rest houses, boarding houses, pioneer camps etc. lines should be laid outside
thesanitaryzonesestablishedaroundofthemorinprojectsprotectiveactionsshouldbedeveloped.
3.3. On large forests of a line of highways it is necessary to lay whenever possible with use of glades and fire-
prevention breaks, borders of the enterprises and forest areas in viewof a category защитности woods and the given
ecologicalinspections.
The direction of lines of highways I-III of categories on large forests whenever possible should coincide with a
directionofprevailingwindswithaviewofmaintenanceofnaturalairingandreductionзаносимостиroadssnow.
3.4. From the grounds borrowed(occupied) under road and its(her) constructions, and also temporarily
borrowed(occupied)fortheperiodofconstructionofroad,afertilelayerofgrounditisnecessarytoremoveandusefor
increaseoffertilityunproductiveagriculturalугодийorobjectsoftheenterprisesofaforestry.
3.5. The fertile layer of ground having favorable physical and chemical properties (GOST 17.5.1.03-78), with
гранулометрическимstructurefromclayuptosandy,withoutclearlyexpressedоглеения,withdensitynomorethan
1,4 gr/sm3 is subject to removal. Presence on a soil cover солонцов and saline soils should not exceed the values
establishedbyGOST17.5.1.03-78.
The fertile layer ofground isnotremoved,ifthelayoflanddoesnotallowtoremove(takeoff)it(him),andalso on
siteswithanoutput(exit)onasurfaceofrockyexposures,boulders,large(fromabove0,5M)stones.
3.6. On roads within the limits of water-security zones it is necessary to provide the organized gathering of water
from a surface проезжей parts with its(her) subsequent clearing or tap(removal) in the places excluding pollution of
sourcesofwatersupply.
3.7. At проложении roads through settlements and agricultural угодья, it is especial in droughty areas with
широколиственнымиthecultures(cotton)subjecttoactionofwreckers(webклещи),размножающиесяonplants
in conditions of a strong dust content, it is necessary to provide coverings of road clothes and type of strengthening
обочин,excludingпылеобразование.
3.8.Atdesigningroadsitisnecessarytoprovidecoordinationoftheirconstructionwithmeliorativeworks.
3.9. Atdetour ofsettlementshighwayswheneverpossibleshouldbelaidalee,beingguidedona directionofa wind
in especially adverse from the point of view of air pollution the осенне-winter periods of year, and with a view of
protectionofthe populationagainsttransportnoise toprovide abuffer zonebetweena highwayandbuildinginviewof
thegeneralplanfordevelopmentofsettlement.
In cases when at проложении a highway the level of transport noise in built up adjoining territory exceeds
allowable sanitarynorms,itisnecessaryto provide special шумозащитные actions (проложениеroadstodredging,
construction шумозащитных earthen shaft, barriers and other constructions, landing(planting) of special green
plantings(spreadings) etc.), providing decrease(reduction) of noise level to the values regulated by sanitary norms and
alsotoprovideroadcoverings,attravelofautomobilesonwhichnoisehastheleastsize.
3.10. If erection of an earthen cloth (irrespective of height of an embankment) creates danger of flooding by
superficial waters and boggings of the grounds adjoining to road, in the project it is necessary to provide the drainage
constructions guaranteeing existingbefore construction(or the best) conditionsof growthofagriculturalcrops orwood
plantings(spreadings).
3.11. At designing embankments through bogs with cross (in relation to a line of road) movement of water in the
water-satedhorizonintheprojectitisnecessarytoprovidetheactionsexcludingincreaseofawaterlevelandtheareaof
bogginginaridingpartofabogbyотсыпкиofanembankmentorits(her)bottompartfromdrainagesofmaterials,the
device along an earthen cloth longitudinal канав, and in the lowered places if it is necessary, - artificial constructions
etc.
3.12. At presence of a ground which can not be used for отсыпки embankments, they should fall asleep tops of
ravines (with their simultaneous fastening), erosive gullies, dumps and others неудобья with the subsequent
condensationandalay-outofasurface.
3.13. At проложении on the arable lands irrigated or the drained grounds, and also on the grounds used under
valuable cultures (gardens, vineyards etc.), an earthen cloth it is necessary to project lines of roads III-V of categories
withoutthedeviceofreservesandкавальеров.
3.14. At definition of places of transitions through water-currents, a choice of designs and apertures of artificial
constructions, it is especial on косогорных sites of roads, alongside with technical and economic expediency of
construction it is necessary to solve questions of protection of fields from washout and заиления, boggings,
infringementsofavegetativeandturfencover,infringementofahydrologicalmodeofawater-currentandanaturallevel
ofsubsoilwaters,protectionagainstwashoutanddestruction.
3.15.Atconstructionofhighwaysitisnecessarytotakethemostofconstructionstakingplaceinazonesuitablefor
application отвалы and industrial firm waste products of the enterprises mining, a process industry, thermal power
stations (гранулированные slags, ashes and золошлаковые mixes ТЭС, waste products углеобогащения,
phosphoritic "tails", белитовые шламы etc.). At application of waste productsof manufacture it is necessaryto take
intoaccounttheiraggressionandtoxicityinrelationtoenvironmentalnaturalenvironment.
3.16. For places of unstable and especially sensitive ecological systems (the long-term frozen water-sated grounds,
bogs, inundated zones, оползневые slopes etc.) in the project it is necessary to provide the measures providing the
minimalecologicalbalancedisruption.Thelistofmeasuresisestablishedbyindividualfeasibilityreports.
3.17.Atcrossingbyahighwayofwaysofmigrationanimalitisnecessarytodevelopspecialactionsformaintenance
ofsafeandtheirunobstructedmovement.
3.18. At designing industrial bases, buildings and constructions of road and motor transportation services it is
necessarytodeveloptheactionsprovidingobservanceofmaximumpermissibleconcentrationofpollutingsubstancesin
atmosphericair,waterobjects,groundetc.
4.theBASICTECHNICALNORMSAndtheTRANSPORT-OPERATIONALPARAMETERS
SETTLEMENTSPEEDSAndLOADINGS
4.1. Settlement speed considers the greatest possible(probable) (on conditions of stability and safety) speed of
movementofsingleautomobilesundernormalconditionsweathersandcouplingsoftrunksofautomobileswithasurface
проезжейpartstowhichlinesonthemostadverse sitescorrespond(meet) maximumpermissible valuesofelementsof
road.
The note. The normal condition of coupling of trunks of automobiles with a surface проезжей parts is provided on the
pure(clean)dryorhumidifiedsurfacehavingfactoroflongitudinalcouplingatspeedof60kms/чforadrycondition0,6,andfor
humidified - according to tab. 46 - in summertime of year at temperature of air 20 °С, relative humidityof 50 %, meteorological
visibilityrangemorethan500m,absenceofawindandatmosphericpressure1013МПа(760mmрт.Anitem).
Fordesigningelementsofthe plan,longitudinalandcrossstructures,andalsootherelementsdependentonspeedof
movement,itisnecessarytoacceptsettlementspeedsofmovementontab.3.
Thesettlementspeedsestablishedintab.3fordifficultsitesofcrossedandmountaindistrict,itissupposedtoaccept
onlyattheappropriatefeasibilityreportinviewoflocalconditionsforeachconcretesiteofprojectedroad.
Table3
Category Settlementspeeds,km/ч
Roads Thebasic Districtsadmittedondifficultsites
Crossed Mountain
I-a 150 120 80
I-b 120 100 60
II 120 100 60
III 100 80 50
IV 80 60 40
V 60 40 30
Settlementspeedsonadjacentsitesofhighwaysshouldnotdiffermorethanon20%.
BydevelopmentofprojectsofreconstructionofhighwaysonnormsI-bandIIcategoriesitissupposedtokeepatthe
appropriate feasibility report elements of the plan, longitudinal and cross structures (except for number of lanes) on
separatesitesofexistingroadsiftheycorrespond(meet)tothesettlementspeedestablishedforroadsofIIIcategory,and
onnormsIII,-accordinglyonacategoryarelowerthanIVcategories.
At designingaccesshighwaysto the industrial enterprisesfor norms I-b and II categories at presenceinstructureof
movement more than 70 % of lorries or at extent of road less than 5 kms are necessaryto acceptthe settlementspeeds
appropriatetoIIIcategory.
Notes: 1. The relief cut frequently by alternating deep valleys concerns to difficult sites of a cross-country terrain, with a
differenceofmarksofvalleysandwatershedsmorethan50mondistancenotover0,5kms,withlateraldeepbeamsandravines,with
unstableslopes.Sitesofpassesconcerntodifficultsitesofmountaindistrictthroughmountainхребтыandsitesofmountaingorges
withcomplex(difficult),сильноизрезаннымиorunstableslopes.
2.Atpresencealongalineofhighways,projectedonapproachestocities,capitalexpensiveconstructionsandlargeforests,and
alsoincaseofcrossingbyroadsofthegroundsborrowed(occupied)withespeciallyvaluableagriculturalcropsandgardens,atthe
appropriatefeasibilityreport(accordingto item1.9)itissupposed toacceptthesettlementspeedsestablishedintab.3fordifficult
sitesofacross-countryterrain.
4.2. On a single most loaded axis двухосного the automobilefor calculationofdurabilityofroadclothes,andalso
checksofstabilityofanearthenclothitisnecessarytoacceptloadingforroads:
I-IVCategories100кН(10hardware)
Vcategories60кН(6hardware)
IV categoriesor their siteswhichconstructioninterritoryofthe Europeanpartofthecountrywillbecarriedouttill
1991andinotherterritoryofthecountry-till1996aredear,itisnecessarytoprojectunderloading60кН(6hardware).
At the feasibility report, and also at an opportunity of increase of durability and bearing(carrying) ability of road
clothesduetolocalbuildingmaterialsofroadofIVcategoryincaseoftheirconstructionup tothespecifiedtermsitis
supposedtoprojectunderloading100кН(10hardware).
IfonroadsofIVcategorymovementofvehicleswithaxialloadingfromabove60 кНisnotsupposed(6hardware),
itisnecessarytoprojectthemunderloading60кН(6hardware).
4.3.Calculationofdurabilityofroadclothesontheloadingsspecifiedinitem4.2shouldbemadeunderinstructions
todestinationdesignsandtocalculationofroadclothesandinstructions(indications)ofsection7.
KEYPARAMETERSoftheCROSSSTRUCTUREofROADS
4.4. Key parameters of a cross structure проезжей and an earthen cloth of highways depending on their category
shouldbeacceptedpartsontab.4.
4.5. On sites of highways I-a, I-b and II categories where intensity of movement for first five years of operation of
roads reaches(achieves) 50 % andmore settlementperspective,inthe placesdeterminedandprovedbytheproject,and
also in places of crossings, contiguities and congresses from roads I-a, I-b and II categories (on which the device of
transitive-speedstripsisnotprovided)onобочинахondistancenotlessthan100minbothparties(sides)thedeviceof
stoppingstripsinwidthisnecessarytoprovideof2,5magreesitem7.31.
Table4
Parametersofelements Categoriesofroads
Roads I-a I-b II III IV V
Numberoflanes 4;6;8 4;6;8 2 2 2 1
Widthofalane,m 3,75 3,75 3,75 3,5 3 -
Widthпроезжейparts,m 2x7,5; 2x7,5; 7,5 7 6 4,5
2x11,25; 2x11,25;
2x15 2x15
Widthобочин,m 3,75 3,75 3,75 2,5 2 1,75
Theleastwidthукрепленнойstrips 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,5 0,5 -
обочины,m
Theleastwidthofadividingstrip 6 5 - - - -
betweendifferentdirectionsof
movement,m
Theleastwidthукрепленнойstripsona 1 1 - - - -
dividingstrip,m
Widthofanearthencloth,m 28,5;36; 27,5;35; 15 12 10 8
43,5 42,5
Coverings on обочинах and укрепленных strips of dividing strips should differ on color and appearance from
coveringsпроезжейpartsortobeseparatedbysectoring.обочиныonthedurabilityshouldsupposedeparturethemof
vehicles.
4.6. The number of lanes on roads I of a categoryshould be established depending onintensityofmovementand a
layoflandontab.5.
Table5
Layofland Intensityofmovement,прив. Numberoflanes
ед/сут
Flatandcrossed Over14000upto40000 4
"4000080000 6
"80000 8
Mountain Over14000upto34000 4
"3400070000 6
"70000 8
Constructionofroadswithmultistripпроезжейapartshouldbeprovedcomparisontovariantsofaconstructionof
roadsonseparatedirections.
4.7.Additionalstripsпроезжейforcargomovementasideriseatthemixedstructureofatransportstreamshouldbe
provided parts on sites of roads of II category, at intensity of movement from above 4000 прив. ед/сут (operation
achievableinfirstfiveyears)aswellIIIcategoriesatalongitudinalslopemorethan30 0/00andlengthofasiteover1
km,andataslopemorethan40%-atlengthofasiteover0,5kms.
Widthofanadditionallaneitisnecessarytoacceptequal3,5monallextentofrise.
Extentofanadditionalstripbehindriseshouldbeacceptedontab.6.
Table6
Intensityofmovementasiderise,прив. 3000 5000 6500 8000and
ед/сут more
Generalextentofastripoutsiderise,m 50 100 150 200
Transitiontowidenedпроезжейshouldbecarriedoutpartsonasiteinlengthof60m.
4.8. проезжей parts of roads within the limits of an average part of concave curves in the longitudinal structure,
longitudinalslopesinterfacingsiteswithanalgebraicdifferenceof60%andmore,itisnecessarytoincreasewidthfrom
each party(side) for roads II and III categoriesby0,5 m, and for roadsIVand V categories - on0,25 mincomparison
withthenormsgivenintab.4.
The length ofsiteswithwidened проезжейa partshouldbefor roadsIIandIII categoriesnotlessthan100m,for
roadsIVandVcategories-notless-50m.
Transition to widened проезжей parts is necessary to carry out on a site in length of 25 m for roads II and III
categoriesandonasiteof15m-forroadsIVandVcategories.
4.9.OnsitesofroadsVofacategorywithslopesmorethan60%inplaceswithadversehydro-geologicalconditions
andwithлегкоразмываемымиgrounds,withthereducedwidthобочинthedeviceoftravelsisnecessarytoprovide.
Betweentravelsthan1kmisnecessarytoacceptdistancesequaltodistancesofvisibilityofthecounterautomobile,but
no more. The width of an earthen cloth and проезжей parts on travels should be accepted on norms of roads of IV
category, and the least length of travel - 30 m. Transition from one-strip проезжей to two-way should be carried out
partsduring10m.
4.10. Width обочин roads on especially difficult sites of mountain district, on the sites which are taking place on
especiallyvaluableground угодьям,andalsoinplaceswithtransitive-speedstripsandwithadditionalstripsonriseat
the appropriate feasibility report with development of actions for the organization and traffic safety about 1,5 m - for
roadsI-a,I-bandIIcategoriesandupto1m-forroadsofothercategoriesaresupposedtoreduce.
4.11. On sites of roads where the increase of number of lanes in the long term can be demanded, it is necessaryto
increase width of a separate strip by 7,5 m against the norms given in tab. 4 and to accept equal: for roads I-à of a
category-notlessthan13,5m,forroadsI-bofacategory-notlessthan12,5m.
Tosurfaceofdividingstripsdependingontheirwidth,usedgrounds,akindofstrengtheningandприродно-climatic
conditions the slope to middle of a dividing strip or aside проезжей is given to a part. At a slope of a surface of a
dividingstriptomiddleforwaterdrainageitisnecessarytoprovidethedeviceofspecialcollectors.
4.12.Onsitesoftheroadslaid onthevaluablegrounds,onespeciallydifficultsitesofroadsinmountaindistrict,on
thebigbridges,atпроложенииroadstobuilt-upareasetc.attheappropriatefeasibilityreportsitissupposedtoreduce
widthofadividingstriptillthewidthequaltowidthofastripforinstallationofprotectionsplusof2m.
Fromthereducedwidthofadividingstriptowidthofthestripacceptedonroad,itisnecessarytocarryouttransition
frombothparties(sides)withотгоном100:1.
Dividingstripsshouldbeprovided
With breaks in length of 30 m through2 - 5 kms for the organizationof the miss(passing) ofmovementof vehicles
and for travel of special machines during repair of roads. In the periods when theyare not used, they should be closed
specialdemountableprotectingdevices.
4.13.Thewidthofembankmentsofhighwaysontoponlengthnotlessthan10mfromthebeginningandtheendof
bridges,overpassesshouldexceeddistancebetweenahandrailofthebridge,anoverpasson0,5mineachparty(side). If
necessaryit is necessaryto make appropriate уширение anearthencloth; transitionfromthe widened earthenclothto
normativeshouldbecarriedoutonlength15-25m.
4.14. Проезжую the part should be provided with двускатным a cross structure onrectilinear sitesofroadsofall
categoriesand,asarule,oncurvesintheplaninradiusof3000mandmoreforroadsIofacategoryandradius2000m
andmoreforroadsofothercategories.
On curves in the plan in smaller radiusit is necessaryto provide the device проезжейpartswithодноскатнымa
cross structure (bends) proceeding from conditions of a safety of movement of automobiles with the greatest speeds at
thegivenradiusesofcurves.
4.15.Crossslopesпроезжей(exceptforsitesofcurvesintheplanonwhichthedeviceofbendsisprovided)should
beappointedpartsdependingonnumberoflanesandclimaticconditionsonтаб.7.
Table7
Crossslope,%
Categoryofroad Road-climaticzones
I II,III IV V
I-aAndI-b: 15 20 25 15
a)atдвускатномacrossstructureof
everyoneпроезжейparts
b)Atодноскатномastructure:
Thefirstandsecondstripsfroma 15 20 20 15
dividingstrip
Thethirdandthesubsequentstrips 20 25 25 20
II-IV 15 20 20 15
Thenote:Onгравийныхandщебеночныхcoveringsacrossslope25-30%,andoncoveringsfromgrounds,укрепленных
localmaterials,andonroadwaysfromchippedandбулыжногоastone-accept30-40%.
4.16.Crossslopesобочинatдвускатномacrossstructureshouldbeacceptedon10-30%morethancrossslopes
проезжей parts. Depending on climatic conditions and such as strengthening обочин the following sizes of cross
slopes,%aresupposed:
30-40-atstrengtheningwithapplicationknitting;
40-60-atstrengtheningbygravel,rubble,slagorзамощенииstonematerialsandconcreteplates;
50-60-atstrengtheningдернованиемorзасевомgrasses.
For areas with small duration of a snow cover and absence of ice for обочин, укрепленных дернованием, the
slope50-80%canbeadmitted(allowed).
Thenote.Atthedeviceofanearthenclothfromlargeandmedium-grainedsand,andalsofromheavyloamygroundsandclays
theslopeобочин,укрепленныхзасевомgrasses,issupposedtoacceptequal40%.
4.17.Crossslopesпроезжейonbendsshouldbeappointedpartsdependingonradiusesofcurvesintheplanontab.
8.
Table8
Crossslopeпроезжейpartsonbends,%
Radiusesofcurvesintheplan,m Thebasic,themostwidespread Inareas
OnroadsI-V Onaccessroadstothe Withoftenice
ofcategories industrialenterprises
From3000upto1000forroadsIofacategory 20-30 - 20-30
From2000upto1000forroadsII-Vof 20-30 - 20-30
categories
From1000upto800 30-40 - 30-40
From800upto700 30-40 20 30-40