Table Of ContentSigmund Freud
Explorer of the Unconscious
Owen Gingerich
General Editor
Sigmund Freud
Explorer of the Unconscious
Margaret Muckenhoupt
Oxford University Press
New York • Oxford
To my grandmothers, Sarah Muckenhoupt and
Kathryn Heath, my husband Scott, and Hajime,
my one-time muse.
Oxford University Press
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Copyright © 1997 by Margaret Muckenhoupt
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Design: Design Oasis
Layout: Leonard Levitsky
Picture research: Laura Kreiss
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Sigmund Freud / by Margaret Muckenhoupt.
p. cm. — (Oxford portraits in science)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-19-509933-8
1. Freud, Sigmund, 1856-1939—-Juvenile literature.
2. Psychoanalysis—Austria—Biography—-Juvenile literature.
[1. Freud, Sigmund, 1856-1939. 2. Psychoanalysis.]
I. Title. II. Series
BF109.F74M83 1996
150.19'52'092—dc20 95-42340
CIP
987654321
Printed in the United States of America
on acid-free paper
On the coven Freud in 1929; Inset: Freud in 1909, the year he made his
one and only visit to the United States.
Frontispiece: Freud holding his customary cigar in a 1929 portrait
Contents
Chapter I. Origins 9
Chapter 2. Experiments 26
Sidebar: The Rise and Fall of Hypnosis 40
Chapter 3. Conversations 43
Sidebar: Strong Medicine 47
Chapter 4. Explanations 54
Sidebar: Katharina's Cure 63
Chapter 5. Departures 67
Chapter 6. Solutions 81
Chapter 7. Interactions 90
Chapter 8. Reality 105
Chapter 9. Struggles 121
Chapter 10. Exhaustion 134
Epilogue 147
Chronology 150
Further Reading 152
Index 155
Charles Babbage
Alexander Graham Bell
Nicolaus copernicus
Francis Crick
& James Watson
Marie Curie
Enrico Fermi
Thomas Edison
Albert Einstein
michael Faraday
Enrico Fermi
Benjamin Franklin
Sigmund Freud
Galileo Galilei
William Harvey
Joseph Henry
Edward Jenner
Johannes Kepler
Othniel Charles Marsh
& Edward Drinker Cope
Margaret Mead
Gregor Mendel
Isaac Newton
Louis Pasteur
Linus Pauling
Ivan Pavlov
Ernest Rutherford
In the course of the centuries the naive self-love of men has had
to submit to two major blows at the hands of science. The first
was when they learned that our earth was not the center of the
universe but only a tiny fragment of a cosmic system of scarcely
imaginable vastness. . . . The second blow fell when biological
research destroyed man's supposedly privileged place in creation
and proved his descent from the animal kingdom and his ineradi-
cable animal nature. . . . But human megalomania will have suf-
fered its third and most wounding blow from the psychological
research of the present time which seeks to prove to the ego that
it is not even master of its own house, but must content itself
with scanty information of what is going on unconsciously in its
mind. . . . Hence arises the general revolt against our science, the
disregards of all considerations of academic civility and the
releasing of the opposition from every restraint of impartial logic.
—Sigmund Freud, on opposition to psychoanalysis,
Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis (1933)
After Freud fled Vienna for the safety of London in 1938, he managed to create an exact replica of the office
he had had in his home in Vienna, which was filled with ancient artifacts.
CHAPTER
Origins
The entrance to the doctor's office is quite ordinary. He
lives and works in a middle-class neighborhood in Vienna,
in an apartment house on a quiet city street. You climb the
stairs to the residence bearing the name "Prof. Dr. Freud,"
open the door, and walk into a waiting room. Promptly,
the doctor appears for your appointment. He is of medium
height, about five feet seven, a bit stooped over, and dressed
like a very neat and proper university professor. Yet his
dark brown eyes are shining and bright; they seem to pierce
you. With an air of authority, he instructs you to enter
his chambers.
When you walk into the consulting room, you gasp; in
this small, dark room, the doctor has created a miniature
museum. You stride across a darkly patterned oriental rug
and gaze at the treasures that surround you. To your left,
you see shelves and shelves of figurines: Egyptian gods
molded in pale, dry clay, a camel with two humps, Greek
heads with unseeing eyes and curling hair, calm
cross-legged Buddhas, coiled snakes, and chalices. You are
tempted to pick one up, but somehow you sense that every
object is in its exact place, and that the professor would
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