Sensory Systems: Anatomy, Physiology and Pathophysiology

488 Pages·2002·14.39 MB·English

by  Aage R. Moller

Sensory
Systems
ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Sensovy
Systems
ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
Aage R. Maller
School of Human Development
Callier Center for Communication Disorders
Tne University of Texas at Dallas
Dallas, Texas
ACADEMIC PRESS
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Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2002107709
International Standard Book Number: 0-12-504257-4
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
02 03 04 05 06 07 MM 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
General Introduction xi
Acknavledgmen ts xv
Preface xvil
1 Basic Psychophysics
1
Abbreviations
2
Abstract
I. Introduction 2
11. Threshold of Detection 3
4
A. Factors That Affect Detection of Faint Stimuli
18
111. Discrimination Between Different Stimuli
19
A. Perception of Stimulus Strength
19
B. Discrimination of Small Differences Between Stimuli
20
C. Temporal Resolution
24
D. Spatial Resolution
References 30
2 Anatomy and Physiology of Sensory Organs
Abbreviations 33
Abstract 34
V
vi Contents
I. Introduction 35
II. Anatomy of Sensory Organs 37
37
A. The Ear
40
B. The Eye
42
C. Skin
42
D. The Chemical Senses
III. Sensory Receptors 43
44
A. Anatomy of Sensory Receptors
B. Innervation of Sensory Cells 51
IV. Conduction of the Physical Stimulus to the Receptors 56
A. Improvement of Transmission to the Receptors 56
B. Modification of the Physical Stimulus 57
V. Physiology of Sensory Receptors 63
A. General Principles for Sensory Transduction 64
B. Information Processing at the Receptor Level 68
C. Amplitude Compression 69
70
D. Selectivity of Receptors
71
E. Receptive Fields
References 72
3 Sensory Nervous Systems
Abbreviations 75
Abstract 76
Anatomy 76
Information Processing in Ascending Sensory Pathways 78
I. Introduction 8O
II. Anatomy of Sensory Nervous Systems 81
81
A. Ascending Sensory Pathways
B. Descending Systems 97
C. The Thalamus is the Gateway to the Cerebral Cortex 99
102
D. Anatomy of Sensory Cerebral Cortices
107
E. Corpus Callosum
III. Information Processing in the Sensory Nervous System 108
A. Information Processing in the Classical Ascending
109
System
B. Processing of Object and Spatial Properties of
116
Sensory Stimuli
127
C. Processing of Spatial Information
IV. Neural Control of Sensory Processing in
Ascending Sensory Pathways 140
141
A. Arousal
142
B. Attention
Contents vii
C. Control of Ascending Neural Activity by Descending Pathways 143
V. Processing of Information in the Nonclassical Pathways 145
A. Developmental Aspects of Classical and
Nonclassical Pathways 146
B. Processing of Information in Descending
Nonclassical Systems 147
VI. How is the Neural Code of Sensory information
Interpreted? 148
A. Coding in Single Nerve Cells 148
B. Coherent Firing of Groups of Neurons 149
C. Maps 149
D. Where is the Anatomical Location for Interpretation of
Sensory Information? 152
VII. Sensory Information Can Reach Nonsensory
Regions of the CNS 153
A. Motor Systems 153
B. Autonomic Reactions to Sensory Stimulation 154
C. Emotional Reactions to Sensory Stimuli 155
VIII. Processing of Information in the Sensory Nervous
System is Dynamic 164
A. Neural Plasticity 165
B. Plastic Changes in the Nervous System May Cause
Symptoms and Signs of Disease 170
References 172
4 Somatosensory System
Abbreviations 185
Abstract 186
Classical Somatosensory System 186
Nonclassical Somatosensory System 188
Pain 189
I. Introduction 189
II. Anatomy of the Somatosensory System 190
A. Classical Somatosensory System 190
B. Nonclassical System 205
C. Descending Somatosensory Pathways 217
III. Physiology of the Somatosensory System 220
A. The Classical Somatosensory System 221
B. Physiology of the Nonclassical System 238
C. Function of Descending Systems 241
D. Pain 241
E. Itch 262
References 263
viii Contents
5 Heating
Abbreviations 271
Abstract 272
272
Conduction of Sounds to the Receptors
Receptors 273
Classical Auditory Pathways 274
Physiology of the Classical Auditory System 274
Nonclassical Pathways 276
Physiology of the Nonclassical Pathways 276
I. Introduction 276
II. The Ear 277
A. Anatomy 278
B. Physiology of the Ear 284
III. The Auditory Nervous System 305
A. Anatomy of the Classical Ascending Auditory Pathways 3O5
B. Physiology of the Classical Auditory Nervous System 316
346
C. Descending Systems
IV. The Nonclassical Ascending Pathways 347
A. Anatomy of the Nonclassical Ascending Pathway 347
B. Physiologyo f the Nonclassical System 353
V. Neural Plasticity 357
A. Neural Plasticity Can Alter the Threshold and
Perception of Sounds 358
B. Neural Plasticity from Overstimulation 359
References 359
6 Vision
Abbreviations 373
Abstract 374
The Eye 374
Visual Nervous System 374
I. Introduction 376
II. The Eye 376
377
A. Anatomy
B. Physiology of the Eye 38O
III. The Visual Nervous System 387
A. Anatomy of the Classical Ascending Visual Nervous System 388
B. Physiology of the Visual Nervous System 4OO
IV. Nonclassical Visual Pathways 416
A. Anatomy of Nonclassical Visual Pathways 416
B. Physiology of the Nonclassical System 419
References 421
Contents ix
7 Chemical Senses" Olfaction and Gustation
Abbreviations 425
Abstract 425
426
Taste
426
Olfaction
I. Introduction 427
II. Anatomy 428
429
A. Receptors
431
B. The Media that Conduct the Stimulus to the Receptors
432
C. Innervation of Receptors
435
D. Gustatory and Olfactory Neural Pathways
III. Physiology of the Chemical Senses 443
443
A. Receptors
B. Coding of Information in the Gustatory and
448
Olfactory Nervous Systems
References 449
Index 451