Table Of ContentSMART POLYMER
NANOCOMPOSITES
Woodhead Publishing Series in
Composites Science and Engineering
SMART POLYMER
NANOCOMPOSITES
Biomedical and Environmental
Applications
Edited by
SHOWKAT AHMAD BHAWANI
Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of
Resource Science and Technology, UNIMAS, Malaysia
ANISH KHAN
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Center of
ExcellenceforAdvancedMaterialsResearch,KingAbdulaziz
University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
MOHAMMAD JAWAID
Biocomposite Technology Laboratory, Institute of Tropical
Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Contributors
M.K.AbdulRahim
UniversityofTechnologyandAppliedSciences,Muscat,Oman
SadafAfrin
InstituteofArchitectureandCivilEngineering,SouthUralStateUniversity,Chelyabinsk,Russia;MoRe
ResearchO€rnsko€ldsvikAB,O€rnsko€ldsvik,Sweden
NayeemAhmed
DepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofKashmir,Srinagar,India
HananAlBuflasa
DepartmentofPhysics,CollegeofScience,UniversityofBahrain,Sakhir,Bahrain
BasmaAl-Najar
DepartmentofPhysics,CollegeofScience,UniversityofBahrain,Sakhir,Bahrain
KhalidM.Alotaibi
DepartmentofChemistry,CollegeofScience,KingSaudUniversity,Riyadh,KingdomofSaudiArabia
MohdRazipAsaruddin
FacultyofResourceScienceandTechnology,UniversitiMalaysiaSarawak(UNIMAS),KotaSamarahan,
Sarawak,Malaysia
YasserAzim
DepartmentofAppliedChemistry,Z.H.CollegeofEngineering&Technology,AligarhMuslimUniversity,
Aligarh,India
KrithikaBalakrishnan
LaboratoryforBioremediationResearch,UnitOperationsLab,DepartmentofBiotechnology,Kumaraguru
CollegeofTechnology,Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India
FawziBanat
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,KhalifaUniversityofScienceandTechnology,AbuDhabi,UnitedArab
Emirates
A.H.Bhat
UniversityofTechnologyandAppliedSciences,Muscat,Oman
MushtaqBhat(Ahmad)
IslamicUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Awantipora,India
ShowkatAhmadBhawani
FacultyofResourceScienceandTechnology,UniversitiMalaysiaSarawak(UNIMAS),KotaSamarahan,
Sarawak,Malaysia
DebarupaDuttaChakraborty
DepartmentofPharmaceuticalAnalysis,HimalayanPharmacyInstitute,Majitar,Sikkim,India
PrithvirajChakraborty
DepartmentofPharmaceutics,HimalayanPharmacyInstitute,Majitar,Sikkim,India
B.T.Darsini
LaboratoryforBioremediationResearch,UnitOperationsLab,DepartmentofBiotechnology,Kumaraguru
CollegeofTechnology,Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India
xi
xii Contributors
SwapnilDharaskar
Nano-ResearchGroup,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,SchoolofTechnology,PanditDeendayal
PetroleumUniversity,Gandhinagar,Gujarat,India
SabaFarooq
FacultyofResourceScienceandTechnology,UniversitiMalaysiaSarawak,KotaSamarahan,Sarawak,
Malaysia
SanaFarooq
DepartmentofBiotechnology,LahoreCollegeforWomenUniversity,Lahore,Pakistan
ChinSukFun
FacultyofResourceScienceandTechnology,UniversitiMalaysiaSarawak,KotaSamarahan,Sarawak,
Malaysia
U.Gazal
RajaBahadurVenkataRamaReddyWomen’sCollege,Hyderabad,India
BharathGovindan
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,KhalifaUniversityofScienceandTechnology,AbuDhabi,UnitedArab
Emirates
EvaGupta
DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,AmityUniversity,Noida,UttarPradesh,India
AbdulHai
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,KhalifaUniversityofScienceandTechnology,AbuDhabi,UnitedArab
Emirates
Haryanto
ChemicalEngineeringDepartment,UniversitasMuhammadiyahPurwokerto,Purwokerto,Indonesia
AwangAhmadSallehinAwangHusaini
FacultyofResourceScienceandTechnology,UniversitiMalaysiaSarawak,KotaSamarahan,Sarawak,
Malaysia
MohamadNasirMohamadIbrahim
SchoolofChemicalSciences,UniversitiSainsMalaysia,Gelugor,GeorgeTown,Pinang,Malaysia
NandJeeKanu
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,S.V.NationalInstituteofTechnology,Surat,India
ZohebKarim
InstituteofArchitectureandCivilEngineering,SouthUralStateUniversity,Chelyabinsk,Russia
ImranKhan
SultanQaboosUniversity,Muscat,Oman
MohammadMansoobKhan
ChemicalSciences,FacultyofScience,UniversitiBruneiDarussalam,Gadong,BruneiDarussalam
AbdulMoheman
DepartmentofChemistry,GandhiFaiz-e-AamCollege(AffiliatedtoM.J.P.RohilkhandUniversity),
Shahjahanpur,India
Mu.Naushad
DepartmentofChemistry,CollegeofScience,KingSaudUniversity,Riyadh,SaudiArabia;YonseiFrontier
Lab,YonseiUniversity,Seoul,SouthKorea
ZainabNgaini
FacultyofResourceScienceandTechnology,UniversitiMalaysiaSarawak,KotaSamarahan,Sarawak,
Malaysia
MehvishNisar
FacultyofResourceScienceandTechnology,UniversitiMalaysiaSarawak(UNIMAS),KotaSamarahan,
Sarawak,Malaysia
Contributors xiii
TabassumParveen
DepartmentofBotany,AligarhMuslimUniversity,Aligarh;DepartmentofEnvironmentalEngineering,
IndianInstituteofTechnology,Roorkee,India
K.Rambabu
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,KhalifaUniversityofScienceandTechnology,AbuDhabi,UnitedArab
Emirates
MohdRashid
SchoolofChemicalSciences,UniversitiSainsMalaysia,Gelugor,GeorgeTown,Pinang,Malaysia
HairulAzmanRoslan
FacultyofResourceScienceandTechnology,UniversitiMalaysiaSarawak,KotaSamarahan,Sarawak,
Malaysia
MuhammadTaqi-uddeenSafian
SchoolofChemicalSciences,UniversitiSainsMalaysia,Gelugor,GeorgeTown,Pinang,Malaysia
HoWeiSeng
FacultyofResourceScienceandTechnology,UniversitiMalaysiaSarawak,KotaSamarahan,Sarawak,
Malaysia
JatinSethi
KTHRoyalInstituteofTechnology,Stockholm,Sweden
AabidShalla(Hussain)
IslamicUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Awantipora,India
NgiengNguiSing
FacultyofResourceScienceandTechnology,UniversitiMalaysiaSarawak,KotaSamarahan,Sarawak,
Malaysia
GyanendraKumarSingh
DepartmentofMechanicalDesignandManufacturingEngineering,AdamaScienceandTechnology
University,Adama,Ethiopia
N.Sivarajasekar
LaboratoryforBioremediationResearch,UnitOperationsLab,DepartmentofBiotechnology,Kumaraguru
CollegeofTechnology,Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India
ApsaraSudhakar
LaboratoryforBioremediationResearch,UnitOperationsLab,DepartmentofBiotechnology,Kumaraguru
CollegeofTechnology,Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India
AbuTariq
DepartmentofChemistry,AligarhMuslimUniversity,Aligarh,UttarPradesh,India
KhalidUmar
SchoolofChemicalSciences,UniversitiSainsMalaysia,Gelugor,GeorgeTown,Pinang,Malaysia
UmeshKumarVates
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,AmityUniversity,Noida,UttarPradesh,India
MickyVincent
FacultyofResourceScienceandTechnology,UniversitiMalaysiaSarawak,KotaSamarahan,Sarawak,
Malaysia
AsimAliYaqoob
SchoolofChemicalSciences,UniversitiSainsMalaysia,Gelugor,GeorgeTown,Pinang,Malaysia
Preface
Smart polymers are capable of undergoing rapid change, reversible phase
transition from a hydrophilic to a hydrophobic microstructure when trig-
gered by a small change in their environment such as temperature, pH or
ionic strength, light, magnetic or electric field, etc. The living systems
respond to external stimuli and adapt themselves to changing conditions.
In this context, polymer scientists have been trying to mimic this behavior
for the last two decades to make smart polymers. Smart polymers have
shown promising applications in various fields such as delivery systems for
drugs, tissue engineering scaffolds, cell culture sports, bioseparation, and
sensors or actuator systems.
The present book is a collection of valuable reference materials for
researchersworkinginthefieldsofmaterialsscience,biomaterials,regener-
ative medicines, drug delivery, polymer science/chemistry, chemical engi-
neering, mechanical engineering and in the polymer industry. This book
willbeusefulforscientistsworkingonbioseparationandbioprocessing.This
willbeveryhelpfulforthestudentsinthedevelopmentofnewpolymersas
well as graduates in polymer technology, environmental science, and
biotechnology.
This book covers topics such as Introduction, Processing and Proper-
ties,Manufacturinganddesignofsmartpolymercomposites,Shapemem-
ory polymer composites, Smart polymer hydrogels, Smart biopolymers,
Enzyme-responsive polymer composites and its applications, Biomedical
applications of smart polymer composites, Smart polymer composites
for tissue engineering, Nanomedicine, bioseparation, drug delivery,
environmentalapplications,membranesforwastewatertreatments,textile
and plastics, wood protection, protection of corrosion, and antifouling
application.
Wearehighlythankfultoalltheauthorswhocontributedbookchapters
and provided their valuable ideas and knowledge on Smart Polymer
Nanocomposites for Biomedical and Environmental Applications in this
edited book. We have made an attempt to gather all this information from
recognized researchers from Malaysia, India, Morocco, Bangladesh, Italy,
and Egypt in the areas of smart polymer nanocomposites and finally
xv
xvi Preface
complete this venture in a fruitful way. We greatly appreciate the authors’
commitment to their support to compile our ideas in reality.
We are highly thankful to the Elsevier team for their generous cooper-
ation at every stage of the book’s production.
Showkat Ahmad Bhawani
Anish Khan
Mohammad Jawaid
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction of smart polymer
nanocomposites
Asim Ali Yaqooba, Muhammad Taqi-uddeen Safiana, Mohd Rashida,
Tabassum Parveenb,c, Khalid Umara, and Mohamad Nasir
Mohamad Ibrahima
aSchoolofChemicalSciences,UniversitiSainsMalaysia,Gelugor,GeorgeTown,Pinang,Malaysia
bDepartmentofBotany,AligarhMuslimUniversity,Aligarh,India
cDepartmentofEnvironmentalEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology,Roorkee,India
1.1 Introduction
Smart materials are usually projected as those materials that have the
ability to change the performance or properties by changing the environ-
mental stimulus. Therefore, these types of materials are usually sensitive
totheirenvironmentalparameterssuchaspH,lightintensity,temperature,
magnetic field, pressure, electrical field, etc. The exterior stimulus of these
materialsshowsseveralresponsessuchascolorvariation,alteringconductiv-
ity,cumulativedielectricconstant,andbetterself-healingquality[1].Smart
polymernanocompositesattractagreatdealofattentioninthemodernera
due to their high-performance properties in several types of applications.
However, the polymer is a large molecular weight compound, which is
composed of repeated monomeric units. It has become a great material of
concern to researchers for several centuries [2]. The most commonly used
natural polymers are rubber and wood. These are broadly used in natural
polymeric materials but their consistent property and essential structure
limitstheirextensiveapplicationsinup-to-dateindustries.However,scien-
tistsbegantouseseveraltypesofmodificationmethodstochangethenatural
polymersintomorevaluablematerials.Forexample,thenitrocellulosesyn-
thesisapproachbythechemicalreactionofcelluloseandnitricacidformed
vulcanized rubber by the thermal approach under sulfur atmosphere [3].
These kinds of improved natural polymers are broadly used commercially
eveninthepresenttime.However,improvednaturalpolymersarenotsuf-
ficientascomparedwithmoderndemands.Therefore,thematerialsscience
hasboughtasimulatedrevolutionthroughtheinitiationofsynthetic-based
polymers. In polymer industries the functional typed polymers and smart
SmartPolymerNanocomposites ©2021ElsevierLtd. 1
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819961-9.00007-4 Allrightsreserved.
2 AsimAliYaqoobetal.
polymer have been widely studied in the 20th century [4, 5]. The idea of
smart polymer composites offers several innovative applications beyond
the conventional polymers. The most frequently used smart polymers are
electroactive polymers (EAPs), remendable polymers, and ferroelectric
polymers.TheEAPsareacollectionofsmartpolymericmaterials,thesize,
shape,andmorphologyofwhicharemodifiedundertheeffectofanelectric
field. Remendable polymers are also called healable polymers as they are a
type of smart polymers that can recapture their damage through external
stimulus such as heating stimuli or self-healing [6]. Similarly, ferroelectric
polymers sustain an everlasting electric polarization that can be overturned
or transferred by an electric field. Polyvinylidene fluorides (PVDFs) are
extensivelyusedinelectromechanicalandacoustictransducersduetotheir
properties such as intrinsic piezoelectric feedback and thermal sensing [7].
Overall,theirbenefitsoriginatefromcompositematerialsandfromthesig-
nificant progress made of smart polymeric materials. However, another
important aspect is nanotechnology which is widely familiar to be most
capablezonesforscientificdevelopment.Itgenerallyreferstotheoperating
matteratthemolecularlevelandutilizingthestructuresandmaterialswith
nanosizemeasurement;mostlytherangeisfrom1to100nm.Particlesinthe
nanosize range demonstrate exclusive physiochemical properties like great
surface area to volume ratios or higher interfacial reactivity. The high per-
formance of nanorange particles has been studied to show precise interface
withpollutantsingases,soil,andwater.Thehigh-performancepropertiesof
nanoparticles offer a hope for stimulating innovative and enhanced
environment-based technology. The smart polymer nanocomposites are
included as elastomers, thermosets, and thermoplastics that have been
strengthened with nano measurements of nanosized particles with higher
aspect ratios [8].
Furthermore, polymeric nanocomposites can be categorized into three
mainformssuchasintercalated,flocculated,andexfoliatednanocomposites.
In the case of intercalated nanocomposites, polymer chains are introduced
into covered structures like clay. Clay presents itself in a crystallographic
steadyform,withsomenanometerreplicationdistance,unrelatedlyofpoly-
mericratioofcoatedstructure.However,theflocculationofintroducedand
weighted layers to roughly extent is carried out due to the edge-edge
hydroxylated interactions in the clay layers. Similarly, in exfoliated
nanocompositespartingofthedistinctlayersinthepolymericmediumpre-
sentinanothertypebyregularreservesthatrelyonthestackingofthecoated
material, e.g., clay. Polymeric nanocomposite materials that carry higher
