Table Of ContentMinistry of Education and Science
Public Educational Institution of High Professional Education
Tomsk Polytechnic University
Proceedings of the
17th International Scientific and Practical Conference
of Students, Post-graduates and Young Scientists
MODERN TECHNIQUE
AND TECHNOLOGIES
MTT’ 2011
April 18 - 22, 2011
TOMSK, RUSSIA
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UDK 62.001.001.5 (063)
BBK 30.1L.0
S56
Russia, Tomsk, April 18 - 22, 2011
The seventeeth International Scientific and Practical Conference
of Students, Postgraduates and Young Scientists
“Modern Techniques and Technologies”
(MTT’2011), Tomsk, Tomsk Polytechnic University. –
Tomsk: TPU Press, 2011.- 266 p.
Editorial board of proceedings of the conference in English:
1. Zolnikova L.M., Academic Secretary of the Conference
2. Sidorova O.V., leading expert of a department SRWM S&YS SA
3. Golubeva K.A., editor
UDK 62.001.001.5 (063)
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CONFERENCE SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM COMMITTEE
V.A. Vlasov Chairman of Scientific Program Committee,
ViceRector on Research, Professor, Tomsk,
Russia
L.M. Zolnikova Academic Secretary of the Conference, TPU,
Tomsk, Russia
O.V. Sidorova Academic Secretary of the Conference, TPU,
Tomsk, Russia
A.A. Sivkov 1th Section Chairman, TPU, Tomsk, Russia
S.V. Syvushkin 2th Section Chairman, TPU, Tomsk, Russia
B.B. Moyzes 3th Section Chairman, TPU, Tomsk, Russia
O.P. Muravliov 4th Section Chairman, TPU, Tomsk, Russia
G.S. Evtushenko 5th Section Chairman, TPU, Tomsk, Russia
B.S. Zenin 6th Section Chairman, TPU, Tomsk, Russia
V.A. Rudnitskiy 7th Section Chairman, TPU, Tomsk, Russia
A.P. Potylitsyn 8th Section Chairman, TPU, Tomsk, Russia
V.K. Kuleshov 9th Section Chairman, TPU, Tomsk, Russia
A.S. Zavorin 10th Section Chairman, TPU, Tomsk, Russia
M.S. Kukhta 11th Section Chairman, TPU, Tomsk, Russia
A.A. Gromov 12th Section Chairman, TPU, Tomsk, Russia
A.A. Stepanov 13th Section Chairman, TPU, Tomsk, Russia
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XVII Modern Technique and Technologies 2011
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Section I: Power Engineering
Section I
POWER
INGENEERING
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XVII Modern Technique and Technologies 2011
INVESTIGATIONS IN SPHERE OF WIRELESS ELECTRICITY
R.S. Gladkikh, P.A. Ilin, I.S. Kovalev
Scientific Supervisor: Prof., Dr. phys.-mat. V.F. Myshkin
Scientific Advisor: Teach., A.E. Markhinin
Tomsk Polytechnic University, Russia, Tomsk, Lenin str., 30, 634050
E-mail: [email protected]
Nowadays it is impossible to imagine the life of of energy was used only, and the other 96 % was
a modern person without the electric devices, each lost irrevocably. With further investigations
of them requires charging. Numerous wires fill our scientists tried to increase frequency of the feeding
space. In the remote villages there is no possibility current, but unsuccessfully. At last, it was revealed,
to use electricity, because carrying out of electric that the greatest losses arise because of the
systems demands big material inputs. New underground vertical currents raised HF by a field.
technologies such as Bluetooth and WI-FI allow to But losses on radiation, and small coefficient of
carry out an information transfer without any wires efficiency still appeared. After long research at the
and direct connection of devices. And why not it is end of 1947 the experimental line where on each
impossible to make the same with electricity? square meter of a surface 10 W of electric capacity
At the end of the 18th century the well-known was consumed was constructed in Moscow. Wires
Serbian inventor Nikola Tesla started working on from thin-walled copper or aluminum tubes were
this question. For this purpose at the beginning of laid in isolated channels or in asbesto-cement
1900th he constructed a powerful installation for pipes. Electro penalties were modified too - all
transfer of high-frequency electric power without metal parts were removed from it if it was possible.
wires on considerable distances and this project In 1954, in the USSR some lines of the sailing
(the project «Wordenkliff ») was sponsored with transport charged from coast with high frequency
money of Dzh. P.Morgan, a billionaire from New energy were launched. But all designed devices
York. He wished to provide with the electric power didn’t not find applications because of the big
the population of the most distant places of the losses and small coefficient of efficiency.
globe. In addition it was supposed to transfer But progress doesn’t stand on one place.
information. Before Tesla conducted experiments Recently American scientists successfully tested
with the big high-voltage resonant transformer the device, allowing to transfer of energy without
made in 1898 in a wooden tower in height of 60 wires. Experts of the Massachusetts institute of
meters on a raised plateau to Colorado Springs technology managed to light a 60-W bulb, being at
(USA). Eyewitnesses told then about the bulbs a 2 m distance from the energy source. The
burning without electro batteries and generators of experimental device consists of two coils in
a current, and about many other things «miracles». diameter of 60 cm with a copper wire, the
Firm «Westinghouse» became interested in the transmitter connected to the energy source, and
project «Wordenkliff» and put the best (for those the receiver which is connected with the bulb. The
times) the electro technical equipment for lamp continued to light, even when there were
experiments. However by 1906 financing was wooden or metal subjects, and also electronic
stopped.[1] devices between it and coils. Coefficient of
Besides, there were attempts of transmission efficiency of energy transmissions thus made
of energy by means of a laser beam. However in about 40 %. In the device which was named
this case between subjects there should be no «WiTricity», the phenomenon of a resonance of
physical obstacles - that does this theory not electromagnetic waves of low frequency (in this
applicable under house conditions.[2] case 10 MHz) is used. In particular, WiTricity is
In 1943 the Soviet electrical engineer G.Babat based on using 'strongly-coupled' resonances to
constructed the first-ever electric car fed from the achieve a high power-transmission efficiency.
distance which was named by «High Frequences- Aristeidis Karalis, referring to the team's
auto». Next year on one of the Soviet factories experimental demonstration, says that "the usual
electro penalties with the engine capacity about 2 non-resonant magnetic induction would be almost
kW has been placed in operation. It moved on 1 million times less efficient in this particular
asphalt paths along which under the earth copper system".
tubes of small diameter were laid. Through them The researchers suggest that the exposure
an alternating current frequency of 50 Hz passed. levels will be below the threshold for FCC safety
The effective radius of action of these wires was regulations, and the radiated-power levels will also
equal to 2-3 m in each side. The first steps have comply with the FCC radio interference
been made, but, unfortunately, losses of electric regulations.“Now our problem is to reduce the
energy were great: on each square meter of a line sizes of our prototype, to increase distance to
1 kW of capacity was lost, and for a drive just 4 % which the electric power is transferred, and to
6
Section I: Power Engineering
improve transfer effectiveness ratio, professor electricity of the remote village on island Rejunion
Marin Soljachich, the head of group of the operated by Frenchmen in the Indian ocean. This
scientists working over the invention speaks village becomes the first-ever community using
said.[3] microwave technology of power supply. The village
The Russian scientists also work on this is located at the bottom of a canyon kilometer-
subject. The new device designed by inventors deep, and it was impossible to supply it with
consists of a parabolic mirror. In the mirror’s focuse electricity by wires. Its inhabitants should use solar
high-voltage electric rated dischargers is situated batteries constructed on roofs of houses, but it
on the circle scheme, each of them is connected to costs too much, and the place on roofs is not
the high-voltage condenser. In a device operating sufficient. Microwave systems stand more cheaply
time there are oscillatory, consisting of rated than solar batteries and diesel generators together,
dischargers and condensers, the contours which but also they do not require masts for a suspension
are letting out electromagnetic waves of short bracket of wires which quite often cause protests of
length. If in mirror’s focus big quantity of such supporters of environment protection. As
contours is arranged, the offered device can send representatives of the French space research
in space electromagnetic radiation of the big agency CNES which developed new technology,
capacity in a pulse mode. This clot of energy electro supply by means of usual networks
moves in space with a velocity of light – almost effectively enough in the centre of their
instantly. Results of its movement can be various arrangement speak, but expenses increase very
and very important. The idea of reflection of an quickly in process of enlargement of distance to
electromagnetic clot of energy from an ionosphere the consumer. Therefore the microwave
and its movement back to the Earth allows to technology can appear favorable and in accessible
realize this idea. If the receiver in the form of the areas. The agency intends to begin trial transfer of
oscillatory contour which is adjusted for certain the electric power on island by means of
length of a wave is placed on clot’s way microwaves in 10 months, and the plant will be
electromagnetic energy of a clot will be placed in operation in three years. [4]
transformed to a high-frequency alternating current So, recent experiment of IBM was finished with
which can be transformed to an alternating current success too. The result is transfer of electric power
of industrial frequency or a direct current of the to hundreds W without wires with efficiency more
necessary voltage. than 80 % on distance up to 1 meter. This result is
If impulses of a transmission of energy go one serious enough in development of this area. The
behind another through short time intervals it will company wants to carry out further researches in
be possible to transfer the big capacities of the this direction. Scientists are going to reduce the
electric power without wires to huge distances not sizes of installation-energy source, to increase
only on the Earth, but also in space: on satellites volume of transferred energy and to raise
and from satellites, on the Moon and back.[4] efficiency of this system.
So, it is planned to make the first in history Nowadays electric systems are the most
scale experiment on receiving of the transformed favorable and popular kind of transfer of the
solar energy from the satellite. The state Palau is electric power. But the experiments which are
located in the Pacific ocean with population of passing all over the world, will probably prove
about twenty thousand persons. At the conference safety, convenience and rationality of a
of the United Nations which took place in transmission of energy without wires.
Indonesia and concerned the problems of climate Then the mankind can get rid of wires both in
representatives of Palau agreed to co-operate with industrial branches, and in everyday life. It will
the USA in experiment using of a solar energy as provide electricity to the areas which are located
an ecologically pure fuel. America suggests Palau far from civilization. Also we can receive the
to place on one of the desert islands (island Helen) energy which has been saved up on solar batteries
accepting aerial with the built in rectifier (so-called in space. The alternative method of an energy
rectifying antenna) with the diameter of about 80 transmission will promote technological progress.
meters. The satellite, that revolve on low orbit (less
than 500 kilometers), will transfer energy in the References
form of microwaves to the rectifying antenna which 1. N. Tesla «Tesla about electricity»,
will be transformed into direct current. It is autobiography, Minsk, 1970
expected, that capacity of system will reach one 2. R.V. Pol’ «Doctrine about electricity»,
megawatt. It is enough to provide one thousand PolScience, Warsaw, 1975.
houses with energy, but the primary goal of 3. Wireless transfer of electricity/ 4(31)/2009,
experiment is to confirm safety of such a method. scientific magazine «PRO electricity»,
But research is being conducted not just for Moscow.
desert territories. So, wireless transfer of electric 4. Innovations in electricity/ 06.1995,
power has been tested successfully on scientific magazine «Electricity», Moscow.
experimental installation, and now there is a
construction of its full-size variant for supply with
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XVII Modern Technique and Technologies 2011
RECONSTRUCTION AND VISUALISATION OF LIMITER BOUNDARY
FOR KTM TOKAMAK
Malakhov A.A
Supervisor: Pavlov V.M., Assoc., PhD
Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
E-mail: [email protected]
1. Introduction relevant shape parameters (like elongation and
A tokamak is a device using a magnetic field to triangularity) are determined.
confine plasma in the shape of a torus (doughnut).
Achieving stable plasma equilibrium requires 2. Equilibrium reconstruction technique
magnetic field lines that move around the torus in a To achieve high reconstruction quality, many
helical shape. Such a helical field can be efficient methods and numerical codes for
generated by adding a toroidal field (traveling magnetic analysis have been developed. Among
around the torus in circles) and a poloidal field them, the fixed filament current approximation
(traveling in circles orthogonal to the toroidal field). method is the frequently used one. Modification of
In a tokamak, the toroidal field is produced by this algorithm using gradient descent method is
electromagnets that surround the torus, and the proposed in [3].
poloidal field is the result of a toroidal electric But the task to find the form and position of
current that flows inside the plasma. This current is plasma has no unambiguous decision. That is for
induced inside the plasma with a second set of the same indications of sensors probably to
electromagnets. (Figure 1) construct some models of the form of a plasma
The tokamak is one of several types of cord, each of which will satisfy in turn to conditions.
magnetic confinement devices, and is one of the To solve this problem it is necessary to construct a
most-researched candidates for producing plasma boundary taking into account that it must
controlled thermonuclear fusion power. Magnetic be restricted by the delimiter. It will give more exact
fields are used for confinement since no solid information to engineers supervising process.
material could withstand the extremely high The application of the presented project allows
temperature of the plasma. An alternative to the calculating the plasma parameters at a given time.
tokamak is the stellarator. The Tokamak is not as The primary goal is adding corrections and
well known as the common "uranium core reactor" additions in the main program. In particular
or UCR. libraries with functions allowing to construct limiter
plasma boundary both ready functions
implemented in the main application and new
methods are used. The application skeleton
diagram is represented in the Figure 2
Main programm
Libraries with
functions
Plasma parameters DATA files
“calculator”
Draw functions
Reconstruction Field functoins
AVI functions
Visualisation
Figure 1 - Reactor structure
BOUNDARY
Development of methods, algorithms and the
software for recovery of a magnetic surface of
plasma with usage of exterior magnetic file
measurements it is necessary for control of Figure 2 - The program simplified diagram
position and the plasma form in a real-time mode,
and for the decision of others physical diagnostics 3. Methods
and the analysis in an interval between discharges. In the main program there is a function which
The magnetic topology is first derived using the calculates components of a vector of a magnetic
magnetic measurements, from which the shape induction and a magnetic flux in any point of the
and position of the last closed magnetic flux camera. This function will be at the heart of
surface (LCFS) and the radial dependence of the algorithm of calculation of plasma boundary.
Various methods of calculation of this task have
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Section I: Power Engineering
been found in a work progress. They differed from Reduction of a step doesn't give the positive result
each other in the speed of performance (that is as the error on each step is added. Also runtime is
important for plasma control in a real-time mode), much more admissible (3 msec)
and in the error of calculations. And the second method successfully calculates
The first obvious and most simple method is boundary during rather small time.
represented schematically in Figure 3.
5. Conclusion and future developments
An application in MS Visual C++ 2005 was
designed using methods and algorithms which
were described before.
Results:
1. Visualization possibility of limiter plasma
boundaries, and also saving of the data in a
separate file is implemented
2. Files of input and output of the data are
probably to change
Figure 3 – First method 3. Numerical experiments have been made. On
the average time of calculation of boundary of
This method is based on that all boundary is plasma is less 1мс
represented in the form of set of points. Each point Prospects:
settles up from previous by an increment to it of a 1. Various other physical processes which flow
vector depending on vector B. Theoretically the in the camera, should be considered
error approaches to zero in case of step reduction. 2. The maximum code optimization of the
The reference point is a point of a contact of a program
diaphragm and plasma. 3. Check for the speed and insistence of
In order to increase the speed of the subroutine computing resources
the first method has been upgraded. In each point 4. Program check immediately in actual practice
of boundary its local radius is figured out from the on КТМ the TOKAMAK
previous points. It allows notifying boundary offset,
to modify coordinates of points. The refined metod 6. References
is in the Figure 4. [1] E.A.Azizov, KTM project (Kazakhstan
Tokamak for Material Testing), Moscow, 2000;
[2] L. Landau, E. Lifshitz, Course of
Theoretical Physics, vol 8, Electrodynamics of
Continuous Media 2nd ed. Pergamon Press, 1984;
[3] Q. Jinping, Equilibrium Reconstruction in
EAST Tokamak, Plasma Science and Technology,
Vol.11, No.2, Apr. 2009.
[4] W. Zwingmann, Equilibrium analysis of
steady state tokamak discharges, Nucl. Fusion
43 842, 2003;
Figure 4 – The refined method [5] O. Barana, Real-time determination of
internal inductance and magnetic axis radial
4. Benchmarking and testing position in JET, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 44,
In the course of the subroutine test it has been 2002;
clarified that the first method is insufficiently exact. [6] L. Zabeo, A versatile method for the real
The first and last points didn't coincide with the big time determination of the safety factor and density
error. (Fugure 5) profiles in JET, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 44,
2002.
[7] Raeder, J.; et al (1986). Controlled Nuclear
Fusion. John Wiley & Sons
Figure 5 – Boundary counted on the first
method
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XVII Modern Technique and Technologies 2011
MAGNETIC GENERATOR THE BEST SOLUTION FOR FREE POWER
Morozov A.L., Skryl A.A.
Supervisor: Professor Kachin S. I.
Language Advisor, Senior Instructor: Sokolova E.Y.
Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050, Russia, Tomsk, St. Lenina 30
E-mail: [email protected]
Mankind had been concerned for many years around the axis functions as a flywheel. This
and is still concerned with the problem to find the flywheel should be aligned with magnets. All these
best, the most economical and as a consequence magnets are of the same polarity. The flywheel
the most environmental friendly source of energy. needs to be installed inside a stationary wheel.
That is why the interest in the topic of “perpetual The inner surface of the stationary wheel should
motion” by the international community remains a be aligned with magnets of the opposite polarity.
huge and growing, as the needs of civilization in Now it is necessary to show the technical
energy and in connection with the imminent features of the designed magnetic generator. The
exhaustion of the organic non-renewable fuels, construction of this generator is presented below in
and especially with the advent of the global energy Fig.1 and Fig.2. This magnetic generator consists
and environmental crisis of civilization. When of a stator (fixed part), that includes a wheel with
building a society of the future it is important to some magnets with windings where the voltage is
develop new energy sources that can provide our collected. A rotor is installed inside a stator to
needs. Nowadays the issue of finding reliable, intensify the magnetic field. The rotor which is
efficient, clean, and renewable source of energy is installed inside the stator consists of a magnet.
extremely vital for many countries including Russia The difference of the proposed machine is in a
despite the fact that our country is rich in different rotor construction.
fossil fuels and has sufficient gas and oil reserves To enable the machine to operate, simply give
to supply national industry and even other the flywheel a spin. The opposite magnets are
countries for some time to come. However, it is attracted to each other causing the flywheel to
necessary to bear in mind that most of these rotate faster. Electricity will be generated as the
reserves will be used up over next some years. In speed of the flywheel increases.
spite of the fact that our country is in the happy The main issue to be solved was to adjust the
position of having huge quantities of gas and oil frequency of this machine in order to obtain
underground we need to find new innovative ways desired industrial frequency of 50 Hz that is
to tackle the issue of finding secure and reliable appropriate for almost all tools, mechanism and
source of energy for the long term. In the future equipment that are employed. We suggest two
reconstruction of the country and the coming possible ways to solve this problem. The first
energy crisis, new sources of energy, based on introduced method that helps to overcome this
breakthrough technologies will be absolutely problem is to vary the frequency by changing the
necessary. [1,2] number of poles. Increasing the number of poles
The intention of this article is to present the leads to increase of frequency level. The second
concept of high efficient, reliable and costless proposed method is to adjust the gap between the
power that can be produced by a magnetic rotor and the stator, that in turns causes the
generator. This magnetic generator was designed change of frequency level. To decrease the effect
to meet the requirements to generate free power. of electromagnetic waves and reduce the rotation
The trials showed high efficiency, durability and frequency of this machine the stator shielding can
superior performance of this machine. be used as a brake. As a result the magnets will
In order to show the advantages of the proposed not be demagnetized. Trials so far suggest the new
system the following tasks should be fulfilled: design is exceptionally durable and compared with
• To analyze the conventional technology the old version is highly efficient and runs
• To choose the option offering the best extremely smoothly.
characteristics This new technology can be used either in
• To compare the conventional technology with the industry or for residential needs.
designed one. Comparing magnetic generator for example
A conventional magnetic generator is a piece with a diesel generator we can show the
of equipment that uses the properties of advantages of this magnetic generator. Firstly, this
electromagnetism to generate electricity without magnetic generator does not need any fuel to
needing an external fuel source that is crucial work. As a diesel generator burns diesel to
nowadays. The basic structure of a magnetic operate, the magnetic one uses only the power of
generator is fairly simple. Firstly, wheel is needed magnetic flux from a permanent magnet. Secondly,
to rotate around an axis. This wheel rotating taking into consideration this advantage we can
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