Table Of ContentSITTIG’S HANDBOOK OF TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS
CHEMICALS AND CARCINOGENS
Fourth Edition
VOLUMES 1 & 2
ABOUT THE AUTHOR:
Developed and edited through the first three editions by Marshall Sittig,
former Director of Government Relations, Princeton University, this revised
edition has been expanded and edited by Richard P. Pohanish who has been
active in the environmental health and safety field both as a publisher and
author for more than 30 years. He is the former Executive Vice President of
Van Nostrand Reinhold, president of VNR Information Systems, and cofounder
of ChemTox, Inc. Currently, he is president of Chem-Data Systems and has
coauthored more than a dozen professional books and CD-ROM products.
SITTIG’S HANDBOOK O F
T O X I C AND H A Z A R D O U S
C H E M I C A L S A N D C A R C I N O G E N S
Fourth Edition
Richard P. Pohanish
Editor
Volumes 1 & 2
A – Z
NOYES PUBLICATIONS
WILLIAM ANDREW PUBLISHING
Norwich, NewYork, U.S.A.
Copyright © 2002 by William Andrew Publishing
No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or
by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the Publisher.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2001056289
ISBN 0-8155-1459-X
Printed in the United States of America
Publishedin the United States of America by
Noyes Publications/William Andrew Publishing
13 Eaton Avenue
Norwich, New York 13815
1-800-932-7045
www.williamandrew.com
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Sittig’s handbook of toxic and hazardous chemicals and carcinogens / edited by Richard
Pohanish. -- 4th ed.
p. cm.
Rev. ed. of: Handbook of toxic and hazardous chemicals and carcinogens / by Marshall
Sittig. 3rd ed. c1991.
Includes index.
Contents: v. 1. A-H -- v. 2. I-Z. Appendices 1.8.
ISBN 0-8155-1459-X (alk. paper)
1. Toxicology--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Industrial toxicology--Handbooks, manuals,
etc. 3. Carcinogens--Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Pohanish, Richard P. II. Sittig,
Marshall. Handbook of toxic and hazardous chemicals and carcinogens. III. Title: Hand-
book of toxic and hazardous chemicals and carcinogens.
RA1215.S58 2002
615.9’02--dc21
2001056289
DEDICATION
Henry A. Suchwarzewsky
He left the world a better place.
October 30, 1907 – December 28, 2000
Appendix 1: Oxidizing Materials (by Name/CAS)
aluminum nitrate.................................13473-90-0 cupric nitrate (copper nitrate).................3251-23-8 potassium bromate...............................7758-01-2
ammonium chloride..............................7446-70-0 cyclohexanone peroxide.....................12262-58-7 potassium chlorate................................1811-04-9
ammonium chromate...........................7788-98-9 diacetone alcohol peroxide...............................N/A potassium dichloroisocyanurate............2244-21-5
ammonium dichromate.........................7789-09-5 dimethylhexane dihydroperoxide..........3025-88-5 potassium nitrate...................................7757-79-1
ammonium nitrate.................................6484-52-2 di-t-butyl peroxide....................................110-05-4 potassium nitrite....................................7758-09-0
ammonium nitrate-phosphate dichloroisocyanuric acid........................2782-57-2 potassium perchlorate...........................7778-74-7
mixture..........................................57608-40-9 ferric nitrate..........................................10421-48-4 potassium permanganate.....................7722-64-7
ammonium nitrate-sulfate mixture.........6484-52-2 gallium(III) nitrate.................................13494-90-1 potassium peroxide.............................17014-71-0
ammonium perchlorate.........................7790-98-9 guanidine nitrate......................................506-93-4 potassium persulfate.............................7727-21-1
ammonium permanganate.................13446-10-1 hydrogen peroxide potassium superoxide.........................12030-88-5
ammonium persulfate...........................7727-54-0 (35 – 52% by weight).......................7722-84-1 n-propyl nitrate........................................627-13-4
ammonium picrate (wet).........................131-74-8 indium nitrate.......................................13770-61-1 pyrosulfuryl chloride ..............................7791-27-7
amyl nitrate..............................................463-04-7 iodine pentafluoride...............................7783-66-6 silver nitrate...........................................7761-88-8
barium bromate..................................13967-90-3 iron(II) nitrate hexahydrate (1:2:6).......13520-68-8 sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione............2893-78-9
barium chlorate...................................13477-00-4 isopropyl nitrate.....................................1712-64-7 sodium bromate....................................7789-38-0
barium hypochlorite.............................13477-10-6 isopropyl peroxydicarbonate...................105-64-6 sodium chlorate.....................................7775-09-9
barium nitrate......................................10022-31-8 lanthanum nitrate.................................10099-59-9 sodium chlorite......................................7758-19-2
barium perchlorate trihydrate..............10294-39-0 lead dioxide...........................................1309-60-0 sodium chromate..................................7775-11-3
barium permanganate..........................7787-36-2 lead nitrate...........................................10099-74-8 sodium dichlorocyanurate.....................2893-78-9
barium peroxide....................................1304-29-6 lead perchlorate..................................13637-76-8 sodium dichromate...............................7789-12-0
benzoyl peroxide.......................................94-36-0 lithium bichromate............................................N/A sodium nitrate........................................7631-99-4
beryllium nitrate...................................13597-99-4 lithium chromate..................................14307-35-8 sodium nitrite.........................................7632-00-0
bromine.................................................7726-95-6 lithium hypochlorite..............................13840-33-0 sodium percarbonate..........................15630-89-4
bromine chloride.................................13863-41-7 lithium nitrate.........................................7790-69-4 sodium perchlorate...............................7601-89-0
bromine pentafluoride...........................7789-30-2 lithium peroxide...................................12031-80-0 sodium permanganate........................10101-50-5
bromine trifluoride.................................7787-71-5 magnesium bromate.............................7789-36-8 sodium peroxide...................................1313-60-6
t-butyl peroxybenzoate............................614-45-9 magnesium chlorate.............................7791-19-7 sodium persulfate..................................7775-27-1
cadmium nitrate..................................10325-94-7 magnesium nitrate..............................10377-60-3 sodium superoxide..............................12034-12-7
cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate...............10022-68-1 magnesium perchlorate......................10034-81-8 strontium chlorate..................................7791-10-8
calcium chlorate..................................10137-74-3 magnesium peroxide..........................14452-57-4 strontium nitrate...................................10042-76-9
calcium chlorite...................................14674-72-7 manganese dioxide...............................1313-13-9 strontium perchlorate...........................13450-97-0
calcium hypochlorite..............................7778-54-3 manganese nitrate..............................10377-66-9 strontium peroxide.................................1314-18-7
calcium nitrate.....................................10124-37-5 mercuric nitrate...................................10045-94-0 tetranitromethane....................................509-14-8
calcium perchlorate.............................13477-36-6 mercurous nitrate................................10415-75-5 thorium(IV) nitrate................................13823-29-5
calcium permanganate.......................10118-76-0 nickel nitrate........................................14216-75-2 trichloroisocyanuric acid............................87-90-1
calcium peroxide...................................1305-79-9 nickel nitrite..........................................17861-62-0 uranyl nitrate........................................10102-06-4
cesium nitrate........................................7789-18-6 nickel perchlorate................................13637-71-3 urea peroxide..........................................124-43-6
chloric acid solution...............................7790-93-4 nickel(II) nitrate....................................13138-45-9 vanadium pentoxide..............................1314-62-1
chlorine.................................................7787-50-5 nitrogen dioxide...................................10102-44-0 ytterbium nitrate...................................13768-67-7
chlorine oxide......................................10049-04-4 nitrogen trifluoride..................................7783-54-2 yttrium(III) nitrate hexahydrate..............13494-98-9
chlorine trifluoride..................................7790-91-2 nitrosylsulfuric acid................................7782-78-7 zinc ammonium nitrite.........................63885-01-8
chromic acid..........................................7738-94-5 oxalic acid .............................................6153-56-6 zinc bichromate................................................N/A
chromic anhydride...............................11115-74-5 ozone..................................................10028-15-6 zinc bromate.......................................13517-27-6
chromium nitrate...................................7789-02-8 palladium dinitrate...............................10102-05-3 zinc chromate......................................13530-65-9
chromium trioxide, anhydrous...............1333-82-0 peracetic acid............................................79-21-0 zinc chlorate........................................10361-95-2
chromium(III) nitrate............................13548-38-4 perchloric acid.......................................7601-90-3 zinc nitrate.............................................7779-88-6
chromium oxychloride.........................14977-61-8 perchloryl fluoride..................................7616-94-6 zinc permanganate.............................23414-72-4
cobalt nitrate........................................10141-05-6 potassium chromate(VI)........................7789-00-6 zinc peroxide.........................................1314-22-3
cobalt(II) perchlorate, hexahydrate......13478-33-6 potassium dichloroisocyanurate............2244-21-5 zirconium nitrate..................................13746-89-9
cumene hydroperoxide.............................80-15-9 potassium dichromate...........................7778-50-9
Appendix 1: Oxidizing Materials (by CAS/Name)
N/A..............................diacetone alcohol peroxide 7738-94-5.........................................chromic acid 10137-74-3..................................calcium chlorate
N/A............................................lithium bichromate 7757-79-1...................................potassium nitrate 10141-05-6........................................cobalt nitrate
N/A................................................zinc bichromate 7758-01-2...............................potassium bromate 10294-39-0..............barium perchlorate trihydrate
79-21-0............................................peracetic acid 7758-09-0....................................potassium nitrite 10325-94-7..................................cadmium nitrate
80-15-9.............................cumene hydroperoxide 7758-19-2......................................sodium chlorite 10361-95-2........................................zinc chlorate
87-90-1............................trichloroisocyanuric acid 7761-88-8...........................................silver nitrate 10377-60-3..............................magnesium nitrate
94-36-0.......................................benzoyl peroxide 7775-27-1..................................sodium persulfate 10377-66-9..............................manganese nitrate
105-64-6...................isopropyl peroxydicarbonate 7775-11-3...................................sodium chromate 10415-75-5................................mercurous nitrate
110-05-4.....................................di-t-butyl peroxide 7775-09-9....................................sodium chlorate 10421-48-4.........................................ferric nitrate
124-43-6..........................................urea peroxide 7778-54-3.............................calcium hypochlorite 11115-74-5...............................chromic anhydride
131-74-8.........................ammonium picrate (wet) 7778-50-9...........................potassium dichromate 12030-88-5.........................potassium superoxide
463-04-7.............................................amyl nitrate 7778-74-7...........................potassium perchlorate 12031-80-0...................................lithium peroxide
506-93-4......................................guanidine nitrate 7779-88-6.............................................zinc nitrate 12034-12-7.............................sodium superoxide
509-14-8....................................tetranitromethane 7782-78-7................................nitrosylsulfuric acid 12262-58-7.....................cyclohexanone peroxide
614-45-9............................t-butyl peroxybenzoate 7783-54-2..................................nitrogen trifluoride 13138-45-9....................................nickel(II) nitrate
627-13-4........................................n-propyl nitrate 7783-66-6...............................iodine pentafluoride 13446-10-1.................ammonium permanganate
1304-29-6....................................barium peroxide 7787-36-2..........................barium permanganate 13450-97-0..........................strontium perchlorate
1305-79-9...................................calcium peroxide 7787-50-5.................................................chlorine 13473-90-0.................................aluminum nitrate
1309-60-0...........................................lead dioxide 7787-71-5.................................bromine trifluoride 13477-00-4...................................barium chlorate
1313-13-9..............................manganese dioxide 7788-98-9...........................ammonium chromate 13477-10-6............................barium hypochlorite
1313-60-6...................................sodium peroxide 7789-00-6........................potassium chromate(VI) 13477-36-6.............................calcium perchlorate
1314-18-7................................strontium peroxide 7789-02-8...................................chromium nitrate 13478-33-6......cobalt(II) perchlorate, hexahydrate
1314-22-3.........................................zinc peroxide 7789-09-5........................ammonium dichromate 13494-90-1.................................gallium(III) nitrate
1314-62-1..............................vanadium pentoxide 7789-12-0...............................sodium dichromate 13494-98-9.............yttrium(III) nitrate hexahydrate
1333-82-0..............chromium trioxide, anhydrous 7789-18-6........................................cesium nitrate 13517-27-6.......................................zinc bromate
1712-64-7.....................................isopropyl nitrate 7789-30-2...........................bromine pentafluoride 13520-68-8.......iron(II) nitrate hexahydrate (1:2:6)
1811-04-9.................................potassium chlorate 7789-36-8............................magnesium bromate 13530-65-9.....................................zinc chromate
2244-21-5............potassium dichloroisocyanurate 7789-38-0....................................sodium bromate 13548-38-4............................chromium(III) nitrate
2893-78-9.....................sodium dichlorocyanurate 7790-69-4.........................................lithium nitrate 13637-71-3................................nickel perchlorate
2244-21-5............potassium dichloroisocyanurate 7790-91-2..................................chlorine trifluoride 13637-76-8..................................lead perchlorate
2782-57-2........................dichloroisocyanuric acid 7790-93-4...............................chloric acid solution 13746-89-9..................................zirconium nitrate
2893-78-9............sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione 7790-98-9........................ammonium perchlorate 13768-67-7...................................ytterbium nitrate
3025-88-5..........dimethylhexane dihydroperoxide 7791-10-8..................................strontium chlorate 13770-61-1......................................indium nitrate
3251-23-8.................cupric nitrate (copper nitrate) 7791-19-7.............................magnesium chlorate 13823-29-5................................thorium(IV) nitrate
3597-99-4.....................................beryllium nitrate 7791-27-7..............................pyrosulfuryl chloride 13863-41-7.................................bromine chloride
6153-56-6.............................................oxalic acid 10022-31-8......................................barium nitrate 13840-33-0.............................lithium hypochlorite
6484-52-2.................................ammonium nitrate 10022-68-1...............cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate 13967-90-3..................................barium bromate
6484-52-2.........ammonium nitrate-sulfate mixture 10028-15-6..................................................ozone 14216-75-2........................................nickel nitrate
7446-70-0..............................ammonium chloride 10034-81-8......................magnesium perchlorate 14307-35-8.................................lithium chromate
7601-89-0...............................sodium perchlorate 10042-76-9...................................strontium nitrate 14452-57-4..........................magnesium peroxide
7601-90-3.......................................perchloric acid 10045-94-0...................................mercuric nitrate 14674-72-7...................................calcium chlorite
7616-94-6..................................perchloryl fluoride 10049-04-4......................................chlorine oxide 14977-61-8........................chromium oxychloride
7631-99-4.......................................sodium nitrate 10099-59-9................................lanthanum nitrate 15630-89-4..........................sodium percarbonate
7632-00-0.........................................sodium nitrite 10099-74-8..........................................lead nitrate 17014-71-0.............................potassium peroxide
7722-64-7.....................potassium permanganate 10101-50-5........................sodium permanganate 17861-62-0.........................................nickel nitrite
7722-84-1................................hydrogen peroxide 10102-05-3...............................palladium dinitrate 23414-72-4.............................zinc permanganate
(35 – 52% by weight) 10102-06-4.......................................uranyl nitrate 57608-40-9.............ammonium nitrate-phosphate
7726-95-6................................................bromine 10102-44-0...................................nitrogen dioxide mixture
7727-21-1.............................potassium persulfate 10118-76-0........................calcium permanganate 63885-01-8.........................zinc ammonium nitrite
7727-54-0...........................ammonium persulfate 10124-37-5.....................................calcium nitrate
Appendix 2: Carcinogens, Confirmed and Suspected
Acetaldehyde Benzyl chloride Chrysene
Acetamide Benzyl dichloride Cisplatin
Acetamine Benzyl trichloride Coal tar pitch volatiles
Acetophenetidin Beryllium and compounds Cobalt and bioavailable compounds
Acetylaminofluorene Bis(chloromethyl ether) Conjugated estrogens
Acifluorfen Bromoethane p-Cresidine
Acrylamide Busulfan Crotonaldehyde
Acrylonitrile 1,3-Butadiene Cupferron
Actinomycin D 2,4-Butane sultone Cycasin
Adriamycin Butanone oxime Cyclophosphamide
Aflatoxins Butyl benzyl phthalate 2,4-D
Alachlor 1,2-Butylene oxide Dacarbazine
Aldrin Cadmium and compounds Daminozide
Allyl chloride Cadmium acetate Dawsonite
Allyl glycidyl ether Cadmium bromide DDT
Allyl isothiocyanate Cadmium chloride Diallate
Aluminum oxide Cadmium oxide 2,4-Diaminoanisole
2-Aminoanthraquinone Cadmium sulfate 4,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane
Aminoazobenzene Cadmium sulfide Diazomethane
Aminoazotoluene Calcium arsenate Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
4-Aminobiphenyl Calcium chromate Dibromochloromethane
6-Amino-2-ethoxynaphthalene Cantharidin 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane
3-Amino-9-ethylcarbazole Captafol 1,2-Dibromoethane
1-Amino-2-methylanthraquinone Captan Di-tert-butyl-p-cresol
4-Amino-2-nitrophenol Carbamic acid ethyl ester Dichloroacetylene
3-Amino-1,2,4,-triazole Carbon black 3,3’-Dichlorobenzidine and salts
Amitraz Carbon tetrachloride 1,4- Dichloro-2-butene
Aniline Carmuctine 1,2-Dichloroethane
Anisidines Ceramic fibers (fibrous dust) Dichloroethyl ether
Antimony trioxide Chloramphenicol 2,4-Dichlorophenol
Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds Chlordane 1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol
Arsenic acid and salts Chlordecone 1,2-Dichloropropane
Arsenic pentoxide Chlorinated camphene 1,3-Dichloropropene
Arsenic trioxide a -Chlorinated toluenes Dieldrin
Arsenic trisulfide Chlornaphazine Diepoxybutane
Arsenous acid p-Chloroaniline Diethyl carbamyl chloride
Arsenous oxide p-Chlorobenzotrichloride Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Arsine Chlorodifluoromethane Diethylstilbestrol
Asbestos (amosite, anthophyllite, actinolite, chrysotile, Chloroform Diethyl sulfate
crocidolite, tremolite) N-Chloroformylmorpholine Diglycidyl resorcinol ether
Attapulgite (palygorscite) Chloromethyl anilines Dihydrosafrole
Auramine Chloromethyl methyl ether 4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
Azathioprine 4-Chloro-o-phenylenediamine 3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine
Azobenzene Chloroprene 3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine
Beech Wood dust Chlorothalonil Dimethyl carbamoyl chloride
Benzal chloride 4-Chloro-o-toluidine 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine
Benz[a]anthracene Chromic acetate 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine
Benzene Chromic acid Dimethylsulfamoyl chloride
Benzidine Chromium and compounds Dimethyl sulfate
Benzo[b]fluoranthene Chromium carbonyl Dimethyl terephthalate
Benzo[a]pyrene Chromium trioxide Dinitronaphthalates
Benzotrichloride Chromyl chloride 2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Dinitrotoluene (mixed isomers) — Zinc chromate Carcinogens, Confirmed and Suspected
Dinitrotoluene (mixed isomers) Michler’s ketone b -Propiolactone
Dioxane Mirex Propylene imine
1,2-Diphenylhydrazine Mitomycin C Propylene oxide
Direct Blue 6 Monochlorodimethyl ether Reserpine
Epichlorohydrin Mustard gas Rock wool (fibrous dust)
Erionite (fibrous dust) 1-Naphthylamine Safrole
Estradiol 17b 2-Naphthylamine Selenium sulfides
Estrone Nickel and soluble compounds Semicarbazide hydrochloride
Ethinylestradiol Nickel carbonyl Silica (crystalline, quartz, cristobalite, tridymite)
Ethyl acrylate Nickel hydroxide Silicon carbide (fibrous dust)
Ethylene dibromide Nitrapyrin Silvex
Ethylene dichloride Nitrilotriacetic acid Sodium arsenate
Ethyleneimine 5-Nitroacenaphthene Sodium selenite
Ethylene oxide 5-Nitro-o-anisidine Streptozotocin
Ethyleneimine 2-Nitroanisole Strontium chromate
Ethylene thiourea 4-Nitrobiphenyl Styrene
Fenthion p-Nitrochlorobenzene Styrene oxide
Fibrous dusts Nitrofen Sulfallate
Formaldehyde Nitrogen mustard Sulfurous acid 2-(p-tert-butylphenoxy)-1-methylethyl-
Glass fibers (fibrous dusts) 2-Nitropropane 2-chloroethyl ester
Glycidyl aldehyde N-Nitrosodimethylamine 2,4,5-T
Glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride N-Nitrosodiphenylamine TDE
Hematite: underground hematite mining 2-Nitrophthalene Testosterone
Heptachlor 2-Nirtopropane Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
Heptachlor epoxide N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
Heptachlorobenzene N-Nitrosodiethaneolamine 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Heptachlorobutadiene N-Nitrosodiethylamine Tetrachloroethylene
Hexachlorocyclohexane N-Nitrosodiisopropylamine Tetranitromethane
Hexachloroethane N-Nitrosodimethylamine Thioacetamine
Hexamethylphosphoric triamide N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine 4,4'-Thiodianiline
Hydrazine N-Nitrosoethylphenylamine Thiotepa
Hydrazobenzine N-Nitrosomethylethylamine Thiourea
Hydroquinone N-Nitrosomethylphenylamine Thorium and compounds
Hydrogen peroxide N-Nitrosomorpholine Titanium dioxide
Indeno(1,2,3-cd) pyrene N-Nitrosopiperadine o-Tolidine
Iron-dextran complex N-Nitrosopyrrolidine 4,4'-Thiodianiline
Iron oxide fume N-Nitrotoluene Toluene-2,4-diamine
Isophorone N-Nitro-o-toluidine Toluene 2,4-diisocyanate
Lead acetate Oak Wood dust o-Toluidine
Lead arsenate 4,4’-Oxydianiline Toxaphene
Lead chromate 9,10-Oxydiphenoxarsine 2,3,4-Trichloro-1-butene
Lead phosphate Pentachloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Lindane Pentachloronitrobenzene Trichloroethylene
Lomustine Pentachlorophenol 1,2,3-Trichloropropane
Maneb Phenazopyridine and its hydrochloride Trichlorophenols
MCPA Phenyl glycidyl ether 2,4,5-Trimethylaniline
Mechlorethamine Phenylhydrazine Trinitrotoluene
Melamine N-Phenyl-b -Naphthylamine Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate
Melphalan Phenytoin Trypan Blue
Mercury alkyl compounds Picloram Urethane
Methotrexate Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) Vinyl bromide
5-Methyl-o-anisidine Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Vinyl chloride
Methyl bromide Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) 4-Vinyl-1-cyclohexene
Methyl Chloride Portland cement 4-Vinyl-1-cyclohexene dioxide
4,4’-Methylene-bis(2-chloroaniline) Potassium arsenate Vinylidene chloride
4,4’-Methylene-bis (N,N-dimethyl) aniline Potassium arsenite Vinylidene fluoride
4,4'-Methylene-bis(2-methylaniline) Potassium bromate N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone
Methylene chloride Potassium chromates Xylidines
Methyl hydrazine Potassium titanates 2,4-Xylidine
Methyl iodide Procarbazine and procarbazine hydrochloride 2,6-Xyslidine
Methylthiouracil Pronamide Zinc chromate
Metronidazole 1,3-Propane sultone
Appendix 3: Glossary
acute exposure Refers to a single exposure to a toxic sub-
A
stance that results in death or severe biological harm. Acute
absorbent material Commercially packaged clay, kitty lit- exposures are characterized as lasting no longer than 1 day.
ter, or other material used to soak up liquid hazardous ma- acidosis A pathologic condition resulting from accumula-
terials. tion of acid in, or loss of base from, the body.
absorption Penetration of a substance across a biologic bar- aerosol Fine liquid or solid particles suspended in air (dis-
rier (such as the skin) and into either the lymphatic system persed in a gas), the particle size often being in the 0.01 to
or bloodstream. 100 microns range. Natural aerosols include smoke (solid
acaricide A chemical substance used to kill ticks and mites. particles) and fog (liquid particles). Man-made aerosols are
accident An unplanned energy transfer causing property dam- manufactured by filling a valved container, usually a can,
age and/or human injury. See also incident. with a suspension (e.g., paint, insecticides, cosmetics) in a
gas under pressure.
accumulative effect The effect of a chemical substance on
a biologic system when the substance is being absorbed at aliphatic Pertaining to an open-chain hydrocarbon com-
a rate that exceeds the body’s ability to eliminate it from pound. Substances such as methane and ethane are typical
the system. Excessive accumulation of the substance in the aliphatic hydrocarbons.
system can lead to toxicity. alkali Any ACID destroying compound having a pH of 8 to
acid Any compound containing hydrogen replaceable by met- 14. Strong alkalis (or bases) in the pH range of 12 to 14
als, and having a pH of zero to 6. Strong acids in the pH are considered corrosive and will cause chemical burns to
range of zero to 2 are corrosive and will cause chemical the skin, eyes and mucous membranes. Alkalis turn litmus
burns to the skin, eyes and mucous membranes. Acids turn blue. Widely used industrial alkali substances include so-
litmus red. See also pH and strong acids. dium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium hydroxide
and potassium carbonate. Common household products in-
acid gas A gas that forms an acid when dissolved in water.
clude DRANO™ and lye. See also acid, base, and pH.
acidosis A pathologic condition resulting from accumula-
alkaloid An organic nitrogen base, of vegetable origin, usu-
tion of acid in, or loss of base from, the body.
ally toxic.
acrid Having a biting taste; sharp; pungent.
allergen A substance that causes the body to produce an
active ingredient The component that actually performs
antibody and which results in an allergy in hypersensitive
the primary function of a product. Products generally con-
people.
tain both active and inert ingredients, and both may be
allergy A hypersensitive reaction of body tissues to specific
harmful. For example, insecticides in spray cans contain
substances. In similar concentrations and circumstances
both chemicals having pesticidal action (active) and pro-
these same substances do not effect other persons. Allergic
pellent gas (inert). Active ingredients are listed on prod-
reactions in the workplace tend to affect the skin (see der-
uct labels as percentage by weight or as pounds per gal-
matitis) and lungs (see asthma).
lon of concentrate.
ambient An environment’s surrounding conditions.
acute Refers to severe symptoms and a rapid onset and pro-
gressive change to an organism leading to a crisis in a rela- amines Refers to ammonia compounds.
tively short period of time, measured in seconds, minutes, amnesia Total or partial memory loss.
hours, or days, following exposure to a health hazard. analgesia Insensibility to pain without loss of conscious-
acute effect Refers to an adverse health effect that usually ness.
occurs rapidly, sometimes immediately, as a result of a anemia A deficiency of the blood caused by reduced red
single, short significant exposure to a health hazard, with- blood cell count or a reduction in the amount of hemoglo-
out implying a degree of severity. Acute effects may in- bin per unit volume of blood.
clude irritation, corrosivity, narcosis, and death. See also
anesthesia Total or partial loss of sensation with or with-
chronic.
out loss of consciousness.
