sinful conceptions of the antichrist in the middle ages - Center for

14 Pages·1999·0.26 MB·English

E M
NGENDERING THE ILLENNIUM
SPECIAL ISSUE OF THE JOURNAL OF MILLENNIAL STUDIES
(EN)GENDERING EVIL:
SINFUL CONCEPTIONS OF THE ANTICHRIST IN THE MIDDLE AGES
AND THE REFORMATION
Andrew Gow
History and Classics, University of Alberta
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rfeih tt soote fnmmi spoo-asoli eri pee tftthsmh h,aourttothltto accioipeeivnthphenstewoorcrp
Elucidarium s’tsir hsc t ins toidnsnAnai .ssenh siw erJ e evacEunhissoJ deh sgirlebbunpethcarT
c iytdsuit nsloai istrs aeefshtriiwspheimmgioasm lsd eiwnehveahteJTD gni reuhdt dnoces
nhsotw iientwJia e iyh tcrt ss o aod’i,sns tllsrsos erinaaeth ovi WcitsWeneaDenhenbu
l arvaeliud.pedomnpim
laitn eeruelhftnoinA ,a iedneop of lo,t c sseyse ihcelnrtn caih rrt acfaurmioloetustnpaAolp
seahwt muidnepmoC eacigoloeht sitatirev n a d cnn 0 ieug6,ntor2i tru1myiaoobr bDweshatrtS
Hugo .nilepiR 15 , lneiohvite t d,p r se testcdut inneb fnheovya arcibtm aesuspcihanrwohccitnA
, ddwesn e r ’ar r tupl e,ge.stuisdnhsirvan rturuewusorhnd ’ b ecrsdti eueutshhrnitTeAhotmne
ecn edunlaf nyib. sseichived 16
eh4T1 ht -century ,deeltb aia rBe xt gsese uudud,ha ola elwclmtuseiagir aldnreoPVeht
muidnepmoC h tsd-r’ e -itsot s2bsitoeg 1ihvrn fr teai sohndw7tc oa4iifi r7tot dnc rAisoptfeid
e r cu.ig] pi1,oFnt[ o ni gotha r rn spteeeeiieieihtmnaw hrcwTaaefoytanltcfhbposasmcoc
d e, yn s md bwse eoetn oigthrtxiarautfietcmcctaidLoow muidnepmoC .nofi ot iedhdTa

12 lraK ,hcabrohcS neidutS rebu ehcstu esdad hc“ubskloV ”suiradicuL eni edsnu n inegnutiebraeB nedmerf
nehcarpS ( lr a:KhgruobsartS ,.)74 9,8r1enburT
13 .E ,. d,egrebllaW xueD snoisrev a elsdetideni e dednegel n etsirhcetnA’l srev u dsiacnarf eIIIX elceis :dn uL(
.5 3s- e4,n3)i 8l,2p9u1reelG
14 hten nderKah ciR ,nosremmE laveide Mf oydut SA:seg Aelddi Meh tn itsirhcitnA dn a,tr A,msicitpylacopA
erutaretiL .4 7,1)18 9,1sse rnPotgnihs a fWyotisrevi n:Uelttae S(
15 ee S ,r egertoSeG oguH nilepiR nov :grubssartS ruZ -snoitpezeR dnu ethcihcsegsgnukriW muidnepmoC‘ sed
eacigoloeht ’sitatirev im nehcstued retlalettimtapS ( :negnibuT laciti rfaecocnes bea h ntdi n;a)18 9,1reyemeiN
nnioisr ee vhe te,snoitide fsokr oewtelpm oe chfntooiti dse’tengroB .ff14 2,4 3.lo v,)598 1,siraP (sunga MsutreblA
16 “ xceiH mutnerap subinimes :ruteipicnoc tso pdes mutpecnoc tednecsed sutirips n isungilam sirtam ,muretu sujuc
etutriv te enoitarepo specnied reup ,rutecsan ,rutela ”…tecseloda
www.mille.org/journal.html 5 Summer 1999
sl eaevcdiiiwlsd oeiebbmhatid s tdfs dfiafairo hhrwc ei fhtgotnnoAimruobal sulphur. 17 .
dranreB n nsie Gtt coa nMnhsotii h td.t spnhs ’eatintcr osnie iiobhtt rctscfhriocipifetdnA
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s,’ ett fsnddiiue nlr olsnahfcieecocashiat.sttenandopA
e,d die eshmue t rnb seoitgrntfsnu noiigfordioc hnfecahitt ts dnrr eAeeendhrrntoauameRl
. e s ,loe rydtge e gdnAhtnoiit ahlMrlooaJelhutpop f dinnlaacJyW suH dhetrorbe foetreht
” nyaa iwfetofdsin ilat rsrty h ioaewCr rfhha - oeehwtss iy/hp castcdtositnanpatiapan“aAp
tn e.fmh oecegrha utnhaCm oT rs ediey snellfuahtlotiatic e,sps nse foe p,oieofthpictlacyW
, stneosniit a.isct ns ru iin hree,c hhdsasty cTeeuaeeiithhrttttan iA ynnlgo diifldtorpomwussa
s l lce deipendl s caood oenmteoGge s ttar srryofau eeeiibpovgthhmeeainedtihhtayatttolm
,stpecerp 18 .anh o tts nsrl eieaen erpcsI ethiufh fc motei irehfstelt’ntorAap eldhettuaLpi citna
esvc ri pffet eroo si,va se ryihdsdirycrss nmehpruu eiente tlfohkeigencottsaavexmmaceeihr
.yh ceh rhceat rtruaehriCehtiL ,es me lorfasmnoceeihggtoloeh tr - ak ndlleoauornepforoympal
l.a sc , eile nc tar yinddeiuelanegstsdtaderae asn xenhooedevttr tiobhorcvtuansoc
shn eg idsurt ei ooa dttgrf Lee aanhmlhnsceitoatrturgrvaxdtnfeeeeailtrdeM eaidepolycne
s d rn dsa eanylegiaaured l ce lnopnawd e tonnapeir amgtefor rvo camoelaphe -trfatorstxe
lna o v.if entoeioahdi ntet i miemtdhlsaTuircrt hltto caanteiihenht rtwitnleAatcaimlbiB
sd ent mesnogi icerelhhcti5t1nA ht s e yi trs, su eshitf hktrnodpoiheeo owcclrebeilphhtattncA-os
s nhociu tssaa le lihs aptemrmvoeoirnc tfe lagd arnt crEawriaheilntrebdhitB muidnepmoC dna
eht Elucidarium gn i.v eic lvit orts rupeesydh llT tao dscsnioi ar phs h,a utc ncuieoobthfntA
tpirc ssuentaamd ot.0341 19 .tn asttxpeircs u tn haeegm rrieaehT 20 e se hT s k,oeorbak cIodllbuow
.yro tc el ja o av ,Terettktir s id aaeolefpgtm og-ruee stdaaalorb , as g pnnraeiohv zreoietupHa
lacil by di c,lB mn ru-seeleoai edah wrhesnctotttdeiutsxi t tLees ”nsrentiaerinttenn daiaafced“
.ss l ee adctvsin r si rr asui tfeedrormco ctnes ho eeuaayfcrephdmuoiFhstobttrrnepAp
s el iaeysrcv lao iie dwtrltmnr sibaooa,aitsih r Bu t fe,-pfceovsaoa-hekrrntwottiooxtfhbeakcolb
de- sno tiea tvh, ii tyndtntwaa oior tti snterhiutdr kletrbaner-chioiaviletwhlreliatiehesrufptwafa
.ls ae yvsnlen olie hiadllgtcde auainmli orpa arereydcehhlteitTtetlacebmcriapBretni
s t tncn eie-tt r-npneoy i hclysnaleti clhnloat eapi-tv ac-negeoinpcdise nemfe-otehtgaileh
s n stsdsodrntrpnkie i ix olaottyefaeoheoanlholttshbrirtptr axspceeuiltla im,edhecssserpmoc
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d e e. glssrdasdienanel opehwfirgtootue nislkdart n ofeio ht,tti ef d8llae9pe 4mDr1aoxFe
la n koy rirnotuwwotovnnee kdcs-aht nreeahelttufpiofp neleis tsort tr a et hsdietesahrieturs saer
sk o nf o,m, w o yhbeoseadenc-lrkhro haunbfotdostmsoio “gaiBbeshstaP airotsiH acitsalohcS ,
, ss sek rdehof enletoodehachbeh titmtya n rbfeo, tih rydaf trhrnhns oc oatoierftchrostiiMH

17 lraK laksjetS . s l ,o2.v d,e ialsileV ailbib atcip :eug arP( subitpmuS sserpogarP .b 0. 3l;1o)f0 7,91
18 nh oeJeS filcyW , nh o fJsokr ohWsilg ntEceleS filcyW :drofx O( nodneralC hcih wn i,343-24 3,)178 1,sser P filcyW
os lea e;sdev irlet ewP o shhici h,wn elm l fatoseke edm ntasero oep h etdbluo htssir h fCroac ievu ret hstetirw okieH
A. namrebO ,“ suH und :reh tuL reD tsirhcitn A und eid etiewz ehcsirotamrofer gnukcedtnE n i”, naJ suH : nehcsiwZ
Zeiten , nrekloV , nenoissefnoK . d,e dnanidreF tbieS :hci nuM( gruobnedlO galreV .643-913 ,)7991 ,
19 ret eP ,r“eg rhupBotsirhC n i”negnutrawretiezdnE :tsirhcitn AreD dnabratnemmoK muz elimiskaF red netsre
nehcsihpargopyt ebagsuA senie netnnakebnu regrubssartS 08 4m,1usrekcurD . de hcirdeirF gittiW galreV
. 8,187- 8)197 9,1grubmaH(
20 ,r“eg ruB .”9,1negnutrawretiezdnE
www.mille.org/journal.html 6 Summer 1999
sn odi nto a cscmel io laytrrl”ns feo.aidhcsmrotktoooagopb 21 s aahwci h,wtx esti hT etniiruovaf
sdn ad lnreraehewthotleN er la,b ldisunBacaw alanerneivhR d yehr tt arlilneawlonsainftaocmel
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s nlo a idn. lt eo r laatn idaeaitiietnihcr earnalTiedrteeiltnpnwvmbaaronaimecofBtcni
ntewshorTnikf d ekho sossyiba allkswrb ceaus o repatl0u ub5thc4ctd1iiopwow -dn anha
dell a.c t -s xnoieeshttTtirw cihpargolyxorihc de lkt oisotibnkecolb tsi rrhecDitnA ,ndsenaeahb
de i ,ynmyba or p erae m,yhftmaoep tn ucl odeflcincemooami hmveinsohsiictclabfup
kehtoilbiB ottO re(fahcS .)trufniewhcS 22 A n tocxi i :etshdstiepnt( dgaaueearcrmgdaiooloywx
, g)r2e7b 4md1e nr s a u,ndgyN.oerlgi tul . tanoaeeriibch(edrsitbepahmrp utafnSrogopyt
tsirhcitnA snoitar tf tso0 uu8hcl4tdl1ioiwow 23 . n )woeosrnlaka 24 dert aaneop ipAetatiadle
.tl r a. unc6sfii1nr t5oEe sn 1icied s ndeenrte ithi exsy nTeveslfisteroreaphet 25 rehta feh t,tsri F
r gey.n t ltislh nh sti agtisdurhnruseelu w uai ltoofstdrsfcc ota hii“einecphmhoieSbtttdunsA
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lhs dlm s bitlm r snliddl mvilio ey’aahnaifeoewihhewbraevohwfwhoelettphDtom
.ss e ;n rd see he”ptkr th.ehces Ai tegihiswrslu wthieisaea hrdhfftht oacefihttnA 27 ) 2erugiF (
; trt , dmfendtken rehennchusalgaafatoiap obri tsaceati hhstlsste ruige af ggeptauahssmTuil
g n mi, ide e hlrehooult.thgarimefh
eselv nmuieoofrhihndtti as d r se;t t lhes eu eis ruerorhaesoltaettlaflev efeireedbcnhnToc
:l i n canaddi to elh neientopnad t r ic aimdpsuhifr eei,ttpogs bcnaie ignanwdahnomucoowy
ct seis e fampelh.foweocutrohtnfe t irtn ehoed sw gihes aonutTiiepiapfhhd aitoct hnsweidi

21 tseortneleiS .H :tfleD[ tnraevkcE .2,Fthcer tBU U](89 4 .1,chgrebmoH o . : i.il o;f)64 reiH ei dtnigeb n alvefat
nesed kceob csliew neteheg d[ ]?ei neleis tsort seidne tnwegotehg nehginem nedeog . nekceob e itsdwlA lebib
eltiewdanoissap acitsalocs airotsih t ws itad tad lehgips red neirotsih s iednE e ittdwhcitsevhg ntewkcinorc tad
redav .ceob n etedwdne neredav .eicalloc edne kceo tewdem leev anderen nedeog …nekceob
22 erodo ehT ,repsuM .de tsirhci trneAD e iddnu nhezfnuf nehcieZ rov med netsgnuJ thcireG :hcinuM ( ,letserP
. s, l)2o0v791
23 e e,stx eet hrt oF :tsirhc irtenDA elimiskaF red netsre nehcsihpargopyt ebagsuA .)9791 ,grubmaH( sa htxe tehT
nir a yKnbamr enGred o nmdieredn enreeb .)evob asa (emulo vnoinapmo ceh tn idnalevoB
24 yrutnec-htneet friefht onA :tsi leh to tdedd ae bna c,noitacilbu pf oecal ptuohti wdn adetadn u,noisre vcihpargolyx
e:itHsirktdnnE tebeh hcis nna nov med tsirktnE detad nruehto nd an;aoilof- nsitee h7,s2)etelpmoc neilti t(
gruobsar ttt Saueom ancoiti dreeh t.o oniAlof- nois l,astee h0f,s2onoitacilb ufepoca ltpuoht i,wnoiti dceihpargpyt
y bdehsilbu p,otrauq-ni eta laosl as iereh t;detadn u,ffufpuH s nnyaobHit itdreufrE re(laM ,otrauq -,n)irellaM
: 6 ,1fc5oi1hpargopyt rodoehT dlawsO ,legieW sinhciezreV der nehcsihpargolyX rehcuB V Xsed strednuhrhaJ
,). 66,5g8i1zpieL(
25 namssenis uebtut sea h ytdbehsilb u,pnoiti dhesilg n nEA e dnyknyW sdr oe whhtt iswnig e,bedroW The dna htryB
e hfetofyL d neasl atFsooM lluftyeceD .etsyrhcetnA noitid en an odesa bsa w t .I025 1dnuor aderaepp anoisre vsi h T
namr eeG hmto rtfr a nptisa e tldaevir esd adw n,a50 5 s1yalr a sedaehsilbup tsirhcitnA fsoecru orseh te.o hsTkoob-
e het rtax ehtsilg neEht e derviL seedtirotcuA setcniaS :sruetcoD e dtnahcuoT tnemenevdA’L u dte siavuam
tsirhcetnA ,sno yL( endyknyW .hMpes o.e J)e5S0 5,1edroW s’ekciR tsirhcit neAh Ts“ise hDthP atiV fo dnE eht ta
e h fTnooiti d nE:Ase geAldd ieMht dn ahtryB e hfetofyL dn aesla FtsooM lluftyeceD e c:inRotsu o”Ht(syrhcetnA
. )28 9,1ytisrevinU ,yrarb iyLtisrevi neUgdirbm atdCaevrese r,ptni rgpnivivr uesl oe shmto rsnfioiti dse’ekciR Syn.
.71.25.7
26 0 8t4s1irhcitnA : “,1.2l o:f eyH sitzet sed stsirkdnnE rettav dnu tebriw bmu nnys ehcilpil n irethcod eid/tiekcippu
ime als nned kgiglofeg /triw dnu triw sed stsirkdnne ”.regnnaws
27 0 8t4s1irhcitnA : “,b.3l o:f eyH wirt red tsirkdnnE retum ni negnafpne biel ei dhcrud tfark sed slfuet ni red
furet/ dnu tellufre sella slebu und rella /tiahsop dnU nia retav tfalhcseb nies . rethcot dnU red bles tsi sed tsirkdnnE
”.retav
www.mille.org/journal.html 7 Summer 1999
sn os iedt v nisilabu taionarhrirooermrm apu ennwh.eterlbbeiHB 28 rotatnemm oe cns,oade ed nI
ys,ladthenue gcerehart ”ser( u tt rsxdteeinshcm ant n“siolieaalgcuairtiveL .ve L81 dna)02
e cd n en ees rnuriy eoloc lwtfmrybasn eta leinxibdW aelon.l harasa ytrpecrnolieamulhrbtioB 29
.yti ll aa t dr vs swmeoo en me orpmsdiosrcdNollediionnfe adetfiahodmintabi eiehhstoerhpT
r e s h:’y stltls.ioisbunnmviuhoaerotihd tcp iestc’nnt Aostcis ri fhl socetnimaitahsnrtAf
deirramnu rotacinrof dna.suoutsecni
dee rn lyu e fubtetdof sahhend intgeinthitsasen i hassre ri uhrea lhcuhufititTgovtaennA
:noi ts pid eherckenchoitcwom stnesnoc .stn em heshi Sdssnuiao lubt ss e’ocr tnerihethaf
.s ngyon li i ltkotttai atn lraub eeeruexil nrsoaHehat obnffsous forxet ocpet sescdehindtraltos
; tyesth iitsrl iha le cusun dixef olsete nnftiegns yiioa vcrAelfshferahle touhtadeocuhsxtes
nte a sc .ieinsfn lr c reiore iarr s huohyvs eu,i eclbtbeeh osehifda teskhttnCnosotniIeoAhbt
tu e oelehhdc gtdndui enoMluaralhrftun ti ,a dn ntf eoh rnittitneetaatiapioh icwucmtscesniosassa
e nr d hueydns tthnoaes i r t io gnywro. aidtgchAipofelensitgptiaefiia avdiwrhaferoroh 30
d el,dasnv keenotiiondb ieeeem sch- tentehshattrTtaoi slbfrnoifr ralucanr eev h ftsoredae
, edle ptfoa oecmpi” ot eyhsdtnwina ah areympret aootaemsfi r vnlrenau-oteh“iiemlbelsi 31 t e,s
ts i lttr. isahn etacogehneiinmtul tti inanft Amr o eereesrehhochaa ntTfntelroeoduotRcipfop
.d ntr ese s gi tseyernpisllh iahot ecehtlnghihccenTtti i nn ftn Ae6onatv1imsn5rrao1pelcG
gy n lsirnlenteeahiah hc tgct,wi oeiutts etblLsatlnpimfleer a iacrhyrehcsccdhsiattpnaAp
n ol liaelsn daioeivsh s r ttgdetsne pa iotdhnrlsatoha ih icexfti teoitdadner aAnoarrptareolc
se del hdndngd e geeaaAdhhyusehittboubMorbht dfnialcyW s u. Hnno iir ha slaaiefmhiTs
s i,s s r n fyserololihoi iaht(t ,dvnaa ,enearsse csau’ sfntcr sroeicetiurahaoethcfutfLid
g n ntordi s iantaa nt l anic ) iaounivdedettc irarlhsaepoerte nhrwof artbwihenecvarumomm
en c anns d iaeueedg hio chaoytde lnchlnun.euiaoaaestaseege oPrholsrtrtiweshtiephE
y md ltse eeai t lmhshn satartitagarxc ochneeifneci ptlorenaobPmiifBed deretnecer
.e r, ud d tn,nsy mpenaianoig ohwirreyiTafcltt S ii-ymrd-aooawrhrafttua recentering places at
n eeieegcahrangtttoansec sn o n idf otteoli app itdhelov aetceteen lrnhvieeeoisvdcgienrReogt
n. ohditntrap ie sbcs’nit ohs tscTids irdnieh n er h ctfarghat yifooecmatijliownhatraAsmnfA
s ehlrcauu rgssui at f dpetrihsa rtawdceonS Bt ae teh.artneo orhflGWoty nbaatB sneItorP
fs lyt,teane yssl eld t rimpa ronynmeriyera leog hhrfsesra,cefigbfmaiviraidtdannlaAgaporp
. s ltya xlc d e tis e nttycltfwtnoa les bnlace hsnraeieerih etaOihbmsdpwdpwdtumenogidaprha
. ttd s ce kiresscr ofueohf frhc feusialo ttanannaeAo mfif to nieidrsaerwt nehW hcanarC
)tn e nmr,iae 2tbd2sm e 5eetns te1Ttna’ tchpe mrdoiemwreenpSaeehtee(tNGtahdsurteLtTsulli
ts i,rr r ohntes c ouh i e,ieibtnhdr7t,ht oo ao1ntta eml flhAel flynocWledopbirvnraaeauBcRps
gs n ed i ndh, ie ddsents atn pellldailldieduhooelwrlnnznctgh woauaeiafegefcdojpsebbo

28 ee S n i”,tsecn InO “,renner BaylahtA ostudo x oEntoinapm otCsinim eAF ymonoretueD , . d,erenne raBylahtA
,831- 3,1)14 9,9s1s ecriPmed adclAeiff e:hdSleiffehS( ;ff91 1dn aff41 1pse . MmulaC ,leahcimraC ,dneg e,LwaL
02-8 1sucitive L:elbi Beh tn itsecn Idna .)79 9,1sse ryPtisrevi nlUlenr o:Cnodn odL naacaht I(
29 ,leahcimraC tsec nd In,adneg e,LwaL o nsniatno csucitive Ltah teto n,revewo H.ff4 1, ticilpxe a tsniaga elur
r ethsnia geasnef fso’rethgu a saddaehcu o sceil uer hrteht a;r) 7,18- 7r(ethgu asd i nhsoecnav dlaaux ess’rehtaf
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rsomelbo rypraropmetn o ocetsnops e nrti onnetti rewr esww aelse htta hetcnedi v sesanoitibiho repse h fteorutan
feosopr uep hrt odf n,alear s fIsonoitida rltacirots ieh h ntsieus s risotne v oestesnops e frsoeir e sasta u,bsesac
r. o)F01- 9t(s aep h ftsoci pee hgtnitacilp xsew asl t,isnoitida rltag etlneic nna wso tliear s fInooit aen hrt ogfnitaerc
l i em,eEtsse csfnioisyl alnaacigoloib-lacigoloporh t entfhanotemet actisss aelhct ,miehkruD neoditibih oarLP
t eetsecnI’l ses senigirO .yyWbdu tcsitame hetvisneherpm oe chots le ae;s)79 8,1sira P( ,snerA : nliaSnig ierhOT
sgninae Mst idn atsecnI .)6 8,9s1s eyrtPisrev idnrUo f:xdOro f dxknO rawoeYN(
30 ,isknisoK-dlefnemulB nro Bnamo Wf otoN . 3,-1
31 ,hcs rfilHo duR 0551-05 4:1gnida edR n,agnill e,SgnitnirP :nedabsei W( ,.)44 7,9z1tiwossarraH
www.mille.org/journal.html 8 Summer 1999
s . wdtyoees lldha gllate , naoe bntirfhs oude -ssicinane itdreenfHaogvlo coeuriwsoenfhrof
ay rce f aale og ipphe n,taithein pr thro ots sai,s i. e trlt tnwlieasexiadvr heceeittiwflobHiB
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no ifyt oca e anyh,shr pmt t eatetaeieeg rihapduhhnfow tenqttiohsoroigW’mGcnnri ienrhituL
.no i yt c a eascshp iiuTadnh p ertm stooegt fh h nif whteimoetvkmhraotahce de,reeldanmeegf
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32 tre b eoeRS ,renbircS noitamrof enRamr ee Ghr toafdnagapo rrPalup o:Pkl oeFlpm ifeSok ae ShrtoF :egdirbmaC(
.171-07 1,)189 1,sser Pytisrevin UegdirbmaC
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.egassap siht ni snoitseggus
www.mille.org/journal.html 9 Summer 1999
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.tsirhcit nfsAoem id tneaf ie lhnrtoetp a fghaoncinnig eebht
www.mille.org/journal.html 10 Summer 1999