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Culture and the
Economy in the
Internet Age
— Philippe Aigrain
with contribution of Suzanne Aigrain
amsterdam university press
Sharing
Sharing
Culture and the Economy in
the Internet Age
Philippe Aigrain
with the contribution of Suzanne Aigrain
AmsterdamUniversityPress
The publication of this book is made possible by a grant from the Open Society
Foundations.
This book is published in print and online through the online OAPEN library
(www.oapen.org). OAPEN (Open Access Publishing in European Networks) is a
collaborativeinitiativetodevelopandimplementasustainableOpenAccesspub-
lication model for academic books in the Humanities and Social Sciences. The
OAPEN Library aims to improve the visibility and usability of high quality aca-
demic research by aggregating peer reviewed Open Access publications from
acrossEurope.
Coverdesign:Maedium,Utrecht
Lay-out:JAPES,Amsterdam
isbn 9789089643858
e-isbn 9789048515349
nur 983
CreativeCommonsCCBYNCND
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0
P.Aigrain&S.Aigrain/AmsterdamUniversityPress,Amsterdam,2012
Somerightsreserved.Withoutlimitingtherightsundercopyrightreservedabove,
any part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical,
photocopying,recordingorotherwise).
ToMireille,Tom,LouiseandJonathan
Acknowledgments
Building upon a book that was published by Philippe Aigrain earlier in French
(Internet&Création:commentreconnaîtreleséchangessurinternetenfinançant
la création, InLibroVeritas, October 2008), Sharing: Culture and the Economy in the
Internet Age takes into account comments, criticism and suggestions for improve-
mentreceivedfrommanyreaders.
The ideas developed in Sharing could not mature in isolation: they are rooted in
collective environments. Invaluable inspiration and support were provided by
JérémieZimmermannandalltheparticipantsinLaQuadratureduNet,byJuan-Car-
losdeMartinandthemembersoftheCOMMUNIANetworkontheDigitalPublic
Domain, by researchers in the Berkman Center for Internet & Society and the
NEXACenterforInternet&Society,membersoftheForumd’ActionModernités,and
participants in the Free Culture Forum and the Free Culture Research Confer-
ences.
Someofthefindingspresentedinthisbookwouldhavebeenimpossiblewith-
outthelarge-scaledatacollectionandpublicationeffortsconductedbyresearch-
erssuchasFrédéricAidouni,MathieuLatapyandClémenceMagnienoftheCom-
plexNetworksteamofUniversityParis6,andBodóBalázsandZoltánLakatosof
UniversityofBudapest.
Manyindividualsdeserveaspecialmention:Sharingwouldnotbewhatitiswith-
out Fernando Anitelli, Phil Axel, Raphaël Badin, Maja Bogotaj, Yochai Benkler,
Juan Branco,PaulBranco, Jean-Gabriel Carasso, AlineCarvalho,MarioCiurcina,
Roberto di Cosmo, Milad Doueihi, Mélanie Dulong-de-Rosnay, Christophe
Espern, William Fisher, Vera Franz, Mayo Fuster-Morell, Volker Grassmuck, Jim
Griffin, Peter Jenner, Gaëlle Krikorian, Hervé Le Crosnier, Olivier Lejade,
Lawrence Lessig, Simona Levi, James Love, Eben Moglen, Francis Muguet†,
Charles Nesson, Jérémie Nestel, François Pellegrini, Valérie Peugeot, Rufus
Pollock, Manon Ress, Marco Ricolfi, Gérald Sédrati-Dinet, Tom Smith, Richard
Stallman, Malte Spitz, Peter Sunde, Félix Tréguer and Laurence Vandewalle. We
remain of course solely responsible for the analysis and proposals developed in
thisbook.
Mireille, Louise, Tom, Jonathan, and many friends created an environment
withoutwhichthisbookwouldnotexist.
7
SharingfounditshomeinthepublishingworldatAmsterdamUniversityPress,
an open access friendly publisher staffed with author-friendly editors. We are
grateful to Saskia de Vries, Jeroen Sondervan, Chantal Nicolaes, Paul Penman
and Alison Fisher for transforming our text into a published book and open ac-
cessmonograph.
This book was drafted and laid out using the Lyx, Latex, and JabRef free soft-
ware. Graphical illustrations were produced with the Inkscape and Gimp free
software or from our own software in Python. Our software and datasets can be
downloadedfromthebooksiteathttp://www.sharing-thebook.net.Onthesame
site, the reader can also run our models with adjusted parameters and upload
datasetsinordertorunouralgorithmsforthestudyofdiversityofattention.
8 sharing
Contents
Listoffigures 11
ListofTables 13
1 Introduction 15
Setting the scene
2 TheInternetandcreativitydebate 21
3 Thevalueofnon-marketsharing 27
3.1 Sharingislegitimate 27
3.2 Sharingisuseful 31
3.3 Themediaindustryoppositiontofilesharing 43
4 Sustainableresourcesforcreativeactivities 49
The Creative Contribution
5 Whichrightsforwhom?Achoiceofmodels 59
5.1 Accesswithoutrightstoshare 59
5.2 Compensationschemes 65
5.3 Socialrightsforall 70
6 Definingrightsandobligations 79
6.1 Whichworkstoinclude 80
6.2 Rightsandobligationsofusersandintermediaries 84
7 Howmuch? 89
7.1 Rewardingthepresentandfinancingthefuture 90
7.2 Rewards 92
7.3 Financingproductionandthecreativeenvironment 100
7.4 Passingcopyright-lawtests 109
7.5 IstheCreativeContributionsociallyacceptable? 122
8 Sustainablefinancingforthecommons 127
8.1 EvolutionoftheCreativeContributioninonecountry 127
8.2 Internationalaspects 129
8.3 Economyandnon-marketcommons 130
Implementation
9 Organizationandcomplementarypolicymeasures 137
9.1 Principleandessentialcomponents 137
9.2 Decision-makingprocessesanddemocraticgovernance 139
9
